DOI: / Scandinavian Object Shift and Optimality Theory

Transcription

1 DOI: / Scandinavian Object Shift and Optimality Theory

2 Also by Eva Engels OPTIMIZING ADVERB POSITIONS Also by Sten Vikner VERB MOVEMENT AND EXPLETIVE SUBJECTS IN THE GERMANIC LANGUAGES STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE GERMANIC SYNTAX (co-editor) DOI: /

3 Scandinavian Object Shift and Optimality Theory Eva Engels Aarhus University, Denmark and Sten Vikner Aarhus University, Denmark DOI: /

4 Eva Engels and Sten Vikner 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identifiedas the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number , of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave and Macmillan are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN: PDF ISBN: This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. doi: /

5 Contents List of Diagrams List of Figures List of Tableaux Acknowledgements List of Language Abbreviations viii ix x xiii xiv Part I Object Shift 1 Introduction 2 2 Object Shift Object shift and Holmberg s generalisation Complexity: full DP shift vs pronoun shift Obligatoriness of object shift Case and object shift Object shift of adverbials Summary 24 3 Optimality Theory Basic assumptions A non-linguistic example: the leap year rule Previous optimality-theoretical approaches to OS The phonological analysis of Vogel (2006) 33 DOI: / v

6 vi Contents The derivation-and-evaluation model of Broekhuis (2000, 2008) The LFG OT alignment analysis of Sells (2001) 41 4 An Optimality Theory Analysis of Object Shift Variation as to the complexity of the shifted object Variation as to the obligatoriness of OS Possible grammars OS of adverbials Holmberg s generalisation Holmberg s generalisation as order preservation Verb movement Double object constructions Particle verb constructions Let-constructions Verbs with PP complements Excursus: West Germanic scrambling 81 5 Conclusion 92 Part II Object Shift in Remnant VP-Topicalisation Constructions 6 Introduction 96 7 V -Topicalisation vs Remnant VP-Topicalisation The V -topicalisation approach of Holmberg (1997, 1999) The remnant VP-topicalisation approach of Fox & Pesetsky (2003, 2005a,b) Object Shift and Remnant VP-Topicalisation in Optimality Theory Remnant VP-topicalisation Stranding of a DO vs stranding of an IO Particle verb constructions in Danish vs Swedish Let-constructions in Danish vs Swedish Excursus: OS is clause-bound Stranding of a subject vs stranding of an object Remnant VP-topicalisation out of a main vs an embedded clause 126 DOI: /

7 Contents vii 9 Conclusion 135 Appendices 139 References 143 Index 151 DOI: /

8 List of Diagrams 2.1 OS in Danish main clause No OS in Danish embedded clause OS in Icelandic main clause OS in Icelandic embedded clause Deriving HG from equidistance OS as base-generated head-adjunction OS in main clause Simple, conjoined and modified pronouns DPs that contain an NP Expected language patterns OS in Danish main clause No OS in Danish embedded clause Multiple OS Particle verb constructions in Danish and Swedish Let-constructions in Danish and Swedish Let-constructions with overt infinitival subject Scrambling in main clause Scrambling in embedded clause OS prior to remnant VP-topicalisation Remnant VP-topicalisation out of main clause No remnant VP-topicalisation out of embedded clause in Danish Remnant VP-topicalisation out of embedded clause in Icelandic 130 viii DOI: /

9 List of Figures 1.1 The Germanic languages Case in Icelandic and Danish Case in Icelandic, Faroese and Danish OS of arguments and adverbials of different syntactic complexity Potential grammars Language variation as constraint re-ranking OS of arguments and adverbials of different syntactic complexity 93 DOI: / ix

10 List of Tableaux 3.1 The non-leap year The leap year The non-leap year The leap year Incorrect ranking (2000 as a non-leap year) Weak pronoun OS in Danish (adapted from Vogel 2006: 1076) No OS with V in situ (adapted from Vogel 2006: 1076) OS from non-final position (adapted from Vogel 2006: 1080) OS of weak pronouns but not of full DPs (Danish) (adapted from Broekhuis 2000: 690) OS with V2 but not with verb in situ (Danish) (adapted from Sells 2001: 144/146) OS with verb in SpecCP (Danish); to be revised OS with verb in SpecCP (Danish) OS of weak pronouns and full DPs prohibited (Finland Swedish) OS of weak pronouns obligatory, OS of full DPs prohibited (Danish) No OS of focused pronouns OS of weak pronouns optional, OS of full DPs prohibited (Swedish) OS of weak pronouns obligatory, OS of full DPs optional (Icelandic) OS of adverbials of different syntactic complexity (Danish) 57 x DOI: /

11 List of Tableaux xi 4.7 OS of arguments and adverbials of different syntactic complexity (Icelandic) OS and in situ verb OS and V -to-i -to-c movement OS and verb in SpecCP Object topicalisation across a verb in situ No OS of DO across IO in situ Multiple OS OS of DO with moved IO Push-up of full DP IO (Icelandic) Blocking by full DP IO (Danish) Multiple OS Particle verb construction (Danish); to be revised Particle verb construction (Swedish); to be revised Particle verb construction (Danish); revised version of Tableau Particle verb construction (Swedish); revised version of Tableau OS with moved particle verb (Danish) OS with moved particle verb (Swedish) OS of infinitival subject but not of infinitival object in let-constructions No OS stranding or pied-piping preposition (Danish) No OS stranding or pied-piping preposition (Icelandic) SCR of DO across IO in situ (German) SCR of DO (Dutch) No SCR of DO across IO in situ (Dutch) OS and V -to-i -to-c movement OS and verb in SpecCP OS and verb in SpecCP Optional OS with V2 (Swedish) Obligatory OS with remnant VP-topicalisation (Swedish) Remnant VP-topicalisation that strands both IO and DO VP-topicalisation that takes along both IO and DO Remnant VP-topicalisation that strands DO No remnant VP-topicalisation that strands IO No stranding of PP-complement No OS with remnant VP-topicalisation of particle verb (Danish) 119 DOI: /

12 xii List of Tableaux 8.12 OS with remnant VP-topicalisation of particle verb (Swedish) Remnant VP-topicalisation out of a main clause No remnant VP-topicalisation out of an embedded clause (Danish) Remnant VP-topicalisation out of an embedded clause (Icelandic) 131 A1.1 SCR of full DPs vs pronouns across an intervening argument (Dutch) 140 A2.1 No remnant VP-topicalisation 141 DOI: /

13 Acknowledgements We are grateful for helpful comments, suggestions and much more to Maia Andréasson, Theresa Biberauer, Tavs Bjerre, Hans Broekhuis, Ken Ramshøj Christensen, Hans-Martin Gärtner, Anders Holmberg, Gunnar Hrafn Hrafnbjargarson, Gunlög Josefsson, Henrik Jørgensen, Shin-Sook Kim, Johannes Kizach, Anne Kjeldahl, Gereon Müller, Øystein Nilsen, Anne Mette Nyvad, Christer Platzack, Martin Salzmann, Vieri Samek-Lodovici, Peter Sells, Michelle Sheehan, Ole Togeby, Carl Vikner, Ralf Vogel, Johanna Wood and two anonymous reviewers, as well as to audiences at the universities of Aarhus, Berlin (ZAS), Cambridge, Leipzig, London (UCL), Lund, Newcastle, Oslo, and Stuttgart. The research reported here was supported by the Danish Research Council for the Humanities (Forskningsrådet for Kultur og Kommunikation) as part of the projects Object positions comparative syntax in a cross-theoretical perspective and Similarities and differences between clauses and nominals. Finally, we are very happy to acknowledge the love, support and patience of our families: Christian Bombis, Lennard and Philine Engels, and Ramona, Thomas and Jakob Vikner. DOI: / xiii

14 List of Language Abbreviations Äl Da Du Fa FS Ge Ic No Ru SD Sw U Vä Älvdalsmålet (West-central Sweden) Danish Dutch Faroese Finland Swedish German Icelandic Norwegian Russian South-eastern Danish Swedish Umeå (North-eastern Sweden) Västerbotten (North-eastern Sweden) xiv DOI: /