Buses, Video, and Upgrades

Transcription

1 Unit 9 Buses, Video, and Upgrades Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 CPU Parallel Port Memory Keyboard Controller Video Adapter The Data Bus System Controller 2

3 CPU Memory Keyboard Controller Video Adapter System Controller 3

4 CPU Memory Video Adapter 4

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6 Expansion Buses Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 What is a Bus? Signal Pathways A way of passing information between components inside and outside the computer. A modular way of expanding the functions or capabilities of the computer. 7

8 PC Bus Architectures ISA MCA EISA VL-Bus PCI AGP PCI Express PC Card 8

9 The Original IBM PC Bus Introduced on the original IBM PC 8- bit data path 4.77-MHz clock 8 Interrupts - Only one of which was available for expansion boards. 4 DMA Channels - Only one of which was available for expansion boards. 9

10 The Original IBM PC Bus 8-Bit Card 8-Bit Slot 10

11 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus Introduced on the IBM AT Computer 16-bit data path Backward compatible with IBM-PC Bus 8-MHz clock 15 Interrupts 7 DMA Channels 11

12 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus 16-Bit Card 16-Bit Slot 8-Bit Section Added Pins 12

13 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus 8-Bit Card 16-Bit Slot 13

14 Micro-Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus Introduced on the IBM PS/2 16-bit or 32-bit data path 10-MHz clock Configured by software rather than by jumpers or switches Not compatible with the ISA bus Bus Mastering 14

15 Bus Mastering Allows data to be passed from one device to another without CPU intervention. Allows a controller card to take control of the bus, leaving the CPU free to concentrate on other tasks. 15

16 Bus Mastering vs. DMA DMA can send data from peripheral to RAM or from RAM to peripheral, without the intervention of the CPU. Bus Mastering can send data from peripheral to peripheral, without the intervention of the CPU. 16

17 Extended ISA Bus (EISA) The industry s answer to the MCA bus Backward compatible with ISA 16-bit or 32-bit data path 8-MHz Clock Configured by software, not jumpers or switches Bus Mastering 17

18 CPU High Speed CPU Bus Low Speed I/O Bus BUS Controller ISA Bus Slots 18

19 CPU High Speed CPU Bus Local Bus Slots BUS Controller Low Speed I/O Bus ISA Bus Slots 19

20 VESA Local Bus (VL-Bus) Clock speed same as the processor 32-bit data path Regular ISA slot with local bus connector added Bus Mastering 20

21 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Developed for Pentium-class processors 32-bit and 64-bit data path versions 33-MHz Clock Processor Independent Plug and Play with Bus Mastering 21

22 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus 22

23 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) Developed for high speed graphics cards Frees the PCI bus from making video transfers Used only for video cards Considered a port rather than a bus 66 MHz, 32-Bit 23

24 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) 24

25 The PC Card 25

26 PC Card Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) Originally designed for adding memory to portable computers A universal bus that can accommodate any type of device Can be used with desktop PCs with the proper adapter Hot Swapping capability 26

27 What is the Universal Serial Bus? 27

28 Feature... It s an external expansion bus using cables (outside the PC). Can daisy chain 127 peripherals to a port 28

29 Feature... Plug-and-Play, hot-pluggable, automatic configuration USB 1 provides 12 megabits/second data transfer rate USB 2 provides 480 Mbps USB peripherals can be powered by the USB bus (+5 volts DC). 29

30 Feature... Standardized connectors Five meter-long peripheral connections 30

31 Ordinary USB Peripherals Cartridge, Tape, and Floppy Drives Modems Printers, Scanners ISDN, T1 Interfaces (Network Applications) Input devices such as Mice, Joysticks, Keyboards, Graphics Tablets Multimedia Game Equipment 31

32 Not So Ordinary USB Peripherals Digital Cameras Digital Speakers Video Monitors Biometric Security Devices Multi-User Games Digital Audio Devices 32

33 More Not So Ordinary USB Peripherals Hubs CTI Devices Telephony (PBX, Digital Telephones) 33

34 Video Systems and Monitors Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

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40 Horizontal Deflection Coils 40

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45 Horizontal Scanning Frequency The number of lines per second scanned by the monitor. Varies from about 15 KHz to over 50 KHz. A popular scan rate is 31.5 KHz. At this rate, one horizontal line is scanned in microseconds. 45

46 The Horizontal Scanning Frequency is determined by the Horizontal Sync Signal. 46

47 Vertical Deflection Coil 47

48 Vertical Retrace 48

49 Vertical Scanning Frequency (Refresh Rate) The number of times per second that the whole screen is scanned. Varies from about 50Hz to over 100Hz. Popular vertical scan rates are 60Hz and 70Hz. At 70Hz, the entire screen is painted in about milliseconds. 49

50 The Vertical Scanning Frequency is determined by the Vertical Sync Signal. 50

51 The Screen Refresh Rate 43 Hz 60 Hz 72 Hz 75 Hz 51

52 Interlaced Mode 60 Hz 52

53 Different resolutions often use different scan frequencies. Resolution Horizontal Freq. Vertical Freq. 640x KHz 60Hz 800x KHz 72Hz 1024x KHz 87Hz 53

54 The Screen Resolution Resolution Colors 320 x 200 4, x x x , 256, 32K, 64K, 16 Million 800 x , 32K, 64K, 16 Million 1024 x , 32K, 64K, 16 Million 1280 x , 32K, 64K, 16 Million 54

55 Resolution vs. Monitor Size Monitor Size 13-inch 14-inch 15-inch 17-inch 21-inch Max Useful Resolution 640 x x x x x

56 Measuring Screen size Screen size is measured diagonally. 56

57 Vertical Size Aspect Ratio = Horizontal Size Vertical Size Horizontal Size 57

58 The LCD Display The LCD is the second most common type of display technology. LCDs offer several advantages: Flat display area Low power Larger viewable area 58

59 Advantages Generally more expensive than comparable CRT display. Resolutions can be less than a comparable CRT. LCD displays do not: Emit electromagnetic radiation Have high voltages present in the chassis. 59

60 Available for both desktop and notebook. Two common LCD technologies: Active-Matrix Analog is common on smaller low cost displays Active-Matrix Digital is used in larger high-end displays. 60

61 LCDs use a unique material called liquid crystal. Liquid Crystal has properties similar to water and crystal. By applying a voltage, the amount of light can be controlled. Color LCDs use color filters to create the color display. 61

62 Transparent Glass Plate Liquid Crystal Molecules Transparent Electrode 62

63 Components of the modern color LCD display include: A liquid crystal panel A backlight as a light source A thin film transistor (TFT) array Polarizing filers on both sides of the display. 63

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65 Consider before selecting an LCD More difficult to switch resolutions. Analog LCD panels can use existing video card and connector. LCD may not have sufficient color depth. Many don t react as quickly as CRTs. 65

66 Large screen LCD monitors are becoming a real display option. LCD monitors offer several advantages: Larger effective viewing area Produce a higher precision image Flexible mounting options No electromagnetic emissions. 66

67 Is an LCD suitable? Evaluate panel at native and other required resolutions. Does existing video card support required features? Support for analog and DVI inputs? Contrast ratio high enough? 67

68 Working with Monitors Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

69 Picture Adjustments Reset Button Degauss 69

70 Horizontal Size 70

71 Horizontal Position 71

72 Vertical Size Vertical Size 72

73 Vertical Position Vertical Position 73

74 Pin Cushion 74

75 Bow 75

76 1 5 VGA 6 10 Cable End Pin Signal Pin Signal Red Green Blue Ground Display Data Channel Ground Red Ground Green Ground Blue Ground No Connection Sync Ground Ground Serial Data Horizontal Sync Vertical Sync (VCLK) Serial Clock 76

77 Opening a Monitor to Repair It 77

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79 Basic Video Troubleshooting 101 Is the monitor turned on? Is the monitor s AC cord plugged in? Turn up brightness/contrast controls. Check the video cable. 79

80 Basic Video Troubleshooting 101 Check Power On Self-Test (POST) beeps. Re-seat video card. Check any configuration switch settings. Swap video card, monitor, video cable. 80

81 Basic Video Troubleshooting 101 Enter Safe Mode or re-load video driver. 81

82 Video Display Adapters Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

83 Super VGA (SVGA) The standard for PCs and monitors. Popular SVGA formats include: 800 by 600 pixels 1024 by 768 pixels 1280 by 1024 pixels The higher the resolution, the finer the detail displayed. The higher the resolution; the more information displayed. 83

84 Video Graphics Array (VGA) Resolution of 640 by 480 pixels. Introduced in 1987 by IBM as the PS/2 First to use analog video outputs. First to use square pixels so vertical and horizontal lines have the same thickness. Replaced by SVGA in most applications. 84

85 Evolution of Video Display Adapters 1981 CGA 320 by 200 pixels 1984 EGA 640 by 350 pixels 1987 VGA 640 by 480 pixels Today SVGA 800 by 600 pixels, or higher. 85

86 VGA SVGA 86

87 The activities of the monitor are determined entirely by the PC. 87

88 The PC determines: the color the brightness and the position of every pixel in the monitor s display. 88

89 The PC sends five control signals to the monitor: The Red Video Signal. The Green Video Signal. The Blue Video Signal. The Horizontal Sync Pulse. The Vertical Sync Pulse. 89

90 The Video Controller in the PC 8-bit DAC 8-bit DAC Analog outputs to monitor 8-bit DAC 90

91 The Input and Output of the Red DAC in the PC. Input Output Volts 0.0 Volts

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93 Upgrading a Computer Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

94 Memory Few computers have enough What fits in this computer? SIMM or DIMM? SDRAM or DDR2? Speed? 94

95 Pentium I Add SIMMs in pairs Check the manual for specs 95

96 Pentium II/III/4 Generally fewer free slots Add one DIMM at a time Bigger DIMMs are available PC-66, PC-100, PC

97 CPU Upgrades Cost vs. Benefit Role of the computer Can the motherboard support the upgrade? Do you need to update the BIOS? 97

98 Expansion Cards Before you buy the card: What slot type Are slots available? Are the proper drivers available? Win 98, Win 2000, etc. 98

99 Drives Can the BIOS support a large drive? Can the BIOS be upgraded? Do you have enough power connectors? Do you have the software tools? Bootable disk with FDISK, Format, etc. 99

100 Motherboards What type of case? AT, ATX, Proprietary What type of motherboard? Do the back-panel connections match up? Can you connect front-panel cables? 100

101 Motherboards Can you use the old video adapter and memory? Do you want to use the old video board and memory? Do you need to buy a CPU, too? Is this project worth the cost? 101

102 Modems Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

103 Digital Local Exchange Local Exchange Analog Digital 103

104 Digital Local Exchange Local Exchange Analog Digital Modem Modem 104

105 PC-1 Modem-1 Phone System PC-2 Modem-2 105

106 PC-1 Modem-1 Phone System Modem-2 Dial-Up Server 106

107 PC-1 Phone System Dial-Up Server 107

108 Two Sets of Issues Computer-to-Computer Issues Client-to-Network Issues 108

109 CPU vs. Phone Line Digital Signal High Speed Parallel Data Analog Signal Low Speed Serial Data 109

110 Digital Analog 110

111 The Modem Modulator / Demodulator Converts the digital signals from the computer into the analog signals required by the telephone line. Converts the analog signals from the telephone line into the digital signals required by the computer. 111

112 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

113 11 Each Amplitude Level Represents Two Bits

114 114 0º Phase Shift 90º Phase Shift 180º Phase Shift 270º Phase Shift

115 Baud Baud - A single state change of the analog signal. Baud Rate - The number of times per second that the analog signal changes state. In early modems, one baud usually represented one bit. In today s modems, one baud represents more than one bit. 115

116 High Speed Low Speed 116

117 Parallel Serial 117

118 The UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter The heart of the Serial (COM) port. Converts parallel data required by CPU into serial data required by serial port. Converts serial data received at serial port into parallel data required by CPU. 118

119 Making the CPU and Phone Line Compatible (Transmit). CPU Buffer UART Modem Phone Line Memory 1.High Speed to Low Speed 2. Parallel to Serial Digital to Analog 119

120 Making the CPU and Phone Line Compatible (Receive). CPU Buffer UART Modem Phone Line Memory 1.High Speed to Low Speed 2. Parallel to Serial Digital to Analog 120

121 Two Types of Modems Internal ISA or PCI board that fits inside the computer. External Stand-alone box. Connects to one of the COM Ports. 121

122 Internal Modem CPU UART Function Modem Function Phone Line Internal Modem 122

123 CPU UART Motherboard External Modem Phone Line 123

124 CPU UART External Modem Phone Line Mother- I/O board Adapter Card 124

125 Modulation Standards V bps standard V.22bis 2400bps standard V bps standard V.32bis 14,400 standard V.FC 28,800 standard V.34 33,600 standard V.90 56kbps standard 125

126 V.42 Error-Correction Standards Link Access Procedure for Modems (LAPM) Microcom Networking Protocol 4 (MNP-4) 126

127 V.42bis Compression Standard. Uses a compression technique to reduce the size of out going data. Can compress data up to ~ 4 to 1. For example, a 33,600-bps Modem could transfer data at a rates up to about 134,400 bps. 127

128 The COM Port Also called Serial Port or RS-232 Port The link between PC and Modem. The external Modem connects to COM port on back of PC via serial cable. The internal Modem has built-in COM port that duplicates function of external COM port. 128

129 25-Pin Serial Port 9-Pin Serial Port 129

130 Standard Modem COM Port Settings COM Port IRQ I/O Address (Hex) COM1 4 03F8 COM2 3 02F8 COM3 4 03E8 COM4 3 02E8 130

131 CPU IRQ4 I/O Memory 03F8 UART COM1 Modem 131

132 CPU IRQ3 I/O Memory 02F8 UART COM2 Modem 132

133 134.4 kbps kbps 133

134 UART Speed Determines the Serial Port speed UART chip can reach speeds of 256 kbps UART chip can reach speeds of kbps UART was supplied with the original IBM XT machine. 134

135 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) - A technique used for transmitting high-bandwidth data over twisted-pair telephone lines. 135

136 Analog Central Office Central Office Local Loop Analog 136

137 Voice requires only about 4kHz of bandwidth. Voice 0 4kHz Frequency 137

138 Digital Central Office Central Office Local Loop Analog 138

139 For short distances, twisted-pair can handle frequencies much higher than 4kHz. 139

140 Connecting to the Internet Modem (POTS) ISDN T1 line Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 140

141 Cost $ Cost Vs. Bandwidth T1 ISDN Modem (POTS) DSL Bandwidth 141

142 Advantages of DSL Always-on connectivity High speed Flat-rate service Reliability 142

143 DSL takes advantage of the bandwidth not required by voice. Voice DSL 0 4kHz Frequency 1MHz 143

144 xdsl: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) 144

145 Asymmetric DSL Allows more bandwidth downstream than upstream. Voice Upstream Downstream 0 4kHz Frequency 1MHz 145

146 Central Office To/From ISP 146

147 Typical ADSL Characteristics Data Rate Distance Downstream 1.5 Mbps 15,000 ft Upstream 16 kbps 15,000 ft Downstream 6.1 Mbps 9,000 ft Upstream 640 kbps 9,000 ft 147

148 DSL is distance-sensitive You must be within about 12,000 to 18,000 feet of a central office. The distance is the path the wire takes, not the straight-line distance. Even so, the majority of the United States population lives and works within DSL range. 148

149 The DSL Provider The company that delivers DSL service to your home or business. Generally a phone company. Many DSL providers act as their own Internet Service Provider (ISP). Some areas have more than one DSL provider. 149

150 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) Telco lingo for phone or DSL equipment in the home or office. Splitter/Filter DSL Modem or DSL Router 150

151 Splitter/Filter Voice Data Low Pass High Pass Voice/Data Voice Data 0 4kHz Frequency 1MHz 151

152 The DSL Modem Low cost. Requires no customer configuration. Acts as a bridge to your DSL provider s TCP/IP network. 152

153 Phone PSTN Computer Analog Modem CO ISP Interne t 153

154 Phone PSTN Central Office (CO) PSTN Switch Splitter/ Filter DSLAM Computer DSL Modem Internet 154

155 Problems with the DSL Modem Approach Single IP address The Internet Connection is not easily shared. Security concerns. 155

156 The DSL Router Higher cost Turns your local network into a separate TCP/IP LAN. May provide several services such as: DHCP NAT Firewall VPN 156

157 Phone PSTN HUB Analog Modem CO ISP Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) Interne t 157

158 Phone HUB DSL Router Splitter/ Filter To/From DSL Provider Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) 158

159 Phone PSTN Central Office (CO) Filter PSTN Switch HUB DSL Router DSLAM Home/Office Internet 159

160 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) Normally located at the Telco Central Office Concentrates data from numerous DSL connections into a high capacity backbone. Separates voice from data and sends each to its appropriate location. 160

161 HUB DSL Router To/From DSL Provider Small Office/Home Office (SOHO) 161

162 Very High Data Rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL) An emerging technology Promises to deliver Downstream speeds of 15 to 52 Mbps. Upstream speeds of 1.5 to 2.3 Mbps. Over short distances (1000 to 4500 ft) of existing twisted pair phone lines. 162

163 Central Office Office Building Fiber Optic Cable Optical Network Unit (ONU) 163