EE 109 Unit 12 Computer Organization. A Few Big Ideas 1. A Few Big Ideas 2 A BRIEF SUMMARY. Clocking or enables are necessary to say

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1 EE 9 Unit Computer Organization Review of some key concepts from the first half of the semester and revisit what CECS prepares you to do in the future. A BRIEF SUMMARY A Few Big Ideas bits in a register tells the hardware what do and when (this is SW interacting with HW) matters Your software is executing compared to how fast a human can do something You can use that to your advantage: blinking an LED at a fast rate can give the illusion it's always on but just more dim Or it can work to your disadvantage: One button press may look like because a loop may see one press on multiple iterations. We must write our software with this in mind A Few Big Ideas Clocking or enables are necessary to say Digital signals are always 's and 's so just looking at the bits doesn't tell us how many we have We usually need (pulses) to tell the hardware when we want it to grab the data Just looking at this set of digital values, are we sending once, twice, three times, how many? Once because we use the clock/enable to indicate that. But with the clock we'd have no clue how many times we are trying to write

A Few Big Ideas Remember Day External events happen with your software (don't know "when" something has

tasks can be done in ; SW may be easier to code/use but HW provides parallelism A.

allowing SW to do other tasks Computer engineering prepares you for a broad set of fields You could work

that knowledge We've been focused on the software/hardware interaction embodied in embedded systems

com/wp-content/uploads///iphone.jpg http://firstcallappliance.com/wp-content/uploads/image/microwave.

net/wp-content/uploads///radarsat-satellite.

) (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) You Can Do That What

(Semiconductors & Fabrication) HW SW Scripting & Interfaces C / C++ / Java Assembly / Machine Code Logic

2 A Few Big Ideas Remember Day External events happen with your software (don't know "when" something has happened) Your software program is the brains for how to process information but it doesn't magically know "when" something has happened? We have to keep checking it (polling) or Hardware designers built "interrupt" mechanisms to help Many tasks can be done in ; SW may be easier to code/use but HW provides parallelism A. second timer can be done in SW using delays but then software can't do much else Or in HW using timers allowing SW to do other tasks Computer engineering prepares you for a broad set of fields You could work in the SW industry You could work in the HW industry You will be most qualified for jobs that combine that knowledge We've been focused on the software/hardware interaction embodied in embedded systems Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, bases, Mining,etc.) (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) You Can Do That What we've been focusing on thus far Architecture ( & Embedded HW) Devices & Integrated Circuits (Semiconductors & Fabrication) HW SW Scripting & Interfaces C / C++ / Java Assembly / Machine Code Logic Gates Networked OS / / I/O Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) 7 Dive Into a SmartPhone Here's a picture of what's inside the iphone TM Both sides of the circuit board are populated with chips -sided Circuit Board Battery 8 Voltage / Currents

What's Inside Your SmartPhone 9 What's Inside? What's inside an iphone?

NXP L8BUK ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers Similar on-board I/O modules as the. Take a look http://www.nxp.

com/apple-iphone-/ A gyroscope, accelerometer, and touchscreen InvenSenseMP7B -axis gyroscope and accelerometer combo Broadcom BCM97 Touchscreen ler Both use some form of to sense motion or touch

3 What's Inside Your SmartPhone 9 What's Inside? What's inside an iphone? Microcontrollers/microprocessors Apple A8 APL SoC+ Elpida GB LPDDR RAM SoC= Not just a processor but a processor with custom hardware to do specialized tasksonboard graphics processor in this case NXP L8BUK ARM Cortex-M Microcontrollers Similar on-board I/O modules as the. Take a look Modem + Amplifiers + Transceivers for wireless communication Qualcomm MDM9M LTE Modem + many others A gyroscope, accelerometer, and touchscreen InvenSenseMP7B -axis gyroscope and accelerometer combo Broadcom BCM97 Touchscreen ler Both use some form of to sense motion or touch Storage SK Hynix HJTDG8UDBMS 8 Gb ( GB) NAND Flash Other specialized HW I/O modules Murata 9S8 Wi-Fi Module Qualcomm PM89 power management IC Cirrus Logic 8S audio codec Computer Engineering & HW Computer engineering prepares you to work in jobs that design these kinds of systems by: Learning how to design digital circuits using logic gates [, NOT] (EE and EE Digital System Design) Learning how to optimize processors to execute software as efficiently as possible (EE 7 Computer Architecture) Learn how to assemble many HW pieces (processor cores, RAM, specialized HW) to form systems-on-chip (EE L SoCDesign) Learn some of the physics and science of fabricating these designs on silicon (EE 77L and EE 77L VLSI Design) Die Photo of the Apple A8 SoC BASIC COMPUTER GANIZATION

You Can Do That Computer Engineering as Abstraction Levels Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, bases, Mining,etc.

HW SW Scripting & Interfaces C / C++ / Java Assembly / Machine Code Logic Gates Networked OS / / I/O Voltage / Currents Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Software Code Chips (s)

SW C / C++ / Java Assembly / Machine Code Logic Gates OS / / I/O Voltage / Currents Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Motivation Computer Organization We will start to learn

4 You Can Do That Computer Engineering as Abstraction Levels Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, bases, Mining,etc.) (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) Architecture ( & Embedded HW) Where we will head now Devices & Integrated Circuits (Semiconductors & Fabrication) HW SW Scripting & Interfaces C / C++ / Java Assembly / Machine Code Logic Gates Networked OS / / I/O Voltage / Currents Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Software Code Chips (s) Functional Units Logic if (x > ) then x = x + y - z; a = b*x; x y z A B - - ling - Input (Gate ) + AND gate F Output (Drain ) Source CMPR X, JLE SKIP ADD X,X,Y SUB X,X,Z SKIP MUL A,B,X S HW SW C / C++ / Java Assembly / Machine Code Logic Gates OS / / I/O Voltage / Currents Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Motivation Computer Organization We will start to learn assembly language so that we understand why high level code has some of the constructs it has (if, while, etc) we understand the basic hardware inside a computer and why certain structures are there we can start to understand why HW companies create the structures they do (multicore processors) we can start to understand why SW companies deal with some of the issues they do (efficiencies, etc.) Three primary sets of components I/O (everything else) Tell us where things live? Running code Compiled program (not running) Circuitry to execute code Source code file variables for the pixels being displayed on your screen

5 7 8 Input / Output performs reads and writes to communicate with I/O devices just as it does with memory I/O devices have locations (i.e. ) that contain data that the processor can access These registers are assigned unique addresses just like memory FE may signify a white dot at a particular location Video Interface 8 FE 8 FE A D C WRITE a = hex in ASCII Keyboard Interface Primary Components inside a processor Connects to memory and I/O via address, data, and control buses (bus= ) Bus 9 Arithmetic and Logic Unit () Registers Executes arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction along with logical operations (, etc.) Some are for general use by software Registers provide storage locations within the processor (to avoid having to read/write slow memory) Others are required for specific purposes to ensure proper operation of the hardware R-R

6 General Purpose Registers What if we didn t have registers? Registers available to software instructions for use by the Instructions use these registers as inputs (source locations) and puts (destination locations) R-R Example w/o registers: F = (X+Y) (X*Y) Requires an ADD instruction, MULtiply instruction, and SUBtract Instruction w/o registers ADD: Load X and Y from memory, store result to memory MUL: Load X and Y again from mem., store result to memory SUB: Load results from ADD and MUL and store result to memory memory accesses R-R X Y F What if we have registers? Other Registers Example w/ registers: F = (X+Y) (X*Y) Load X and Y into registers ADD: R + R and store result in R MUL: R * R and store result in R SUB: R R and store result in R Store R back to memory total memory access R-R X Y X Y F Some bookkeeping information is needed to make the processor operate correctly Example: () Recall that the processor must fetch instructions from memory before decoding and executing them register holds the address of the currently executing instruction R-R

7 Fetching an Instruction Fetching an Instruction To fetch an instruction contains the of the instruction The value in the is placed on the address bus and the memory is told to read The is, and the process is repeated for the next instruction To fetch an instruction contains the address of the instruction The value in the is placed on the address bus and the memory is told to read The is incremented, and the process is repeated for the next instruction R-R = = = inst. machine code = Read inst. inst. inst. inst. inst. R-R = = = inst. machine code = Read inst. inst. inst. inst. inst. 7 8 Circuitry Circuitry circuitry is used to the instruction and then generate the necessary signals to complete its execution s the registers to be used as source and destination locations Assume hex is machine code for an ADD instruction of R = R + R Logic will select the registers (R and R) tell the to add select the destination register (R) R-R inst. inst. inst. inst. inst. ADD ADD R-R inst. inst. inst. inst.

EE 109 Unit 12 Computer Organization

EE 109 Unit 12 Computer Organization 1 EE 19 Unit 12 Computer Organization 2 Review of some key concepts from the first half of the semester A BRIEF SUMMARY 3 A Few Big Ideas 1 Setting and clearing bits in a register tells the hardware what