EE 109 Unit 12 Computer Organization

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1 1 EE 19 Unit 12 Computer Organization

2 2 Review of some key concepts from the first half of the semester A BRIEF SUMMARY

3 3 A Few Big Ideas 1 Setting and clearing bits in a register tells the hardware what do and when (this is SW interacting with HW) Speed matters Your software is executing quickly compared to how fast a human can do something You can use that to your advantage: blinking an LED at a fast rate can give the illusion it's always on but just more dim Or it can work to your disadvantage: One button press may look like many because a loop may see one press on multiple iterations. We must write our software with this in mind

4 A Few Big Ideas 2 Clocking or enables are necessary to say

at the bits doesn't tell us how many we have We usually need

the data Just looking at this set of digital values, are we

Once because we use the clock/enable to indicate that.

4 4 A Few Big Ideas 2 Clocking or enables are necessary to say "when" Digital signals are always 1's and 's so just looking at the bits doesn't tell us how many we have We usually need clocks (pulses) to tell the hardware when we want it to grab the data Just looking at this set of digital values, are we sending 11 once, twice, three times, how many? Once because we use the clock/enable to indicate that. But without the clock we'd have no clue how many times we are trying to write 11

5 5 A Few Big Ideas 3 External events happen asynchronously with your software (don't know "when" something has happened) Your software program is the brains for how to process information but it doesn't magically know "when" something has happened? We have to keep checking it (polling) or Hardware designers built "interrupt" mechanisms to help Many tasks can be done in either SW or HW; SW may be easier to code/use but HW provides parallelism A.1 second timer can be done in SW using delays but then software can't do much else Or in HW using timers allowing SW to do other tasks

6 6 Big picture ideas of what the CECS major prepares you for REVISITING CECS

7 Remember Day 1 Computer engineering prepares you for a broad set of fields

be most qualified for jobs that combine that knowledge We've been focused on

edu/news/image-archive/boss.jpg http://prisonerofclass-5933.zippykid.

com/wp-content/uploads/image/microwave.jpg http://www.amazon.

7 7 Remember Day 1 Computer engineering prepares you for a broad set of fields You could work in the SW industry You could work in the HW industry You will be most qualified for jobs that combine that knowledge We've been focused on the software/hardware interaction embodied in embedded systems

8 HW SW 8 You Can Do That Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining,etc.) Applications (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Scripting & Interfaces C / C++ / Java Networked Applications Applications Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) What we've been focusing on thus far Architecture (Processor & Embedded HW) Devices & Integrated Circuits (Semiconductors & Fabrication) Assembly / Machine Code OS Processor / Memory / I/O Logic Gates Transistors Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Voltage / Currents

9 9 Dive Into a SmartPhone Here's a picture of what's inside the iphone TM 6 Both sides of the circuit board are populated with chips 2-sided Circuit Board Battery

10 1 What's Inside Your SmartPhone What's inside an iphone 6? Microcontrollers/microprocessors Apple A8 APL111 SoC + Elpida 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM SoC = System on Chip Not just a processor but a processor with custom hardware to do specialized tasks on-board graphics processor in this case NXP LPC18B1UK ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers Similar on-board I/O modules as the Arduino. Take a look Modem + Amplifiers + Transceivers for wireless communication Qualcomm MDM9625M LTE Modem + many others

11 11 What's Inside? A gyroscope, accelerometer, and touchscreen InvenSense MP67B 6-axis gyroscope and accelerometer combo Broadcom BCM5976 Touchscreen Controller Both use some form of A-to-D conversion to sense motion or touch Memory Storage SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD1BMS 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash Other specialized HW I/O modules Murata 339S228 Wi-Fi Module Qualcomm PM819 power management IC Cirrus Logic 338S121 audio codec

12 Computer Engineering & HW Computer engineering prepares you to work in jobs that design these kinds of systems by: Learning how to design digital circuits using logic gates [AND, OR, NOT] (EE 154

12 12 Computer Engineering & HW Computer engineering prepares you to work in jobs that design these kinds of systems by: Learning how to design digital circuits using logic gates [AND, OR, NOT] (EE 154 and EE 254 Digital System Design) Learning how to optimize processors to execute software as efficiently as possible (EE 457 Computer Architecture) Learn how to assemble many HW pieces (processor cores, RAM, specialized HW) to form systems-on-chip (EE 454L SoC Design) Learn some of the physics and science of fabricating these designs on silicon (EE 277L and EE 477L VLSI Design) Die Photo of the Apple A8 SoC Processor

13 BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 13

14 HW SW 14 You Can Do That Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining,etc.) Applications (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile) Scripting & Interfaces C / C++ / Java Networked Applications Applications Systems & Networking (Embedded Systems, Networks) Assembly / Machine Code OS Libraries Architecture (Processor & Embedded HW) Where we will head now Devices & Integrated Circuits (Semiconductors & Fabrication) Processor / Memory / I/O Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Logic Gates Transistors Voltage / Currents

HW SW 15 Computer Engineering as Abstraction Levels Software Code if (x > ) then

Chips (Processors) 111111 C / C++ / Java Applications Functional Units Logic x y

Gates Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Transistors

15 HW SW 15 Computer Engineering as Abstraction Levels Software Code if (x > ) then x = x + y - z; a = b*x; CMPR X, JLE SKIP ADD X,X,Y SUB X,X,Z SKIP MUL A,B,X Chips (Processors) C / C++ / Java Applications Functional Units Logic x y z A B + AND gate S F Assembly / Machine Code OS Processor / Memory / I/O Logic Gates Libraries Functional Units (Registers, Adders, Muxes) Transistors Controlling Input (Gate ) Output (Drain ) Source Transistors Voltage / Currents

16 16 Motivation We will start to learn assembly language so that we understand why high level code has some of the constructs it has (if, while, etc) we understand the basic hardware inside a computer and why certain structures are there we can start to understand why HW companies create the structures they do (multicore processors) we can start to understand why SW companies deal with some of the issues they do (efficiencies, etc.)

17 17 Computer Organization Three primary sets of components Processor Memory I/O (everything else) Tell us where things live? Running code Compiled program (not running) Circuitry to execute code Source code file Data variables Data for the pixels being displayed on your screen

registers are assigned unique addresses just like memory Processor Memory 3FF Video Interface 8 A D C FE

18 18 Input / Output Processor performs reads and writes to communicate with I/O devices just as it does with memory I/O devices have locations (i.e. registers) that contain data that the processor can access These registers are assigned unique addresses just like memory Processor Memory 3FF Video Interface 8 A D C FE may signify a white dot at a particular location 8 FE 1 FE WRITE a = 61 hex in ASCII Keyboard Interface 4 61

19 19 Processor 3 Primary Components inside a processor ALU Registers Control Circuitry Connects to memory and I/O via address, data, and control buses (bus = group of wires) Processor Bus Addr Memory 1 2 Data 3 4 Control 5 6

20 2 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Executes arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction along with logical operations (AND, OR, etc.) Processor Memory out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 Addr Data Control

21 21 Registers Some are for general use by software Registers provide fast, temporary storage locations within the processor (to avoid having to read/write slow memory) Others are required for specific purposes to ensure proper operation of the hardware Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 R-R31 PC Addr Data Control Memory

22 22 General Purpose Registers Registers available to software instructions for use by the programmer/compiler Instructions use these registers as inputs (source locations) and outputs (destination locations) Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 R-R31 PC Addr Data Control Memory

23 23 What if we didn t have registers? Example w/o registers: F = (X+Y) (X*Y) Requires an ADD instruction, MULtiply instruction, and SUBtract Instruction w/o registers ADD: Load X and Y from memory, store result to memory MUL: Load X and Y again from mem., store result to memory SUB: Load results from ADD and MUL and store result to memory 9 memory accesses Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 R-R31 PC Addr Data Control Memory X Y F

24 24 What if we have registers? Example w/ registers: F = (X+Y) (X*Y) Load X and Y into registers ADD: R + R1 and store result in R2 MUL: R * R1 and store result in R3 SUB: R2 R3 and store result in R4 Store R4 back to memory 3 total memory access Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 PC X Y R-R31 Addr Data Control Memory X Y F

25 25 Other Registers Some bookkeeping information is needed to make the processor operate correctly Example: Program Counter (PC) Recall that the processor must fetch instructions from memory before decoding and executing them PC register holds the address of the currently executing instruction Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 R-R31 PC Addr Data Control Memory

26 26 Fetching an Instruction To fetch an instruction PC contains the address of the instruction The value in the PC is placed on the address bus and the memory is told to read The PC is incremented, and the process is repeated for the next instruction Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 R-R31 PC PC = Addr = Addr Data = inst.1 machine code Data Control = Read Control Memory FF inst. 1 inst. 2 inst. 3 inst. 4 inst. 5

27 27 Fetching an Instruction To fetch an instruction PC contains the address of the instruction The value in the PC is placed on the address bus and the memory is told to read The PC is incremented, and the process is repeated for the next instruction Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR in1 in2 R-R31 PC 1 PC = Addr = 1 Addr Data = inst.2 machine code Data Control = Read Control Memory FF inst. 1 inst. 2 inst. 3 inst. 4 inst. 5

28 28 Control Circuitry Control circuitry is used to decode the instruction and then generate the necessary signals to complete its execution Controls the ALU Selects Registers to be used as source and destination locations Processor out op. ALU ADD, SUB, AND, OR Control in1 in2 R-R31 PC Addr Data Control Memory FF inst. 1 inst. 2 inst. 3 inst. 4 inst. 5

29 29 Control Circuitry Assume 21 hex is machine code for an ADD instruction of R2 = R + R1 Control Logic will select the registers (R and R1) tell the ALU to add select the destination register (R2) Processor ADD Control PC Addr Memory 1 21 inst. 2 out ALU ADD in1 in2 R-R31 21 Data Control FF inst. 3 inst. 4 inst. 5

30 BACKUP 3

31 31 Dive Into A Smartphone What's inside? Apple A8 APL111 SoC + Elpida 1 GB LPDDR3 RAM NXP LPC18B1UK ARM Cortex-M3 Microcontrollers (which is the proper name for the M8 motion coprocessor) Qualcomm MDM9625M LTE Modem InvenSense MP67B 6-axis gyroscope and accelerometer combo SK Hynix H2JTDG8UD1BMS 128 Gb (16 GB) NAND Flash Murata 339S228 Wi-Fi Module Broadcom BCM5976 Touchscreen Controller Qualcomm PM819 power management IC Cirrus Logic 338S121 audio codec

EE 109 Unit 12 Computer Organization. A Few Big Ideas 1. A Few Big Ideas 2 A BRIEF SUMMARY. Clocking or enables are necessary to say

EE 109 Unit 12 Computer Organization. A Few Big Ideas 1. A Few Big Ideas 2 A BRIEF SUMMARY. Clocking or enables are necessary to say EE 9 Unit Computer Organization Review of some key concepts from the first half of the semester and revisit what CECS prepares you to do in the future. A BRIEF SUMMARY A Few Big Ideas bits in a register