III. Networks, the Internet and the Web. III. Networks, the Internet and the Web. III. Networks, the Internet and the Web
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1 A. Data communications networks 1. Connected computers talking via exchange of bits a. Share data and resources b. Communicate (i.e., ) c. Distributed computing (share processing load) 2. Local area and wide area networks a. Managed by one entity (e.g. Furman, ATM system) b. LAN: limited geographic area, WAN: larger area 3. Internetwork (internet with a small i ) a. LANs and WANs connected by gateways b. Intranet: if managed by one entity B. Buzzwords and key terms 1. Connection medium (channels) a. Wired (twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic) or wireless 2. Bandwidth a. Capacity per second through a channel b. CNET Bandwidth meter c. What does broadband mean? 3. Protocol a. Set of rules that govern interactions 4. Local and remote systems (clients/servers) C. The Internet 1. World wide internet loose confederation of many data communication networks 2. Properties a. Decentralized no central authority b. Loosely coupled autonomy of systems, can withstand limited failures c. Redundant multiple channels of communication d. Open all types of systems participate e. Distributed responsibilities for data transfer shared Client-server model E.g., D. Internet applications 1. Variety of software applications for sending and receiving information a. b. Telnet c. FTP (downloading and uploading) d. IM e. Voice over Internet f. World Wide Web Blogs, podcasts, database applications, streaming, etc. 1
2 E. The World Wide Web 1. Assortment of computer systems a. not synonymous with the Internet 2. Send and receive hypermedia documents a. Multimedia pages b. Electronic hyperlinks (links) c. Links used to navigate 3. Common protocols (standards) a. Client-server model b. HTTP, URL, HTML F. Clients and servers 1. Web browsers a. ask for, b. receive and c. display web documents 2. Web servers a. store web documents, b. process client requests and c. send resources 3. Governed by HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) a. Connect, request, send, receive, display rules b. No matter what kinds of computers involved G. URL 1. Browsers ask for pages by URL 2. Universal (or Uniform) Resource Locator 3. Dissect: protocol, host (domain name), path, file name index.html is a default name Important note: Do not use spaces or other special characters in web folder or file names! H. Navigating (surfing) 1. Navigation buttons (back, forward, home) 2. Histories 3. Bookmarks 4. Cookies 5. Portals 6. Search tools * 7. Critical evaluation * I. History 1. ARPANET late 60 s a. Dept. of Defense: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) b. Goal: communication for research purposes c. Universities and research centers only d. Subgoals 1) Standardize communication protocols 2) Decentralized / Loosely coupled e. Solutions / decisions 1) TCP/IP standard (more on this later) 2) Democratic no central control 3) Open system no favored platform 4) Packet switching / routers (more on this later) f. Implemented by BBN in Boston 2. Berkeley UNIX early 80 s a. Command-line operating system b. Incorporated TCP/IP c. Basic system for internet access/programming d. Distributed cheaply 2
3 3. NSFNET 80 s a. Creation of backbone network connecting networks b. Used TCP/IP c. Other networks: CSNET, BITNET, eventually linked in 4. World Wide Web a. 1989: CERN launches WWW project 1) Particle physics lab 2) Tim Berners-Lee 3) Defined URL, HTML, HTTP 4) Text-based, hypertext links b. 1993: NCSA releases Mosaic 1) Hypermedia browser 2) Marc Andreesen 5. Commercial vendors 90 s a. 1990: NSF relaxed Fair Usage Policy b. Opened the Internet / Web for commercial use a. Previously no formal commercial interests c. Internet term first used d. Prodigy, Compuserve, AOL added to network e. Use bridges and gateways for communication between networks f. Profit becomes a motive in Internet growth 6. Today a. NSFNET decommissioned in 1995 b. Mostly run by universities, research centers and commercial vendors (ISPs) c. Still decentralized / loosely coupled / open d. Microsoft vs. Netscape browser wars 1) Netscape charged for browser / Microsoft gave away o Microsoft s motivation? 2) Justice Dept. filed antitrust suit in May ) Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson ruled against Microsoft in November 1999 o Ruled company must be broken into three 4) Appeals court overruled punishment in June 2001 o Upheld ruling that Microsoft violated antitrust laws 5) Justice Dept. dropped matter / Netscape still suing e. Dot-com boom and bust 1) Survivors o portals, search engines, brick-and-mortar counterparts, social networks, auctions, etc. J. Details (implementation) 1. Packet switching a. Packets 1) Small chunks of data b. Anything that t is sent on the Internet t gets broken up into packets c. Datagrams 1) Packets of data labeled with addresses of recipient and sender 2) Standardized d. Routed independently; assembled at destination 3
4 e. Compare to the alternative: circuit switching (e.g. telephone system model) 1) Actually connected 100% of the time 2) Monopolize limited resources f. Advantages 1) Flexible expandable 2) Better resource utilization 3) Fault tolerant 4) Distributed 2. TCP / IP the rules for packet switching a. Open standard b. TCP Transfer Control Protocol 1) Break message into data packets 2) Sequence them 3) Reassemble at receiver 4) Detect missing/error packets Packet 1 Packet 2 Packet 3 Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of their county. Packet 4 c. IP Internet Protocol 1) Addresses packets {SENDER: RECIPIENT: SEQUENCE: 1 of 4 DATA: Now is the time f ERROR: 0xFE7C29} 2) Uses IP numbers as addresses o E.g o Replaced by domain names for us (more on this later) 3) Routes them through network o Routers democracy in action (Cisco Systems) o E.g., Domain names a. Replace IP numbers for human benefit b. Domain Name Server (DNS) does the conversion c. Must register a domain name to have it recorded in a DNS 1) E.g., register.com, active-domain.com, netsol.com d. Demonstrations 1) Whois ( 2) Nslookup (zoneedit.com/lookup.html) K. Growth of Internet hosts hosts ,000 hosts a Mosaic (growth rate 341,000%) Tens of millions of hosts 4. Now hundreds of millions of hosts L. Issues and problems 1. No central authority 2. Transcends traditional borders (content) a. Censorship? 3. Keeping it open (no special advantage to any one company) 4. Rapid Expansion a. Congestion b. Running out of IP numbers 1) IP 4 byte set = billion 2) Next IP 16 bytes = x c. Internet 2 5. Security / Privacy a. Personal encryption, viruses & worms, spyware, spam, firewalls, etc. b. D.D.O.S. attacks 4
5 M. Web searching 1. Keyword search engines (robot assisted) a. Automated collection of URLs based on keyword analysis b. Spiders, knowbots examine text, titles, HTML, META tags, etc. and index it c. Greater coverage Larger DB, more hits d. Google, Altavista, Lycos 2. Web directories / categorizers (human selected) a. People examine and classify b. Greater precision 1) Less coverage, better percentage of relevant hits c. E.g., Yahoo 3. Meta search engines a. Consult a variety of DBs and cross reference b. E.g., Dogpile 4. Innovations a. Google uses popularity from other searches, references on other pages (PageRank system) b. Northern Light groups in folders c. Ask Jeeves, Altavista t natural language d. Portals personalized, hybrids e. Altavista Babel fish language translation 5. Blocking software (filters) a. Google image filter, Altavista family filter, etc. 6. Notes a. Effective search engines are very difficult to create! b. Not all of the web is covered by search engines c. Not all links are necessarily still active N. Evaluating web sites 1. Content ( lies, damn lies, and web pages ) a. Necessity 1) Lack of review mechanisms 2) Anonymity of sources 3) Lack of safeguards for published materials 4) Timeline issues» Short shelf life» Pressure to publish quickly can backfire b. Adapting traditional evaluation criteria 1) Accuracy how reliable?» Cross check (and ask if they did)» Look for and verify sources 2) Authority how reputable?» What are the author s qualifications?» The publisher s reputation? 3) Objectivity any biases? attempts to persuade?» Identify motivations or agenda 4) Currency up to date?» When posted? Modified? 5) Coverage depth? breadth?» Are all topics covered? In depth? c. Application of criteria may differ depending on type of site (news, reference, business, advocacy, entertainment, personal, etc.) 1) Searching for info on a political candidate?» Compare: news, advocacy, Drudge report, personal site, etc. 2) For research results?» Nature, JAMA, personal page, Dateline NBC 3) For a book review? 4) For an airline schedule? 5) For news/gossip about a movie star? 5
6 2. Evaluation of design a. Rules of thumb 1) Less is more 2) Efficiencyi 3) Consistency 4) Ease of navigation 5) Cross-browser compatibility b. Usability ( c. O. Web publishing 1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) a. Specifies document structure b. Platform independent standard c. Evolving and changing d. In-class tutorial 2. Tools a. Text editors b. Tag editors c. HTML generators d. Site managers 6
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