8/3/2018. Network Cabling Infrastructure. Agenda. Instructor Introduction. EST CEDIA Expo San Diego. 6. Twisted Pair Cabling Systems

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1 Network Cabling Infrastructure EST CEDIA Expo San Diego Agenda 2 1. Network Cable Infrastructure 2. Network Overview 3. Cable Labeling Guidelines 4. Ethernet Overview 5. Custom Network Cabling 6. Twisted Pair Cabling Systems o Installation Best Practices o Termination o Testing 7. Fiber Optic Cabling Systems o Installation Best Practices o Termination o Testing Instructor Introduction 3 Instructor Name Job description Credentials Certifications Contact information 1

2 Learning Objectives 4 Recognize network cabling components and infrastructures, including cables, outlets, connections, and panel types Be familiar with and describe the bandwidth requirements for installed UTP/STP and fiber cable Describe current no new wire technologies and Ethernet cabling standards and practices Demonstrate installation practices for UTP/STP and fiber optic cables and components Determine troubleshooting procedures Be familiar with proper component and system testing procedures Network Cable Infrastructure o Residential Structured Wiring System (RSWS) o ANSI/TIA-570-C Residential Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard Network Cable Infrastructure Overview 6 Systems in the Home Security Distribute audio Home theater Home health monitoring Smart appliances HVAC/lighting control Ethernet in the Home What is the purpose? Internet access Printer sharing File sharing Control Media distribution 2

3 ANSI/TIA-570-C Residential Standard 13 Released August 2012 This document standardizes requirements for residential telecommunications cabling Cabling specifications for voice, data, video, home automation, multi-media, security, audio and HVAC are made available This standard is for new construction, additions and remodeling of single and multi-tenant residential buildings ANSI/TIA-570-C Residential Standard (cont.) 14 Grade 1 Meets the minimum requirements for basic telephone, satellite, CATV, and data services Contains a minimum of o (1) Category 5e or higher o (1) 75-ohm coaxial cable Grade 2 Meets the minimum requirements for basic and advanced telephone, satellite, CATV, and data services Contains a minimum of o (2) Category 5e or higher o (2) 75-ohm coaxial cables o (2) fibers (FO) (optional) Network Overview 3

4 Distribution Device 21 Maximum Wire Length 25 Permanent link = 90 meters/295 feet Patch cords = 10 meters/33 feet total Channel = 100 meter/328 feet Total length = 150 meters/492 feet All inclusive from NID to the WOA Cable Labeling Guidelines 4

5 Labeling Administration ANSI/TIA-570-C 27 Mechanical generation all labels should be printed or generated by a mechanical device, not written by hand Each end of the cable should be labeled within 12 inches from the ends Outlet labeling desired but not required At a minimum, a label should be provided at the distribution device denoting each cable run, identified by room and wall location Simple floor plans can provide a physical location What Should the Cabling Labels Identify? The termination point 2. The communications room identifier 3. The panel identifier 4. The port number (sequentially) Minimum Documentation ANSI/TIA-570-C 33 5

6 Patch Cords 34 Factory terminated and tested patch cords are recommended! Either stranded or solid conductor patch cords are allowed Stranded conductors are recommended Ethernet Overview Current Ethernet Standards IEEE BASE-T 100BASE-TX 1000BASE-T 10GBASE-T What s on Your Network? 36? What Else? 6

7 Basic Electronic Equipment 37 Gateway/modem Router o Firewall (Hardware and Software) Switch Attached Equipment 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX on UTP 38 T R R Not used Not used T Only two pairs are used One transmits, one receives MDI MDI-X 1000BASE-T on UTP MBPS T / R T / R T / R 250 MBPS 250 MBPS 250 MBPS T / R T / R T / R IEEE 802.3AB (1000BASE-T) Transmit and receive same time Full duplex T / R T / R 1000 MBPS 7

8 10GBASE-T on UTP (IEEE 802.3bz) Gbps T / R T / R T / R T / R T / R 2.5 Gbps 2.5 Gbps 2.5 Gbps T / R T / R T / R IEEE NBASE-T 2.5GBASET /5GBASE-T Transmit and receive same time Full duplex 10 Gbps Ethernet Alliance BASE-T Roadmap 41 Cat 6a Cat 6 Cat 5e The Applications Spaces of BASE-T 42 8

9 IEEE 802.3bz or NBASE-T? 43 Expect to be interoperable with each other, so how do they differ? NBASE-T adds downshift to 802.3bz o Normal Auto Negotiation selects the fastest rate both PHYs support, irrespective of the cabling, noise or environment o But, in 2.5G/5GBASE-T, the speed you get varies with the cabling configuration and other links crosstalking o So... downshift automatically shifts the rate based on the channel noise Similar to Wi-Fi rate adaptation Users always get a reliable link Why 2.5G and 5G BASE-T? Between 2003 to 2014 ~70 billion meters of Cat 5e and Cat 6 cabling were sold. o ~90% of installed base o Enormous network infrastructure investment Existing specifications support 1Gb/s over this cable, but faster data rates are possible BASE-T allows incremental upgrade o Lets get more value from this investment! o What can we enable? 2014 Cat 5e Outlets 539 M Cat 6 Outlets 743 M Cat 6a Outlets 111 M Cat 7 Outlets 10 M Total 1.4 B 10 meters of cabling for every man, woman, and child on Earth 44 Custom Network Cabling 9

10 Node Device Splitter Jumping Node Device Node Device Node Device Splitter Jumping Node Device TV 8/3/2018 New Media: HomePlug 46 HomePlug Power Line Alliance o Uses existing power lines o Up to 200 Mbps o True peer-to-peer mesh network o Encrypted data transfer o QoS New Media: HomePNA 47 Uses existing coax and phone lines Up to 320 Mbps True peer-to-peer mesh network QoS 3-Way < 25 db loss < 300 ft Coax Network Configuration WAN Entry Point 3-Way 2-Way Twisted Pair Star Configuration Telco NID Node Node Device Device Node Node Device Device New Media: MoCA 48 WAN Entry Point 3-Way Multimedia over Coax Alliance o Uses existing coax lines o Up to 200 Mbps o True peer-to-peer mesh network o Max length 300 feet o QoS 3-Way < 25 db loss < 300 ft Splitter Jumping Node Node Device Device Node Device Node Device 2-Way Splitter Jumping Node Device TV 10

11 Power Over Ethernet 49 PoE and PoE+ lets Ethernet cables supply power to network devices while still transmitting and receiving data There are Homebrew, Cisco Inline Power (ILP), and IEEE 802.3af PoE systems Can be mid-span or end-span FSM7326P Switch with PoE Support CAT5 Ethernet Cable WG302 ProSafe Access Point VoIP Phones Twisted Pair Installation Best Practices Know Your Cables 51 Cable Type Frequency Speed Cat 3 16 MHz 10 Mbps Cat MHz 100 Mbps Cat 5e 100 MHz Up to 1000 Mbps Cat 5e Enhanced or Cat 5e 350 Cat MHz Up to 10,000 Mbps, limited distance Cat 6e Enhanced Cat 6A 500 MHz Up to 10,000 Mbps Cat MHz Up to 40 Gbps 30 Meters 11

12 Know Your Cables (cont.) 52 Warning: Be sure your cable is verified by an industry standards organization o Check your cable for independent testing such as ETL or UL o Be sure your cable is from a reputable manufacturer Some imported cables have false markings and do not meet minimum standards Questions to Ask 53 What are the cabling committee guidelines for Category 5e and Category 6 to support 2.5G/5GBASET? Are Category 5e and Category 6 specifications changing? What additional qualifications are needed to characterize Category 5e and Category 6 to support 2.5G/5GBASET? Are test procedures available to evaluate the installed base? What are the chances that existing Category 5e and Category 6 may support 2.5G/5GBASET? Are there means for mitigating or improving the installed base of Category 5e and Category 6 cabling? What is the recommendation for new installations? Cabling Guidelines 54 TIA TSB-5021 Guidelines for the Assessment and Mitigation of Installed Cabling to Support 2.5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T (draft 1.1 July 2016) ISO/IEC TR Information Technology - Implementation and Operation of Customer Premises Cabling Part 9904: Guidelines for the use of installed cabling to support 2,5GBASE-T and 5GBASE-T applications (PDTR, March 2016) 12

13 Are Category 5e and Category 6 specifications changing? There are no plans to change or revise any of the Cabling standards for Category 5e and Category 6 specifications However, existing Category 5e and 6 links/channels are being evaluated for extended frequencies and additional specifications needed to support 2.5G/5GBASE-T If the evaluation passes, there is a good chance that 2.5G/5GBASE-T applications will work on these installed links/channels If the evaluation fails, the links/channels are still Category 5e or Category 6 and can continue to be used for other applications 55 Qualifications needed to support 2.5G/5GBASE-T 56 Category 6 o No changes to internal parameters already specified up to 250 MHz o Characterize alien cross-talk noise coupling up to 200 MHz Category 5e o Internal parameters extrapolated to 250 MHz o Link and channel NEXT and PSNEXT relaxed above 100 MHz from 20 db slope to 40 db slope o Characterize alien cross-talk noise coupling up to 200 MHz What Is Balanced Twisted Pair? 57 UTP Cable STP Cable Constructed of two conductors of the same length Wound together Two types of balanced twisted pair cabling o 100Ω unshielded twisted pair (UTP) o 100Ω shielded twisted pair (STP) 13

14 UTP Cable 58 Four Pair UTP o Most commonly used in horizontal distribution for work area cabling o Specified in all performance categories recognized by the ANSI/TIA-568-C standard Multipair UTP o Used for voice backbone distribution within a single building CAT 5e CAT 6A 25-Pair (CAT 3) Shielded Twisted Pair Cable 59 Used where performance requirements demand higher protection from outside noise sources (e.g. EMI, RFI, and AXT): o Industrial applications o Military applications o Hospitals o Casinos Must be properly bonded to ground at the horizontal cross connect U/FTP F/UTP ARMM OSP (ALPETH) UTP vs. STP 61 UTP Installation and familiarity among installers Easier and less money to install Supports 10 Gigabit vs. STP Eliminates need for Alien Crosstalk testing Shielding improves cables resistance to EMI/RFI Shielding is easier to install on newer connectors 14

15 UTP Cabling Installation Practices 62 No hammer or Romex staples over data wiring Use Velcro straps Use J hooks do not use drive rings Use specialized staplers (Don t use staplers if your not sure) Use proper outlet boxes with sufficient room, back-less if code permits Installation Guidelines 63 Think beyond the standards Standards compliant products standards compliant structured cabling Follow installation best practices Cable Handling Proper cable handling is critical to maintaining the design integrity of high-performance cabling systems Any physical damage to the cable due to mishandling will cause degradation in its electrical performance characteristics that may affect its ability to pass certification testing Prior to installation, premise cables should be conditioned above 32 F (0 C) for 24 hours prior to installation to avoid cracking of the cable insulation or jacket 64 15

16 Maximum Pulling Tension (cont.) 68 Cable Type Maximum Pull Strength 4 Pair 100Ω UTP 25 lbf (111 N) Multipair 100Ω UTP * 4 Pair 100Ω shielded * * Check manufacturer s specifications for maximum pulling tension Cable Routing 69 When routing cables, avoid areas where potential sources of EMI exist In open ceiling and floor spaces, run cables at a constant altitude to reduce bends and turns Avoid draping the cables over obstacles such as air ducts, ceiling tiles and fixtures Cable Slack 74 The recommended amount of cable slack: o In the TR or TE: 3 m. (10 ft.) o In the ceiling above the TO: 1 m. (3.28 ft.) The recommended slack after termination in the TO is: o 0.3 m. (1 ft.) for balanced twisted pair cable o 1 m. (3.28 ft.) for optical fiber cable 16

17 Twisted Pair Termination UTP Cabling Termination Practices 77 8-position modular jack per IEC ANSI/TIA-568-B.1 states that all four pairs must be connected o One wire to one connector Pin/pair assignment: T568A o US federal government publication NCS (National Communications System), FTR recognizes designation T568A only o 570-C residential cabling standard T568A Best Practices show that T568B is the better standard for all residential applications especially when transmitting video vis twisted pair Wiring Configurations Placing the Pairs in the Proper Order Is Key 79 Pair 2 Pair 3 Pair 1 Pair 4 Pair 3 Pair 2 Pair 1 Pair 4 T568-A T568-B 17

18 UTP Cabling Termination Practices 80 Do not use a flat blade screwdriver to set wire in IDC jacks Use 110 punch tools Use proper cable stripping tools Follow manufacturer s installation instructions Maintaining Pair Twists Maintaining Pair Twists During Termination 81 DON T untwist the cable pairs more than 1/2 inch and DON T strip cable jacket back any more than you need to. DO maintain pair twists to within 1/2 inch of the termination point, and the cable jacket is maintained as close to the terminations as possible. 1/2 Inch Guide: The 110 Termination Deck on Leviton jacks is 1/2 inch long, making it easy to assure compliance with the TIA-568-A 1/2 inch maximum untwisting rule for Category 5 cable and less than ½ inch maximum for Category 5e and 6. Also, the center channel helps bring the wire right up to the terminations. Craftsmanship 82 DON T remove too much cable jacket. DO retain cable jacket as close to the termination point as possible. 18

19 Patch Panels 83 Twisted Pair Termination Lab See handout for details 86 Twisted Pair Testing 19

20 Testing Tools and Techniques 88 Toner and probe for identification Label printer Verification tester Qualification tester Certification tester Adaptors Two people UTP Cable Testing 89 Visual Examination Verification Testing Qualification Testing Certification Testing Wiremap test Tests 1000Base-T, PoE, VoIP, wiremap, length Certifies cable passes Cat 5e, Cat 6 or Cat 6a standard Qualification Testing 96 Between verification and certification, there is an opportunity for cabling companies to offer a service that is cost effective yet has many of the advantages of traditional certification Ethernet performance testing or qualification can be used to provide practical information about installed cabling and is especially useful for small commercial and residential installations 20

21 A Case for Ethernet Certification (Qualification) Testers 97 Nearly 100% of all corporate, small business, and residential networks use Ethernet as the primary means of communication Test equipment for multiple protocols is very expensive, but for a single protocol it can be quite affordable A good tester will simulate actual network devices and give an accurate indication of the capabilities of the cabling Qualification Test Procedures 105 Lab and field test procedures are already available to qualify internal parameters ( IL, RL, NEXT, FEXT, Delay, Delay Skew) for Category 5e and 6. Inspection together with comparison of use cases against similar use cases already measured in the laboratory for alien cross-talk can be used for a first estimate to qualify existing Category 5e and 6 cabling New alien cross-talk qualification using ALSNR procedure is available in the Lab and existing field certifiers can be upgraded to perform ALSNR testing Delay and Skew 107 Delay is the time it takes a signal to go from one end of the cable to the other; measures in nanoseconds (ns) Skew is the time difference between the arrival of the first and last signals at the far end of the cable o Pairs in a cable are twisted at different rates o Typically the blue is most tightly twisted and brown the least; this means that these pairs are typically identified as the worst for skew 21

22 Certification Testing 111 Happens when work is completed Required in many commercial projects by the building owner Involves expensive test equipment Is the responsibility of select individuals Residential projects typically do not require due to cost involved Pre-wire Troubleshooting 128 During pre-wire, troubleshoot for: o Proper installation o Minimum bend radius o Kinks o Proximity to high voltage/interference o Proper support along the run o Pulling tension not exceeding 25 lbs/foot o No cabling being walked on Trim Out Troubleshooting 129 At Trim Out, Troubleshoot for Good documentation Proper termination o At the work area outlet (WOA) o At the patch panel Amount of un-twist of conductors Amount of jacket removed 22

23 Twisted Pair Testing Lab See handout for details 137 Fiber Optic Cabling Systems Why Choose Optical Fiber? 139 Benefits of Fiber Optic Cables Carry light signals through hair-thin fibers Immune to outside interference Eliminates possible ground loop issues Offers optical sound distances 23

24 General Types of Optical Fiber 140 Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF) OM1 1 GB Up to 300 meters OM2 1 GB Up to 600 meters OM3 10 GB up to 300 meters OM4 10 GB up to 550 meters Singe-Mode Fiber (SMF) From one mile to many miles Distance variables to consider are the fiber transceiver, wavelength, cable type, Core size of fiber (micron), and modal bandwidth of the fiber Multi-Mode Benefits and Drawbacks 141 Benefits Offers light many paths to travel Can carry thousands of light rays concurrently More cost effective o Shorter runs of limited bandwidth o Less expensive LED light sources Drawbacks Internal reflections increase attenuation Varying lengths smear high-frequency signals Shorter distance Core Size 143 Size of Optical Fiber s Core Measured in microns General core sizes o SMF: Between 8.3 and 10 microns o MMF: 50, 62.5, and 100 microns o POF: About 900 microns Core Size Core 24

25 Other Parts of Optical Fiber Cable 145 Cladding Buffer (or Coating) o Loose tube (or loose-buffer) o Tight-buffer Cladding Buffer Fiber Disadvantages Installation process o Expertise o Special equipment o More Labor than Copper? o Training Transceivers Higher Cost Maintenance o Dust/dirt o Higher priority than copper 149 Safety: Eye 150 ALWAYS wear eye protection Never look into the end of any fiber Only inspect dark fibers NEVER touch your face or eyes when terminating fiber optic cables until you have thoroughly washed your hands 25

26 Quick Termination Polished connector end 2. Fiber stub 4 3. Mechanical splice with index matching gel 4. Field fiber LC Connector SC Connector Patch Panels 155 SC LC Fiber Optic Cable Terminations 26

27 Fiber Termination Tools 157 Basic Toolkit should contain: o Precision Clever o Kevlar Shears o Fiber Stripper o Visual Fault Locater (VFL) o Sharpie Marker o Measuring Tool o Disposal Unit Fiber Termination 158 Step 1 Remove around two inches from the cable jacket using the outer notch on the cable strippers. Fiber Termination 159 Step 2 Pull the Kevlar strands aside and leave the blue fiber exposed. 27

28 Fiber Termination 160 Step 3 Measure and scrape back the blue coating leaving 12mm from the outer jacket to the exposed fiber Fiber Termination 161 Step 4 To cleave the correct length of fiber you will need to place the end of the jacket at the correct location. o 28mm for an SC connector o 24mm for an LC connector Fiber Termination 162 Step 5 Cleave the Fiber 28

29 Fiber Termination 163 Step 6 Attach the termination on the fiber o Remove the boot off the threaded connector o Remove the connector cover and dust cap o Place the connector on the VFL tool o Turn the light on and verify a red light is seen clearly Fiber Termination 164 Step 6 (cont.) Attach the FO termination on the fiber o Place the threaded boot back on the end of the cable o Press the exposed fiber into the end of the connector until the light dims in the window and you see a slight bow in the fiber Fiber Termination 165 Step 7 Lock the fiber in place by pushing the activator over. Now remove the connector from the VFL tool 29

30 Fiber Termination 166 Step 8 Replace the dust cap Pull the Kevlar strands to one side and thread the boot back onto the connector Fiber Termination 167 Step 9 After the boot has been threaded to about 90%, trim off the Kevlar strands using the cable scissors. Fiber Termination 168 Step 10 Now just replace the connector cover and you re done. 30

31 Fiber Termination Lab See handout for details. 170 Fiber Optic Cable Testing 31

32 Fiber Optic Testing Visible Fault Locator (VFL) Basic Go-No Go test Faults show up as light May need adapters for different connectors Should be included with all termination kits 172 Fiber Optic Testing 173 Basic Test kit should contain: o Power Meter and Light Source o Power supplies for in the field use o Various Cables, adapters and couplers o Reference guide Fiber Testing Lab See handout for details

33 Conclusion Identified network cabling components and infrastructures, including cables, outlets, connections, and panel types Identified and described the bandwidth requirements for installed UTP/STP and fiber cable Described current no new wire technologies and Ethernet cabling standards and practices Explained installation practices for UTP/STP and fiber optic cables and components Became familiar with troubleshooting procedures Performed proper component and system testing procedures Questions? Thank You! Please complete and submit course evaluations Winton Drive Suite. 300 Indianapolis, IN