Motivation for an Intelligent Battery Sensor. Introduction to MM912J637 Intelligent Battery Sensor. Competitive Advantages of MM912J637

Transcription

1 June 2011 Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobilegt, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

2 Motivation for an Intelligent Battery Sensor Introduction to MM912J637 Intelligent Battery Sensor Competitive Advantages of MM912J637 Summary Freescale on Facebook Tag yourself in photos and upload your own! Tweeting? Please use hashtag #FTF Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

3 Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobilegt, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

4 What is the most probable reason for this stop in the middle of the desert? Most probably a battery failure!! Battery field failure rates are ranging from 1000 to >10000 ppm for Batteries older than 3 years! 4 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

5 Freescale is solving this problem with the MM912J637 Intelligent Battery Sensor! Provides early warning of battery discharge! Helps avoid battery failures in the field! 5 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

6 Energy Management Sophistication of vehicle electronics functions Increase of current demand Increasing no. of consumers in the car Load regu-lati on Battery charge Idle speed control Altenator voltage control Decrease engine idle speed Increase of alternator efficiency Stringent emission & fuel consumption requirements Battery Management System (BMS) Enables power supply management / Power network stabilization Enables intelligent alternator control Enables regenerative breaking Provides early warning of battery discharge & avoids of battery field failures Enables start/stop automatic/crankability prediction Determines current availability for critical systems and conditions Source: Own Slide based on Internet research 6 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

7 Battery Management System (BMS) Provides Battery State State of Charge (SoC) State of Health (SoH) State of Function (SoF) Body Control Module (BCM) Controls generator Controls power distribution DC/DC Ensures seamless operation of consumers in the car in case of cranking event 7 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

8 Both Intelligent Battery Sensor and precision Shunt Resistor are physically integrated within the terminal recess of the battery MM912J637 Main Functions: 1. Precision Measurements Battery current measurement via an external shunt resistor at the negative pole of the battery Battery voltage measurement via a series resistor at the positive pole, measured concurrently with the battery current The integrated temperature sensor combined with battery mounting allows accurate battery temperature measurement 2. Calculation of battery state (SoC, SoH, SoF) with embedded MCU 3. Communication to BCM with integrated LIN interface 8 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

9 Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobilegt, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

10 10 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

11 ADC Supply 2.5V Supply 5V Supply Digital Ground Reset 5V digital I/O Debug and external Oscillator MCU Test VDDA AGND ADCGND VDDL VDDH VDDD2D VDDX VDDRX DGND VSSD2D VSSRX RESET RESET_A PA0/MISO PA1/MOSI PA2/SCK PA3/SS PA4 PA5 PA6 PA7 BKGD/MODC PTE0/EXTAL PTE1/XTAL TEST Internal Temp Sense Module LIN LGND TSUP VTEMP VOPT VSENSE VSUP ISENSEL ISENSEH PTB0 PTB1 PTB2 PTB3 / L0 GNDSUB 4 TCLK TEST_A (optional) Shunt Chassis Ground Battery Plus Pole Battery Negative Pole LIN interface Optional Temp Sense Input & Supply Voltage Sense Module Power Supply Current Sense Module - 5V GPI/O shared with TIMER, SCI and LIN - PTB3 High Voltage WAKE capable Substrate GNDs Analog Test Battery voltage measurement Battery current measurement in up to 8 ranges On chip temperature measurement Normal and two low-power modes Current threshold detection and current averaging in standby => wake-up from low-power mode Triggered wake-up from LIN and periodic wake-up Signal low pass filtering (current, voltage) PGA (programmable low-noise gain amplifier) with automatic gain control feature Accurate internal oscillator (an external quartz oscillator may be used for extended accuracy) Communication via a LIN 2.1, LIN2.0 bus interface S12 microcontroller with 128 kbyte flash, 6.0 kbyte RAM, 4.0 kbyte data flash Background debug module External temperature sensor option (TSUP, VTEMP) Optional 2nd external voltage sense input (VOPT) 4 x 5.0 V GPIO including one Wake-up capable high voltage input (PTB3/L0) 8 x MCU general purpose I/O including SPI functionality Industry standard EMC and ESD compliance 11 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

12 Normal Mode All device modules active MCU fully supplied, D2DCLK active analog die clock source Window Watchdog clocked by the Low Power Oscillator (LPCLK) to operate on independent clock Stop Mode MCU in low power mode, MCU-Regulator Supply reduced current capability, D2D interface supply disabled (VDDH=OFF) Unused Analog Blocks disabled Watchdogs = OFF Optional : The following wake-ups: LIN, Calibration Request, Cyclic, External, Current Threshold, Lifetime Counter Optional: Current Measurmnt / Current Avg and Temp Measurmnt Sleep Mode MCU powered down (VDDH and VDDX = OFF) Unused Analog Blocks disabled Watchdogs = OFF Optional : The following wake-ups: LIN, Calibration Request, Cyclic, External, Current Threshold, Lifetime Counter Optional: Current / Current Avg and Temp Measurmnt Intermediate Mode Every transition from Stop or Sleep into normal mode will go through an controllable Mode Reset Mode Every reset source within the analog die will bring the system into RESET state Power On Reset Mode For both low voltage thresholds are defined to indicate a loss of internal state. Cranking Mode Special Mode implemented to guarantee the RAM content being valid though very low power conditions. 12 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

13 Same V and I channel structures allow sysnchronization between voltage and current measurment 13 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

14 14 Feature Summary: Dedicated 16 Bit Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) ADC Programmable Gain Amplifier (PGA) with 8 programmable gain factors Gain Control Block (GCB) for automatic gain adjustment Simultaneous sampling with voltage channel Gain and offset compensation Optional chopper mode with moving average SINC3 + IIR stage Programmable Low Pass Filter (LPF), configuration shared with voltage measurement channel Shunt open detect sensing feature Triggered sampling during low power mode with programmable wake up conditions 14 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

15 Feature Summary: Dedicated 16 Bit Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) ADC Fixed high precision divider Optional external voltage input VOPT Simultaneous sampling with current channel Gain and offset compensation Optional chopper mode with moving average SINC3 + IIR Stage Programmable Low Pass Filter (LPF), configuration shared with current measurement channel 15 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

16 Feature Summary: Internal on chip temperature sensor Optional external temperature sensor input (VTEMP) Dedicated 16-bit Sigma Delta ADC Programmable gain and offset compensation Optional external sensor supply (TSUP) with selectable capacitor Optional measurement during low power mode to trigger recalibration 16 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

17 Cyclic current acquisition / calibration temperature check Three wake-up conditions are implemented. Current threshold wake-up Current amp hour threshold wake-up Calibration request wake-up Timed wake-up Programmable wake up timer with integrated 4-channel timer module available during both low power modes Wake up from LIN Wake up on pin : PBT3/L0 with pin 0 to 1 transition (rising edge) Wake up on life time counter overflow The life time counter can be configured to run during low power mode, Once the counter overflows with the life time counter wake up enabled, a wake up is issued. General wake up indicator To indicate the system has been woken up after power up, 17 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

18 Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobilegt, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

19 Differentiated Features Automotive Robustness High Integration/ Advanced Packaging The MM912J637 provides high accuracy measurements for voltage (5mV), current (0.15% (5-18V) and temperature (+/- 3K) over a wide temperature range (-40 C to +125 C) at a low power consumption The unique auto gain function allows fast measurement range adjustment The MM912J637 IBS is designed to meet highest automotive robustness standards for ESD, EMC and zero defect quality levels It is fully AEC-Q100 automotive qualified for operation from -40 C to +125 C It provides Automotive graded test limits (six sigma limits on tested parameters) A highly integrated single-package solution can reduced the number of components on the bill of materials QFN package with wettable flank technology enables optical inspection instead of more expensive x-ray inspection Assists customers to reduce BMS SW complexity and current consumption May provide a cost advantage as well as a allow customers the ability to differentiate their products May enable significant reduction of effective application space and provide a time-to-market advantage 19 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

20 Item Main Competitor MM912J637 Die to Die communication Internal Temperature Sensor Current Measurments: Handling of Current Threshold Exceed: LPF Current Measurement: Best performance Unreliable die to die communication btw/ MCU and analog chip After user calibration Bad integrated temp sensor performance, due to chip-on-chip implementation IRQ for current threshold exceed (MCU interrupt based-> slow) potentially missing information at critical events (cranking pulse) No LPF, SW based filters, high current consumption Degraded offset in normal mode, MCU clock dependent Secure D2D interface (incl. CRC, etc) Fully trimmed temp sensor Good integrated temperature sensor performance due to chip side-by-side implementation Auto gain (HW based-> much faster, no missing information in critical situations (cranking pulse) 16 coefficient programmable LPF No limitations in normal mode Temp and Voltage Channel Architecture Multiplexer for temp and voltage (shared compensation registers) 3 independent channels with individual compensation registers No. of Voltage Sense inputs Power Consmptn :RUN Mode: Power Consmptn :SLEEP Mode: Max Spec Ambient Temp.: No 2 nd voltage sense input 30mA max with ADC OFF 20 2 multiplexed voltage sense inputs 30mA (tested) with all features ON >175µA up to 40 C / 300µA up to 85 C 100µA max + cyclic till 125 C Max spec ambient 115 C Critical parameters limited btw -20 to 65 C Max spec ambient 125 C Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

21 Energy efficiency is very important for new vehicles ECUs must be efficient in terms of power consumption Especially BMS needs to be efficient as it is always active Techniques to decrease power consumption Low power modes & sophisticated wake-up mechanisms Competive features targeted to reduce SW complexity 21 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

22 Low power mode Switch off HW blocks when they are not needed (e.g. CPU, I/O) Reduce speed of running blocks (e.g. ADC sampling freq) Application requirements during low power modes SoC tracking with coulomb counting -> Autonomous current measurement and coulomb counting Ability to react (wake-up) on changes of battery- or vehicle state -> Wake-up on current threshold (consumers are turned on/off) -> Wake-up on temperature change (recalibration?, change of SoF?) -> Wake-up on LIN message (from BCM) -> Approximately 70% of time in low power mode 22 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

23 Moving SW tasks to HW blocks Sample filtering Automatic filtering towards battery chemistry determined frequency range Programmable FIR filter (coefficients are passed via registers) Current channel Automatic gain amplifier to best fit input signal towards ADC measurement range (accuracy vs. measurement range) Automatic coulomb counting in low power mode Eased calibration Correction values are stored during factory end-of-line testing No calculation in SW -> load from NVM and write into correction register Automatic recalibration sequence for measurement accuracy (e.g. auto zero) Guaranteed device parameters over lifetime -> Reduced/no observation of parameters necessary in SW 23 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

24 Item Main Competitor MM912J637 Automotive Tested Parameters Footnote #1 on most parameters: These numbers are not production tested but are guaranteed by design and/or characterization data at producton release. Automotive graded test limits (six sigma limits on tested parameters) Temperature Sense Parameter After user calibration Fully trimmed temp sensor Power Consumption: SLEEP Mode >175µA up to 40 C / 300µA up to 85 C 100µA max + cyclic till 125 C ESD/EMC/Conformance ESD: All/LIN: 1/5kV No LIN conformance Need external components to meet EMC and ESD ESD: 2/4/15kV (All/HV/LIN), LIN/J car OEM conformance tested Passed ESD/EMC tests with no extra components Max Spec Ambient Temp: Max spec ambient 115 Max spec ambient 125 C 24 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

25 Only if L0 is used as external Wake-up pin. Only if additional external Temperature Sensor is used. 25 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

26 7x7 QFN 48ld Optical inspection capable through wettable flanks / dimple leads No need of x-ray inspection, which could be difficult through the shunt resistor 26 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

27 Allows small fotprint ECU layout Pinout optimized for low number signal routing layers 27 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Freescale reserves the right to change 27or discontinue this product without notice.

28 Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobilegt, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

29 Primary Application: 12V Car Battery Monitoring Determination of key battery characteristics: State of Health (SoH) State of Charge (SoC) State of Function (SoF) requires Battery Model Product Demonstrator Available Precision Measurement of Battery Current, Voltage & Temperature MM912J637 Key Characteristics MCU S12 (16-bit) Flash 128k Data Flash 4k RAM 6k Mixed-Signal Chip LIN Physical Layer (ESD 15kV w/o cap- 25kV w/ cap) Watchdog Standby Current <100µA (1sec Isense) Operating Voltage V RAM Contents Guaranteed : V 3x ADC (2nd Order Sigma Delta) 16bit Current Measurement Relative Accuracy <0.5% Absolute Accuracy <500nV Voltage Measurement Relative Accuracy <1% Absolute Accuracy <5mV Temperature Measurement Relative Accuracy <2K Absolute Accuracy <0.5K Operating Temperature -40 C<Ta<125 C EVB Available Shunt Resistor 29 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

30 MM912J637 is An embedded MCU + precision analog into a single device Highly integrated to allow BOM optimization Designed to reduce SW complexity and current consumption compared to existing solutions AECQ-100 qualified, meeting automotive robustness and zero defect quality levels Samples available EVBs available Product demonstrator available Session materials will be Look for announcements in the FTF Group on LinkedIn or follow Freescale on Twitter 30 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

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32 Freescale, the Freescale logo, AltiVec, C-5, CodeTEST, CodeWarrior, ColdFire, C-Ware, t he Energy Efficient Solutions logo, mobilegt, PowerQUICC, QorIQ, StarCore and Symphony are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc., Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off. BeeKit, BeeStack, ColdFire+, CoreNet, Flexis, Kinetis, MXC, Platform in a Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

33 Battery monitoring algorithms State-of-Charge (SoC) Definition SoC determination 1st method: Couloum counting method 2nd method: Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) method Combination of methods State-of-Health (SoH) SoH determination State-of-Function (SoF) SoF determination 33 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

34 Definition Fully charged battery: 100% SoC Fully discharged battery 0% SoC SoC changes with charging and discharging Available Capacity Dischargable Capacity Better: Nominal Capacity Available capacity Often different from nominal capacity (labeled on battery) Not easy to determine Nominal capacity Known Exact amount of charge is known for each SoC 34 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

35 Coulomb counting (a.k.a. ampere hour balancing) Tracking charge and discharge current over time α... Efficiency factor, dependency of available capacity on current level and temperature Fast detection of relative changes in the SoC Gets erroneous over time due to Changing battery condition (aging, self discharge) Measurement and quantization errors -> Restart of integration and recalibration of Q(t0) as often as possible 35 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

36 OCV [V] Open Circuit Voltage (OCV) method OCV: voltage between battery poles without consumers Linear relationship between OCV and SoC OCV vs. SoC SoC [%] OCV Due to chemical reactions, rest time of 30min 4 hours required before measurement of OCV! 36 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

37 Always active Vehicle is parked & OCV can be measured Coulomb counting OCV method Reset, SoC 37 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

38 Definition Intuitive: SoH decreases with raising age of the battery Problem Various aging effects (sulfation, corrosion, etc.) Very difficult to detect and quantify individually Solution SoH expresses the degradation of available capacity over lifetime Available Capacity Dischargable Capacity Aging Available Capacity Dischargable Capacity 38 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

39 At detected full charges, compare SoC and SoH Detected full charge SoC = SoH n y SoH = SoC Supporting method Weight charge/discharge cycles towards cycle stability given by battery manufacturer 39 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

40 Definition Prediction if a specific function can be completed Mostly: Prediction of cranking capability Cranking capability prediction can avoid vehicle break downs Dashboard warning light before car is parked Start-Stop is deactivated if SoF is low BMS Low SoF BCM 40 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

41 Analysis of most recent cranking pulses Calculation of inner resistance Ri SoF = f(ri, SoC, Temp) Ri indicates coming battery failure by Significant rise Nonlinearity Cranking Voltage [V] Cranking Current [A] Voltage Current 41 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

42 42 Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

43 LIN 2.1 SAE J Package, Processor Expert, QorIQ Qonverge, Qorivva, QUICC Engine, SMAROS, TurboLink, VortiQa and Xtrinsic are trademarks of Freescale Semiconductor, Inc.

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