THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
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1 THIRD EDITION THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER I. Scott MacKenzie University of Guelph Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio
2 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS Introduction Terminology The Central Processing Unit Semiconductor Memory: RAM and ROM The Buses: Address, Data, and Control Input/Output Devices Mass Storage Devices Human Interface Devices Control/Monitor Devices Programs: Big and Small Micros, Minis, and Mainframes Microprocessorsvs. Microcontrollers Hardware Architecture Applications Instruction Set Features NewConcepts Gains and Losses: A Design Example 13 Problems 15 2 HARDWARE SUMMARY MCS-51 Family Overview Once Around the Pins PortO Port Port Port 3 20 V
3 PSEN (Program Store Enable) 21 ALE (Address Latch Enable) 21 EA (Extemal Access) 21 RST (Reset) 21 On-Chip Oscillator Inputs 21 Power Connections 22 I/O Port Structure 22 Memory Organization General-Purpose RAM 23 Bit-Addressable RAM 25 Register Banks 26 Special Function Registers Problems 43 Program Status Word 28 B Register 31 Stack Pointer 31 Data Pointer 32 Port Registers 33 Timer Registers 33 Serial Port Registers 33 Interrupt Registers 34 Power Control Register 34 Extemal Memory Accessing Extemal Code Memory 35 Accessing Extemal Data Memory 36 Address Decoding 39 Overlapping the Extemal Code and Data Spaces 8032/8052 Enhancements 41 Reset Operation 42 Summary INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY Introduction Addressing Modes Register Addressing Direct Addressing Indirect Addressing Immediate Addressing Relative Addressing Absolute Addressing Long Addressing Indexed Addressing Instruction Types Arithmetic Instructions Logical Instructions Data Transfer Instmetions Boolean Instructions 68
4 3.3.5 Program Branching Instructions 71 Problems 75 TIMER OPERATION 4.1 Introduction Timer Mode Register (TMOD) Timer Control Register (TCON) Timer Modes and the Overflow Flag Bit Timer Mode (Mode 0) Bit Timer Mode (Mode 1) BitAuto-ReloadMode(Mode2) Split Timer Mode (Mode 3) Clocking Sources Interval Timing Event Counting Starting, Stopping, and Controlling the Timers Initializing and Accessing Timer Registers Reading a Timer "on the Fly" Short Intervals and Long Intervals Timer Auto-Reload Mode Capture Mode Baud Rate Generation Summary 97 Problems 97 SERIAL PORT OPERATION 5.1 Introduction Serial Port Control Register Modes of Operation Bit Shift Register (Mode 0) Bit UART with Variable Baud Rate (Mode 1) Bit UART with Fixed Baud Rate (Mode 2) Bit UART with Variable Baud Rate (Mode 3) Initialization and Accessing Serial Port Registers Receiver Enable The Ninth Data Bit Adding a Parity Bit Interrupt Flags Multiprocessor Communications Serial Port Baud Rates Using Timer 1 as the Baud Rate Clock Summary 111 Problems 112
5 6 INTERRUPTS Introduction Interrupt Organization Enabling and Disabling Interrupts Interrupt Priority Polling Sequence Processing Interrupts InterruptVectors Program Design Using Interrupts Small Interrupt Service Routines Large Interrupt Service Routines Serial Port Interrupts External Interrupts Interrupt Timings Summary 130 Problems ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING Introduction Assembler Operation PassOne PassTwo Assembly Language Program Format Label Field Mnemonic Field Operand Field Comment Field Special Assembler Symbols Indirect Address Immediate Data Data Address Bit Address Code Address Generic Jumps and Calls Assemble-Time Expression Evaluation Number Bases Character Strings Arithmetic Operators Logical Operators Special Operators Relational Operators Expression Examples Operator Precedence 145
6 7.5 Assembler Directives Assembler State Control Symbol Definition Storage Initialization/Reservation Program Linkage Segment Selection Directives Assembler Controls Linker Operation Annotated Example: Linking Relocatable Segments and Modules ECHO.LST IO.LST EXAMPLE.M Macros Parameter Passing Local Labels Repeat Operations Control Flow Operations 169 Problems 169 PROGRAM STRUCTURE AND DESIGN 8.1 Introduction Advantages and Disadvantages of Structured Programming 8.3 The Three Structures Statements The Loop Structure The Choice Structure Pseudo Code Syntax Assembly Language Programming Style Labels Comments Comment Blocks Saving Registers on the Stack TheUseofEquates The Use of Subroutines Program Organization Summary 196 Problems TOOLS AND TECHNIOUES FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT Introduction The Development Cycle Software Development Hardware Development 199
7 9.3 Integration and Verification Software Simulation Hardware Emulation Execution from RAM Execution from EPROM The Factory Mask Process Commands and Environments Summary 207 Problems DESIGN AND INTERFACE EXAMPLES 10.1 Introduction TheSBC Hexadecimal Keypad Interface Interface to Multiple 7-Segment LEDs Loudspeaker Interface NonVolatile RAM Interface Input/Output Expansion Analog Output Analog Input Summary 241 Problems 241 APPENDIXES A Quick Reference Chart 243 B 0PC0DE Map V 245 C Instruction Definitions 247 D Special Function Registers 289 E 8051 Data Sheet 297 F ASCII Code Chart 313 G M0N51 An 8051 Monitor Program 315 H Sources of 8051 Development Products 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER
SECOND EDITION THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER I. Scott MacKenzie University of Guelph Guelph, Ontario 'v ' ' Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERS 1 1.1 Introduction
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