INEL-6080 VLSI Systems Design

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1 INEL-6080 VLSI Systems Design ooooooo Prof. Manuel Jiménez

2 Lecture 1 Introduction

3 Computational Devices The idea of developing computing devices is certainly not new A few chronological examples show the idea is as old as humanity

4 25,000BC: Notched Bones The Ishango Bone The Venus of Laussel The Ishango Bones Notched bone from Congo, Africa. 25,000 to 20,000 BC The markings represent a sixmonth lunar calendar Believed to be used to compute women s menstrual cycle Notched Bones

5 1300BC: Abacus Chinese Abacus Abacus Originally invented by the Babylonians between 1,000BC and 500BC Chinese Abacus (Ming Dynasty: ) Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, and Division Notched Bones Abacus

6 1640: Pascal s Calculator Pascal s Calculator Pascal s Calculator (1640) First operational calculating machine Addition and Subtraction Multiplication and division implemented by a series of additions or subtractions Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator

1822: Difference Engine Part of Babbage s Difference Engine Babbage s Difference Engine (1822) Considered the 1 st computing engine 25,000 mechanical

7 1822: Difference Engine Part of Babbage s Difference Engine Babbage s Difference Engine (1822) Considered the 1 st computing engine 25,000 mechanical parts Cost: 17,470 Based on decimal system Add, Sub, Mult, Div, Sqr, Log, Exp, to 31 digits Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine

1946: ENIAC & UNIVAC The ENIAC Room Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) First general-purpose computer 1,000 square feet of area 30 tons of weigh:

8 1946: ENIAC & UNIVAC The ENIAC Room Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) First general-purpose computer 1,000 square feet of area 30 tons of weigh: 18,000 vacuum tubes 150 kilowatts of power Performed 5000 additions/sec Burned 50 tubes/day Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC

1947: First Transistor The First Transistor Point-contact germanium transistor (Brattain & Bardeen) - 1947 Bipolar junction transistor (Shockley) - 1949 Field effect transistor (MOS FET)

9 1947: First Transistor The First Transistor Point-contact germanium transistor (Brattain & Bardeen) Bipolar junction transistor (Shockley) Field effect transistor (MOS FET) (Hofstain & Heiman) First patent in 1926 (Lilienfeld) By 1960 all new computers used transistors Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC First Transistor

Fairchild and TI fabricate first commercial digital IC 1970 Fairchild introduced the first 256- bit static RAM

10 1958: First Integrated Circuit 1966 bipolar ECL Gate The First Integrated Circuit 1958 Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments integrated multiple components onto a single semiconductor piece A phase shift oscillator 1961 Fairchild and TI fabricate first commercial digital IC 1970 Fairchild introduced the first 256- bit static RAM Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC First Transistor First Integrated Circuit

20GHz 60M transistors FXP, FPU, Cache, Pipe Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s

11 The Microprocessor s Era Intel 4004 Intel P4 Modern IC Examples: INTEL 4004 (1971) 1.0 MHz 1K transistors INTEL Pentium 4 (2000) 3.20GHz 60M transistors FXP, FPU, Cache, Pipe Notched Bones Abacus Pascal s Calculator Difference Machine ENIAC & UNIVAC First Transistor First Integrated Circuit Modern Chips

12 IC DESIGN ISSUES Primary Issues in IC Design Integration Density and Performance Moore s Law (1965): Semiconductor technology will double its effectiveness every 18 months X growth in 1.96 years! 1000 Doubles every 2 years Transistors (MT) P6 Pentium proc 486 Frequency (Mhz) P6 Pentium proc Year Year

13 IC DESIGN ISSUES Memory Technology Has also followed Moore s Prediction Integration complexity doubles every 1 to 2 years Not expected to slowdown anytime soon Another issue has arisen POWER

14 IC DESIGN ISSUES Power in Microprocessors W 1.5KW 18KW 5KW Power (Watts) Pentium proc Year Power delivery and dissipation could become prohibitive, especially in battery powered devices

15 IC DESIGN ISSUES Power Density Problem Amount of heat in ICs is becoming too high to keep junctions working at low temperature Power Density (W/cm2) Rocket Nozzle Nuclear Reactor Hot Plate P6 Pentium proc Small Signal RF Analog Baseband Power RF Power Management Digital Baseband (DSP + MCU) Year

16 IC DESIGN ISSUES Design Challenges Microscopic Level Size and Performance Power Dissipation Interconnect Parasitics Clock Distribution Noise Testability Reliability Manufacturability Macroscopic Level Time-to-market Technological Limits Abstraction-Level Reusability and Portability Intellectual Property Design Predictability

Microelettronica. J. M. Rabaey, "Digital integrated circuits: a design perspective" EE141 Microelettronica

Microelettronica. J. M. Rabaey, Digital integrated circuits: a design perspective EE141 Microelettronica Microelettronica J. M. Rabaey, "Digital integrated circuits: a design perspective" Introduction Why is designing digital ICs different today than it was before? Will it change in future? The First Computer