Planing, Cabling, Configuring and Testing Your Network

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1 Planing, Cabling, Configuring and Testing Your Network Network Fundamentals Chapter 10, 11 1

2 Obsah Príklad malej siete Návrh HW Realizácia zapojenia a kabeláže Konfigurácia smerovačov Overenie funckionality 2

3 Classless subsieťovanie Vzor firma D (VLSM) ISP Romulus Tristan Fa 0/0 PC S 0/0/0 S 0/0/0 Fa 0/1 Fa 0/1 Fa 0/1 Fa 0/1 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/2 PC Remus Isolda Pridelený adresný rozsah: Maska: / Adresné požiadavky: LAN1: 100 LAN2: 60 Prepoj: 2 Koľko sietí máme v topológii? LAN1 LAN2 3

4 Classless subsieťovanie počiatočná úvaha Pravidlo: Musím uspokojiť požiadavky od najväčších k menším Krok 1 Ktorá sieť má najvyššiu požiadavku na adresný priestor? Lan 1, 100 IP adries Vykonáme subsieťovanie na uspokojenie tejto požiadavky: Koľko bitov musí ostať v host ID? 7 bitov (2 7 =128) Aké adresy podsietí vzniknú? /25 použijeme pre Lan /25 zatiaľ nepoužitá Krok 2 Ktorá sieť má druhú najvyššiu požiadavku na adresný priestor? Lan 2, 60 IP adries Vykonáme subsieťovanie na uspokojenie tejto požiadavky, avšak ostáva nám už len časť nepoužitého adresného priestoru /25 Koľko bitov musí ostať v host ID? 6 bitov (2 6 =64) Aké adresy podsietí vzniknú? /26 použijeme pre Lan /26 zatiaľ nepoužitá 4

5 Classless subsieťovanie počiatočná úvaha Krok 3 Ktorá sieť má tretiu najvyššiu požiadavku na adresný priestor? Prepoje smerovačov, 2 IP adries Vykonáme subsieťovanie na uspokojenie tejto požiadavky, avšak ostáva nám už len časť nepoužitého adresného priestoru /26 Koľko bitov musí ostať v host ID? 2 bitov (2 2 =4) Aké adresy podsietí vzniknú? /30 použijeme pre Core prepoj /30 zatiaľ nepoužitá /30 zatiaľ nepoužitá 5

6 Classless subsieťovanie - výsledok Subsiete vzniknuté subsieťovaním pôvodného adresného rozsahu /24 variabilne Podsieť Adresa podsiete Maska podsiete Prvá použiteľná adresa Posledná použiteľná adresa Broadcastová adresa LAN LAN Prepoj

7 Classless subsieťovanie pridelenie adries ISP Prepoj: k ISP: dodá ISP Fa 0/ Romulus Remus Fa 0/1 Fa 0/ S 0/0/0 S 0/0/0.129 Fa 0/1 Fa 0/1 LAN1: Tristan.2 Fa 0/2 Fa 0/2 Isolda.130 LAN2: PC PC 7

8 Úloha zadanie Vykonajte variabilné subsieťovanie Pridelený adresový rozsah: Maska: Adresové požiadavky: LAN1: LAN2: Prepoj: Vykonajte pridelenie adresového priestoru do sietí Rozdelenie adries sietí Pridelenie IP adries rozhraniam zariadení (smerovačov) Pridelenie IP adries zariadeniam (prepínačom) 8

9 Oboznámenie sa s HW potrebným pre riešenie Smerovače 1841 a 2811 Prepínače TT-L 9

10 Realizácia vyžaduje Prípravu, plánovanie, dokumentáciu (PPDIOO) Výber vhodného hardvéru pre LAN a WAN, vrátane realizácie kabeláže 10

11 Výber hardvéru Pri výbere HW je potrebné zvážiť Vlastnosti zariadenia IOS features (PPPoE, smerovanie-protokoly, NAT, QOS, VoIP, bezpečnosť) Cenu Počet, typ a rýchlosť portov/rozhraní Rozšíriteľnosť (modularita) Manažovateľnosť Veľkosť (form factor) Špeciálne fcie (PoE) 11

12 Cisco prístupový smerovač 1841 predný pohľad Konzolový port 12

13 Cisco prístupový smerovač 1841 zadný pohľad 13

14 Cisco prístupový smerovač 2811 zadný pohľad NM-ESW- 16 modul (prepínač 16xFastEth ernet) 1x NM slot (Network module) 4x WIC sloty, poskytujúc e modularitu 1x WIC2T modul e (2x E1) 2x - 10/100Mbps FastEthernet fixné porty 14

15 Sieťové moduly - WIC 2T module 15

16 Príklady iných sieťových rozhraní pre modulárne smerovače 18xx/28xx 3-port FastEthernet HWIC 4 portový prepínač -WIC- 4ESW ADLS WIC WiFI AP modul 16

17 Smerovače Service provider 7600 series routes Carrier Routing System CRS-3 17

18 HW pre LAN 18

19 Kritéria pre výber LAN prepínačov Ako všeobecne pre sieťový HW cena, port, rýchlosť vlastnosti a pod. Okrem toho dizajnový pohľad počet a umiestnenie HW 19

20 Realizácia LAN Cisco prístupový prepínač TT-L predný pohľad LED indikátory stavu prepínača 24x - Fyzické downlink rozhrania 10/100Mbps s LED indikátormi 2x - Fyzické uplink rozhrania 10/100/1000 Mbps 20

21 Cisco prístupový prepínač TT-L zadný pohľad 21

22 Zapnutie prepínača Prepínače zvyčajne nemajú napájacie tlačidlo Zapínajú a vypínajú sa pripojením napájacieho kábla do napätia 22

23 Prepínače LAN Core Catalyst 6500 Catalyst 4500E 23

24 Média a pripojenie - Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) 24

25 Typy spojení v LAN/WAN 25

26 Kabeláž v LAN 26

27 Priamy a krížený UTP kábel - pinout 27

28 UTP konzolový kábel (rollover) 28

29 UTP konzolový kábel (rollover) RJ-45 to RJ-45 UTP rollover PC serial port DB9 to RJ-45 adapter 29

30 WAN spojenia 30

31 Základy konfigurácie smerovačov 31

32 Pripojenie na konzolu prenosová cesta Prenosová cesta Schématický nákres 32

33 Pripojenie na konzolu cez HyperTerminál - pokyny Založ fyzickú prenosovú cestu Zapni zariadenie (smerovač / prepínač) Spusti HT Start > Programs > Accessories > Communications > HyperTerminal Pomenuj reláciu v poli Name 33

34 Konfigurácia HT Vyber komunikačné rozhranie Nastav jeho parametre 34

35 Pripojenie na konzolu cez Putty - pokyny Založ fyzickú prenosovú cestu Zapni zariadenie (smerovač / prepínač) Spusti Putty / špecifikuj cieľ Vyber z Category vľavo dole Connection Serial Nastav parametre spojenia 35

36 Základná konfigurácia smerovača 36

37 Príkazový riadok Cisco IOS Cisco zariadenia sa spravujú obvykle prostredníctvom textového príkazového riadku CLI Command Line Interface Cisco má vlastný jazyk a sadu príkazov Podporované príkazy závisia od verzie operačného systému IOS a od samotného zariadenia Typ: smerovač, prepínač... Technické vlastnosti: rozhrania, moduly, rozširujúce karty... 37

38 Príkazový riadok Cisco IOS CLI sa sčasti podobá príkazovému riadku operačného systému Má prompt (úvodnú výzvu) Router> Informuje nás o aktuálnej polohe v prostredí operačného systému IOS Router(config-if)# Spracúva naše príkazy a poskytuje výsledky, prípadne informuje o chybe 38

39 Prístupové práva v CLI V CLI existujú prístupové práva, štandardne Používateľský prístup Privilegovaný prístup Používateľský prístup obsahuje prístup len k obmedzenej sade príkazov Je charakteristický výzvou, ktorá končí znakom > Router> Pre nastavovanie zariadenia je potrebný privilegovaný režim Prístup do používateľského režimu je možné zabezpečiť heslom 39

40 Privilegovaný režim CLI Prechod do privilegovaného režimu sa realizuje zadaním príkazu enable Router> enable Router# Privilegovaný režim je charakteristický vo výzve znakom # Prechod do privilegovaného režimu je možné (a potrebné) neskôr zabezpečiť heslom 40

41 Nápoveda CLI CLI obsahuje veľké množstvo príkazov Zoznam príkazov, ktoré sú v momentálnom stave prípustné, je možné zobraziť zadaním znaku? Router#? Exec commands: access-enable Create a temporary Access-List entry access-profile Apply user-profile to interface access-template Create a temporary Access-List entry archive manage archive files bfe For manual emergency modes setting cd Change current directory clear Reset functions clock Manage the system clock 41

42 Nápoveda CLI Príkazy môžu byť viacslovné (viac argumentové) Znak? zadaný za príkazom zobrazí zoznam slov, ktorými môže príkaz pokračovať na mieste znaku? Router#configure? memory network terminal <cr> Router#configure Configure from NV memory Configure from a TFTP network host Configure from the terminal 42

43 Nápoveda CLI Príkazy nie je potrebné písať celými slovami Stačí napísať začiatočné písmená, ktorými slovo začína, a stlačiť <TAB> Router#conf<TAB> Router#configure Môže sa stať, že zadanými písmenami začína niekoľko príkazov v takom prípade <TAB> nevie slovo doplniť Router#con<TAB> Router#con 43

44 Nápoveda CLI V takom prípade je opäť užitočné použiť znak? Ak sa znak? napíše priamo bez medzery za slovo alebo jeho začiatok... Zobrazí zoznam všetkých príkazov, ktoré začínajú danými písmenami Router#con? configure connect Router# 44

45 Zadávanie a úprava príkazov v CLI Po rozpísanom príkaze je možné pohybovať sa doľava a doprava kurzorovými šípkami Vhodné pre opravu chýb Bežne nefunguje kláves <Del>, namiesto neho treba použiť klávesovú kombináciu <Ctrl><D> Kláves <Backspace> funguje normálne Klávesy <Home> a <End> nefungujú, namiesto nich je možné použiť kombinácie <Ctrl><A> a <Ctrl><E> Príkaz je možné odoslať klávesom <Enter> nezávisle na tom, v ktorom mieste riadku sa nachádza kurzor Nie je potrebné presunúť kurzor na koniec riadku pred odoslaním príkazu 45

46 Zadávanie a úprava príkazov v CLI CLI si pamätá históriu príkazov zadaných od posledného prihlásenia sa k zariadeniu Tieto príkazy je možné spätne vyvolať kurzorovými šípkami nahor a nadol Vyvolaný príkaz je možné bežným spôsobom upraviť, ak je to potrebné, a odoslať 46

47 Úloha zadanie Skúste len s využitím nápovedy nájsť a správne použiť príkaz privilegovaného režimu, ktorý nastavuje systémový čas 47

48 Príkazy show Existuje veľké množstvo príkazov, ktoré začínajú slovom show Zobrazenie rôznych informácií o smerovači, jeho komponentoch, stave a konfigurácii 48

49 Konfiguračný režim CLI V privilegovanom režime CLI máme nad zariadením neobmedzenú moc Privilegovaný režim je ale stále režim príkazový Priamo v ňom sa ešte konfigurácia nedá upravovať Ak je potrebné upraviť konfiguráciu zariadenia, je potrebné v privilegovanom režime zadať príkaz, ktorým sa spúšťa editor konfigurácie Režim, v ktorom sa konfigurácia upravuje, sa nazýva konfiguračný režim 49

50 Konfiguračný režim CLI Do konfiguračného režimu sa vstupuje príkazom configure terminal Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)# V konfiguračnom režime nie je možné priamo použiť príkazy (ne)privilegovaného režimu Konfiguračný režim má vlastnú sadu príkazov Samozrejme aj v ňom sú použiteľné všetky pomôcky <TAB>,?, kurzorové šípky... 50

51 Konfiguračný režim CLI Konfiguračný režim, do ktorého sa dostaneme hneď po príkaze configure terminal, sa nazýva globálny konfiguračný režim (GKR) V GKR sa zadávajú príkazy so všeobecnou platnosťou pre celé zariadenie Z GKR je možné prejsť do mnohých podrežimov, v ktorých sa konfiguruje istá konkrétna súčasť zariadenia Sieťové alebo manažmentové rozhranie Smerovací protokol DHCP server Konfiguračný režim má teda hierarchickú štruktúru na najvyššej úrovni je GKR, pod ním sú jednotlivé podrežimy Konfiguračný režim je možné na ktorejkoľvek úrovni ukončiť príkazom end alebo kombináciou <Ctrl><Z> 51

52 Konfigurácia smerovača Odporúčaný postup pre konfiguráciu smerovača 1. Nastavenie mena zariadenia 2. Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel 3. Konfigurácia sieťových rozhraní 4. Konfigurácia smerovania Tento postup nie je záväzný, ale je osvedčený 52

53 Nastavenie mena smerovača Meno smerovača sa nastavuje v GKR príkazom hostname Router#configure terminal Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#hostname Romulus Romulus(config)# Meno môže byť ľubovoľné Nemôže obsahovať medzery Odporúča sa, aby malo aspoň dve písmená 53

54 Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel Nenakonfigurovaný smerovač nevyžaduje heslo ani pre prihlásenie k používateľskému režimu, ani pre prechod do privilegovaného režimu Kvôli bezpečnosti je preto potrebné obe tieto činnosti ochrániť heslom Heslo pre prechod do privilegovaného režimu sa konfiguruje v GKR príkazom enable secret Romulus(config)#enable secret TajneHeslo456 Romulus(config)# 54

55 Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel Od tohto momentu je použitie príkazu enable chránené zadaným heslom Romulus(config)#end Romulus# *Mar 1 19:22:24.079: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console Romulus#disable Romulus>enable Password: TajneHeslo456 Romulus# 55

56 Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel Zatiaľ však nie je zabezpečený prístup k používateľskému režimu Ktokoľvek môže prísť, zapojiť sa do konzolového portu a hneď získa používateľský režim Je vlastne potrebné zabezpečiť heslom jednotlivé manažmentové rozhrania na smerovači 1. Konzolu (con) 2. Pomocnú konzolu (aux) 3. Možnosť konfigurácie cez sieť (vty) 56

57 Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel Zabezpečenie prístupu k príkazovému riadku cez konzolu sa deje v konfigurácii konzoly Vychádzame z GKR a budú potrebné tri príkazy line con 0 Prechod do podrežimu pre konfiguráciu konzoly password Definovanie hesla login Zapne overovanie hesla Romulus(config)#line con 0 Romulus(config-line)#password Heslo123 Romulus(config-line)#login 57

58 Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel Z podrežimu pre konfiguráciu konzoly sa vrátime do GKR príkazom exit Romulus(config-line)#exit Romulus(config)# Od tohto momentu bude smerovač už pri novom prístupe cez konzolu vyžadovať zadané heslo Press RETURN to get started. User Access Verification Password: Heslo123 Romulus>enable Password: TajneHeslo456 Romulus# 58

59 Zabezpečenie prístupu k smerovaču pomocou hesiel Takto je zabezpečený port konzoly, no je potrebné zabezpečiť aj aux port, aj možnosti pre správu smerovača cez sieť Príkazy sú prakticky identické, líšia sa iba v názve manažmentového portu, na ktorom nastavujeme heslo Romulus(config)#line aux 0 Romulus(config-line)#password Heslo123 Romulus(config-line)#login Romulus(config-line)#exit Romulus(config)#line vty 0 4 Romulus(config-line)#password Heslo123 Romulus(config-line)#login Romulus(config-line)#exit Romulus(config)# 59

60 Konfigurácia sieťových rozhraní Sieťové rozhrania na smerovačoch majú označenie slovom a číslom Slovo označuje hardvérový typ rozhrania Serial FastEthernet BRI Číslo označuje jeho polohu v smerovači, na nových smerovačoch má tvar X/Y/Z X: shelf číslo zásuvnej dosky Y: slot číslo modulu v shelfe Z: port konkrétne rozhranie na module v danom shelfe a slote 60

61 Konfigurácia sieťových rozhraní Celé meno rozhrania je teda napríklad Serial0/0/1 BRI0/0/0 Niektoré rozhrania (najmä vstavané) a na starších smerovačoch všetky rozhrania môžu mať číselné označenie kratšie Iba Y/Z alebo iba Z Napríklad FastEthernet0/0 Meno rozhrania nie je potrebné písať celé Serial0/0/1 = s0/0/1 FastEthernet0/0 = fa0/0 61

62 Konfigurácia sieťových rozhraní Konfigurácia každého sieťového rozhrania by mala obsahovať tieto súčasti Slovný pomocný popis (description) IP adresu (ip address) Aktiváciu rozhrania (no shutdown) Pri niektorých rozhraniach bude potrebné uviesť aj dodatočné príkazy 62

63 Konfigurácia sieťových rozhraní Do konfiguračného podrežimu pre nastavenie konkrétneho rozhrania sa vstupuje príkazom interface meno číslo Romulus(config)#interface fa0/1 Romulus(config-if)# V konfigurácii rozhrania teraz uvedieme všetky informácie podľa predchádzajúceho slajdu Romulus(config-if)#description LAN1 Romulus(config-if)#ip address Romulus(config-if)#no shutdown Romulus(config-if)# *Mar 1 00:04:18.003: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up *Mar 1 00:04:19.003: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up Romulus(config-if)#exit Romulus(config)# 63

64 Konfigurácia WAN sieťových rozhraní DCE je zariadenie, ktoré ukončuje dátový okruh (pevnú linku, vytáčanú linku apod.) Na synchrónnych rozhraniach je DCE zodpovedné za generovanie hodinového signálu, ktorým sa riadi prenos bitov Konfigurácia DCE sériového rozhrania má preto takýto tvar Konfigurácia DTE akurát neobsahuje clock rate Romulus(config)#interface s0/0/0 Romulus(config-if)#description Spoj na router Remus Romulus(config-if)#clock rate Romulus(config-if)#ip address Romulus(config-if)#no shutdown Romulus(config-if)# *Mar 1 00:20:53.311: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up *Mar 1 00:20:54.311: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Serial0/0/0, changed state to up Romulus(config-if)#exit Romulus(config)# 64

65 Diagnostika rozhraní Na diagnostiku rozhraní existuje v privilegovanom príkazovom režime okrem zobrazenia bežiacej konfigurácie množstvo príkazov Každý z nich poskytuje rôzne informácie o nastaveniach a vlastnostiach rozhraní Príkaz show protocols Informuje o zariadeniach, ich stave a adresách Romulus#show protocols Global values: Internet Protocol routing is enabled FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is /25 Serial0/0/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is /30 65

66 Diagnostika rozhraní Príkaz show ip interface brief Poskytuje podobný výpis v inom formáte Romulus#show ip interface brief Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol FastEthernet0/ YES manual up up Serial0/0/ YES manual up up Oba príkazy informujú o IP nastaveniach rozhraní a o ich funkčnom stave Status: funkčnosť z pohľadu Layer1 Protocol: funkčnosť z pohľadu Layer2 66

67 Diagnostika rozhraní Príkaz show interfaces Poskytuje rôzne informácie o rozhraniach Romulus#show interfaces FastEthernet0/1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is AmdFE, address is cc (bia cc ) Description: LAN1 Internet address is /25 MTU 1500 bytes, BW Kbit, DLY 100 usec, reliability 255/255, txload 1/255, rxload 1/255 Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set Keepalive set (10 sec) Full-duplex, 100Mb/s, 100BaseTX/FX ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00 Last input never, output 00:00:03, output hang never Last clearing of "show interface" counters never Input queue: 0/75/0/0 (size/max/drops/flushes); Total output drops: 0 Queueing strategy: fifo Output queue: 0/40 (size/max) 5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec 67

68 Diagnostika rozhraní Samozrejme, kontrolu nastavenia rozhraní môžeme realizovať aj zobrazením konfigurácie Pri rozsiahlej konfigurácii je však predieranie sa dlhým výpisom nepraktické Je možné nechať si zobraziť len výpis konfiguračného odstavca pre zvolené rozhranie príkazom show run int MENO ČÍSLO Romulus#show run int s0/0/0 Building configuration... Current configuration : 162 bytes! interface Serial0/0/0 description Spoj na router Remus bandwidth 128 ip address serial restart-delay 0 clock rate end 68

69 Smerovanie - routing 69

70 Konfigurácia smerovacieho protokolu RIPv2 Konfigurácia RIPv2 na Cisco smerovačoch má tieto kroky Vstup do podrežimu pre RIPv2 (router rip) Aktiváciu verzie 2 (version 2) Vymenovanie priamo pripojených sietí, ktoré sa majú zaradiť do smerovacieho procesu (network) Romulus(config)#router rip Romulus(config-router)#version 2 Romulus(config-router)#network Romulus(config-router)#network Romulus(config-router)#network Romulus(config-router)#exit Romulus(config)# 70

71 Kontrola smerovacieho protokolu Zobrazenie smerovacej tabuľky príkazom show ip route Romulus#show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route Gateway of last resort is not set C C R /16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 3 masks /25 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/ /30 is directly connected, Serial0/0/ /26 [120/1] via , 00:00:04, Serial0/0/0 71

72 Kontrola smerovacieho protokolu Nízkoúrovňové sledovanie činnosti protokolu RIP príkazom privilegovaného režimu debug ip rip Romulus#debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Romulus# *Mar 1 00:52:07.959: RIP: sending v2 update to via FastEthernet0/1 ( ) *Mar 1 00:52:07.959: RIP: build update entries *Mar 1 00:52:07.963: /26 via , metric 2, tag 0 *Mar 1 00:52:07.963: /30 via , metric 1, tag 0 *Mar 1 00:52:16.191: RIP: sending v2 update to via Serial0/0/0 ( ) *Mar 1 00:52:16.191: RIP: build update entries *Mar 1 00:52:16.195: /25 via , metric 1, tag 0 *Mar 1 00:52:20.703: RIP: received v2 update from on Serial0/0/0 *Mar 1 00:52:20.707: /26 via in 1 hops *Mar 1 00:52:35.347: RIP: sending v2 update to via FastEthernet0/1 ( ) Sledovanie sa ukončí príkazom privilegovaného 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights režimu reserved. undebug Cisco Public all 72

73 Implementovanie statického adresovania a nastavenie adries na PC Statické nastavenie IP protokolu a overenie nastavenia na PC (ping, tracert, ipconfig) Sniffovanie ICMP aplikácií Wireshark 73

74 Nastavenie statickej adresy na PC v LAN1 Start Control Panel Network connections right click on an interface Choose properties

75 Zálohovanie konfigurácie - tftp 75

76 Zálohovanie konfigurácie - terminál 76

77 Testovanie konektivity Ping / traceroute / pathping / wireshark 77

VLSM a CIDR. CCNA2 Kapitola Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 1

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