CS 131 Computer Application. Lecture 2

Transcription

1 CS 131 Computer Application Lecture 2 Jamshaid Yousaf jamshaid@ccbat.com.pk 1

2 Last Lecture Summary Course Outline What is a computer? Comparison of Computer with Human History of Computers Developments in Microcomputers From 1965 to

3 First Laptop Computer 1986 IBM delivers the PC convertible, IBM s first laptop computer and the first Intel-based computer with a 3.5-inch floppy disk drive. 3

4 Compact Disk (CD) 1986 First International Conference on CD-ROM technology is held in Seattle, hosted by Microsoft. Compact discs are seen as the storage medium of the future for computer users. 4

5 1987 IBM unveils new PS/2 line of computers, featuring a 20-MHz processor. IBM used Video Graphics Array (VGA) monitor offering 256 colors at 320 X 200 resolution, and 16 colors at 640 X 480. Macintosh II with Motorola

6 1989 Intel releases chip World Wide Web created at CERN for use by scientific researchers Microsoft introduced Word for Windows Previously, Word for DOS had been the second-highest-selling word processing package behind WordPerfect. 6

7 1990 ARPANET The National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) replaces ARPANET as the backbone of the Internet. Motorola announces its 32-bit microprocessor, the 68040, incorporating 1.2 million transistors 7

8 1990 Microsoft Windows Microsoft releases Windows 3.0, shipping one million copies in four months. 8

9 1991 Linus Torvalds releases the source code for Linux 0.01 (a clone of UNIX for the personal computer) on the Internet. Apple Computer launches the PowerBook series of battery powered portable computers. RISC based chips are used in Power PC microprocessors 9

10 1992 Internet becomes the world s largest electronic mail network. Microsoft ships the Windows 3.1 operating environment, including improved memory management and TrueType fonts. IBM introduces its ThinkPad laptop computer. 10

11 1993 Microsoft ships the Windows NT operating system. IBM ships its first RISC-based RS/6000 workstation, featuring the PowerPC 601 chip developed jointly by Motorola, Apple, and IBM. 11

12 1995 Intel releases the Pentium Pro microprocessor. Motorola releases the PowerPC 604 chip, developed jointly with Apple and IBM. Microsoft releases its Windows 95 operating system Netscape Communications captures more than 80 % of the World Wide Web browser market, Going from a start-up company to a $2.9 billion company in one year. Sun Microsystems create the Java development language. Because it enables programmers to develop applications that will run on any platform, Power Computing ships the first-ever Macintosh clones, the Power 100 series with a PowerPC 601 processor. ebay, the premier online auction house, is formed. 12

13 1996 Intel announces the 200 MHz Pentium processor U.S. Robotics releases the PalmPilot, a personal digital assistant Microsoft adds Internet connection capability to its Windows 95 operating system. Sun Microsystems introduces the Sun Ultra workstation that includes a 64-bit processor. 13

14 1997 Intel announces MMX technology which increases the multimedia capabilities of a micro-processor. Also, Intel announces the Pentium II microprocessor. It has speeds of up to 333 MHz. Digital Video/Versatile Disc (DVD) technology is introduced. 14

15 1998 Microsoft releases the Windows 98 operating system It also offers improved Internet-related features, including a built-in copy of the Internet Explorer Web browser Apple Computer releases the colorful imac, an all-in one system geared to a youthful market 15

16 1999 Intel unveils the Pentium III processor, which features 9.5 million transistors With its Athlon microprocessor, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) finally releases a Pentium-class chip that outperforms the Pentium III processor Peter Merholz coins the term blog, a contraction of Web-log The Internet Assigned Number Agency begins assigning Internet Protocol addresses using the new IPv6 addressing structure 16

17 2000 Y2K issue No major damage resulted from the millennium date change Microsoft introduces Windows 2000 on February 17. biggest commercial software project ever attempted involving 5,345 full-time participants final product includes almost 30 million LOC 17

18 2001 Microsoft releases the Windows XP OS XP version of Microsoft Office also is unveiled. Several versions of recordable DVD discs and drives produced DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RAM 18

19 2001 Apple introduces OS X, a new OS for Macintosh computers based on BSD (Berkley Software Distribution) Unix with a beautiful graphical interface Apple introduces the ipod premier music player with a 5 GB internal hard disk that will store 1,000 CD-quality songs 19

20 2002 Open Office OpenOffice.org announces the release of OpenOffice.org 1.0, A free, full-featured suite of productivity applications compatible with the file formats used by Microsoft Office and many other office suites. An open-source alternative to expensive application suites OpenOffice.org runs under Windows, Solaris, Linux, the Mac OS, and other operating systems. 20

21 2002 Microsoft launches its.net strategy New environment for development and running s/w applications featuring ease of use and web based services DVD writers begins to replace CD writers Digital Video cameras are introduced Tablet PC is introduced as next generation mobile PC Intel ships Pentium 4 chip with Hyper Threading (HT) technology, 3.06GHz 21

22 2003 Microsoft launches MS Office 2003 More than 400 million people in 175 nations and 70 languages are using a version Office Latest OS include support for Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and Bluetooth standards Use of wireless keyboards, mouse devices, home networks and wireless internet access points become common Apple opens an online music store itunes Offering more than 200,000 titles at $0.99 each 22

23 2004 Apple itunes sold nearly 20 million songs USB Flash drives are produced Flat Panel LCD monitors Radio Frequency Identification(RFID) tags are introduced Smart Phones overtakes the PDA as the personal mobile device of choice. Apple Computer introduces imac G5 Computer display device contains the system unit 23

24 2005 Apple releases the latest version of ipod Portable Microsoft introduces Visual studio 2005 Microsoft releases the Xbox 360 game console Blogging and podcasting become mainstream 24

25 2006 Sony launches its PlayStation 3 Google becomes the most used search engine capturing 54% of market share Intel introduces Core 2 Duo processor family Contains 291 million transistors Apple begins selling Macintosh computers with Intel microprocessors IBM produces the fastest supercomputer called Blue Gene/L Perform 28 trillion calculations in a blink of an eye i.e. about 1/10 th of a second 25

26 2007 Microsoft releases Office 2007 suite Microsoft Windows Vista OS is introduced. Blu-ray and HD DVD increase in popularity Intel introduces Core 2 Quad Four core processor made for dual processor servers and desktop computers Larger number of cores allows for more energyefficient performance Apple introduced iphone and sells 270,000 phones in first 2 days 26

27 2008 Microsoft introduces Windows server 2008 Successor to Windows server 2003 Online social networks continue to grow in popularity MySpace, Facebook and Twitter are the most widely used Combined social networking Websites total almost 1 billion users YouTube continues to gain users WiMAX goes live Capability to access video, music, voice and video calls wherever and whenever desired Average download speeds between 2-4 Mbps 27

28 Computers for Individual Use Computers can be shared by multiple users but can be used by only one person at a time. 28

29 Computers for Individual Use Six primary types of Personal Computers (PCs) Desktop computers Workstations Notebook computers Tablet Computers Handheld computers Smart Phones 29

30 Computers for Individual Use Although PCs are used by individuals, they also can be connected together to create networks. 30

31 Desktop Computers The most common type of computer Sits on the desk or floor Performs a variety of tasks You see all around you in schools, home and offices 31

32 Desktop Computers Different design types Desktop Model Tower model 32

33 Workstations Specialized single-user computers Optimized for science or graphics More powerful than a desktop 33

34 Notebook Computers Small portable computers Weighs between 3 and 8 pounds About 8 ½ by 11 inches 34

35 Notebook Computers Docking station provide additional ports that enable the notebook computer to be connected to different devices or a network in the same manner as a desktop system 35

36 Tablet Computers Newest development in portable computers Input is through a stylus or digital pen Run specialized versions of office products Some models have a fold-out keyboard Some models can be connected to a keyboard and a fullsize monitor 36

37 Handheld PCs Palm computer Very small computers Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) Note taking or contact management Data can synchronize with a desktop 37

38 Smart Phones Smart phones Hybrid of cell phone and PDA Web surfing, access 38

39 Computers for Organizations Some computers handle needs of many users at the same time. These powerful systems are used by organizations such as businesses or schools Commonly found at the heart of the organization network Network servers Mainframe computers Minicomputers Supercomputers 39

40 Network Servers Network servers Centralized computer All other computers connect 40

41 Network Servers Provides access to network resources Multiple servers are called server farms Often simply a powerful desktop: Google 41

42 Network Servers Flexibility to different kinds of tasks Computers for Organizations 42

43 Network Servers Users use the Internet as a means of connecting even if away from the offices. 43

44 Mainframes Used in large organizations Handle thousands of users Users access through a terminal 44

45 Mainframes Large and powerful systems 45

46 Minicomputers Called midrange computers Power between mainframe and desktop Handle hundreds of users Used in smaller organizations Users access through a terminal 46

47 Supercomputers The most powerful computers made Handle large and complex calculations Process trillions of operations per second Found in research organizations 47

48 Computers in Society More impact than any other invention Computers have changed our world or Computers have changed the way we do Changed work and leisure activities Used by all demographic groups Computers are important because: Provide information to users Information is critical to our society Managing information is difficult 48

49 Impact of Computers Like the Impact of automobile 49

50 Benefits of Using Computers As varied as users For disabled person For a sales professional For a researcher 50

51 Computers at Home Many homes have multiple computers Most American homes have Internet Computers are used for Communication ( ) 51

52 Computers in Society Computers at home Computers are used for Business Entertainment Schoolwork Finances 52

53 Computers in Education Computer literacy required at all levels More and more schools are adding computer technology to their curricula Educators see computer technology as an essential learning requirement for all students, starting as early as preschool 53

54 Computers in Small Business Makes businesses more profitable Allows owners to manage and grow their companies 54

55 Computers in Industry Computers in industry Computers are used to design products Assembly lines are automated 55

56 Computers in Government Necessary to track data for population Police officers Tax calculation and collection Governments were the first computer users 56

57 Computers in Health Care Revolutionized health care New treatments possible Scheduling of patients has improved Delivery of medicine is safer 57

58 CS 131 Computer Application Lecture 2 Jamshaid Yousaf jamshaid@ccbat.com.pk 58

59 Looking Inside Computer System Most people believe that computers must be extremely complicated devices, because they perform such amazing tasks Computer is a collection of parts, which are categorized according to the kinds of work they do Glimpse inside a standard desktop computer How these components work together and allow you to interact with the system 59

60 Parts of the Computer System Computer systems have four parts Hardware Software Data User 60

61 Hardware Mechanical devices in the computer Anything that can be touched e.g. printer, keyboard, PDA etc. consists of interconnected electronic devices that you can use to control the computer s operation, input, and output. generic term device refers to any piece of hardware 61

62 Software Set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks Tell the computer what to do Also called a program Thousands of programs exist Some for computer s own use Some for the service of the user Reason majority of the people would want to purchase a computer , type letters, play games etc. 62

63 Data Pieces of information / individual facts By themselves do not make much sense Computers organize and present data 63

64 Users People operating the computer Most important part Tell the computer what to do Userless computers? people still design, build, program, and repair computer systems. 64

65 Information Processing Cycle Converts data into information Data The raw facts and figures that are processed into information Information Data that has been summarized or otherwise manipulated for use in decision making Input Processing / Computation Output 65

66 Steps to Process Data Input Processing Output Storage 66

67 Steps to Process Data Input Computer accepts data from some source Processing Computers processing components perform actions on the data based on instructions from user or program Output Computer conveys result to user. Text, numbers, graphic, image, video, sound Optional Storage Permanently store result on some medium Optional 67

68 Essential Computer Hardware Computers use the same basic hardware Hardware categorized into four types Processor Memory Input and Output Storage 68

69 Processing Devices Processing The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information To perform this transformation, the computer uses two components: The Processor and Memory 69

70 Processor Brain of the Computer Processor chip A tiny piece of silicon that contains millions of miniature electronic circuits. Processor chip 70

71 How does everything connect? Motherboard 71

72 Motherboard Main printed circuit board in the computer Everything connects to the motherboard Expansion slots - plugs on the motherboard for expanding the PC s capabilities via additional circuit boards 72

73 Processor Carries out instructions from the program Manipulate the data Most computers have several processors Central Processing Unit (CPU) Secondary processors Processors made of silicon and copper 73

74 Memory memory is one or more sets of chips that store data and/or program instructions, either temporarily or permanently. Memory is a critical processing component in any computer Two most important types Random access memory (RAM) and Read-Only memory (ROM). work in very different ways and perform distinct functions 74

75 Random Access Memory Also known as RAM or memory Represent primary storage or temporary storage. Hold data before processing and information after processing. Volatile More RAM results in a faster system In MBs or GBs RAM 75

76 Read Only Memory Also called ROM Nonvolatile Permanent storage of programs Holds the computer boot directions Typically in KBs ROM 76

77 Input Input hardware - devices that allow people to put data into the computer in a form that the computer can use Allows the user to interact Input devices accept data Keyboard Mouse 77

78 Other Input Devices Track ball or touch pad Joystick Scanners Digital Camera Microphone Webcam Digitizer 78

79 Output Output devices return processed data to the user or to another computer system. Most common Monitor Printer Speaker Some devices are input and output Touch screens 79

80 Output Sound Card Coverts audio signal from digital to analog and vice versa Both Input and Output device Speakers the devices that play sounds transmitted as electrical signals from the sound card. 80

81 Output Video card converts the processor s output information into a video signal that can be sent through a cable to the monitor Monitor the display device that takes the electrical signals from the video card and forms an image using points of colored light on the screen 81

82 Communication Devices Modem a device that sends and receives data over telephone lines to and from computers.. Network Interface Cards (NIC) Controls the flow of data on a network link 82

83 Storage Devices Hold data and programs permanently Electronic file cabinet Difference between storage and memory More capacity in storage Contents are retained in storage even the power is off Storage is much cheaper Access speed is slow 83

84 Types of Storage Devices Magnetic storage Optical storage 84

85 Magnetic Storage Most common Floppy disk stores data on removable 3.5-inchdiameter diskettes. Typical Capacity 1.4MB Zip Disk stores data on floppydisk cartridges with times the capacity of the standard floppy Floppy disk Zip disk 85

86 Hard disk drive Storage device that stores billions of characters of data on a non-removable disk platter. Capacity 40GB-750GB or even more in TBs 86

87 Optical Storage CD (Compact Disk) drive a storage device that uses laser technology to read data from optical disks. DVD 700MB for CD 4.7 to 17 GB 87

88 Blu Ray optical disc storage high-definition video and data storage. same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs. 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick More storage capacity GB (single and double layer GB (triple and quad layer 88

89 Storage Capacity 1 byte - 1 character of data. 1 kilobyte 2 10 bytes/char; 1,024 characters. 1 megabyte bytes/char 1,048,576 characters. 1 gigabyte - more than 1 billion characters. 1 terabyte - more than 1 trillion characters. 89

90 Put all the hardware together and 90

91 Power What is Left? Power Inside system cabinet 91

92 Software Runs The Machine Tells the computer what to do Reason people purchase computers Two types System software Application software 92

93 System Software Most important software controls the computer s hardware Operating system tells the computer how to use its own components. Windows XP Network operating system (OS) Utility allows computers to communicate and share data across a network Windows Server 2003 makes the computer system easier to use or performs highly specialized functions. Norton Utilities 93

94 Application Software Accomplishes a specific task Most common type of software Word processors Spreadsheet Database Management Presentation Graphics Multimedia authoring Entertainment and Education Games Web Design tools and web browsers 94

95 Computer data Fact with no meaning on its own Stored using the binary number system Data can be organized into files A file is simply a set of data that has been given a name. A file that the user can open and use is often called a document. 95

96 Computer Users User s Role depends on ability Setup the system Install software Running the Programs Manage files Maintain the system 96

97 Userless Computers Run with no user input Automated systems A car's on board computer Home appliances Washers and dryers Security systems Navigation systems Typically controlled by their own operating systems 97

98 Summary Developments in Microcomputers From 1984 to 2008 Computer for Individual Use Computer for Organizations Computers in Society 98

99 Summary Parts of the Computer System Hardware, Software, Data, People Information Processing Cycle Input, Processing, Output, Storage Computer Hardware Processor, Memory, Motherboard Input Devices Output devices Storage Devices Computer Software Computer Users 99