Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures

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1 Contents PART ONE Chapter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Operating-System Operations Process Management Memory Management Storage Management 25 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures 2.1 Operating-System Services User Operating-System Interface System Calls Types of System Calls System Programs Operating-System Design and Implementation Operating-System Structure Protection and Security Distributed Systems Special-Purpose Systems Computing Environments Open-Source Operating Systems Summary 40 Exercises 42 Bibliographical Notes Virtual Machines Operating-System Debugging Operating-System Generation System Boot Summary 88 Exercises 89 Bibliographical Notes 95 PART TWO Chapter 3 Processes 3.1 Process Concept Process Scheduling Operations on Processes Interprocess Communication Examples of IPC Systems 121 PROCESS MANAGEMENT 3.6 Communication in Client Server Systems Summary 132 Exercises 133 Bibliographical Notes 143 xvii

2 xviii Contents Chapter 4 Threads 4.1 Overview Multithreading Models Thread Libraries Threading Issues Operating-System Examples Summary 166 Exercises 166 Bibliographical Notes 173 Chapter 5 CPU Scheduling 5.1 Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Thread Scheduling Multiple-Processor Scheduling Operating System Examples Algorithm Evaluation Summary 210 Exercises 211 Bibliographical Notes 215 Chapter 6 Process Synchronization 6.1 Background The Critical-Section Problem Peterson s Solution Synchronization Hardware Semaphores Classic Problems of Synchronization Monitors Synchronization Examples Deadlocks Summary 258 Exercises 259 Bibliographical Notes 273 PART THREE MEMORY MANAGEMENT Chapter 7 Main Memory 7.1 Background Swapping Contiguous Memory Allocation Paging Structure of the Page Table Segmentation Example: The Intel Pentium Summary 311 Exercises 312 Bibliographical Notes 316 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory 8.1 Background Demand Paging Copy-on-Write Page Replacement Allocation of Frames Thrashing Memory-Mapped Files Allocating Kernel Memory Other Considerations Operating-System Examples Summary 370 Exercises 371 Bibliographical Notes 379

3 PART FOUR Contents STORAGE MANAGEMENT xix Chapter 9 File-System Interface 9.1 File Concept Access Methods Directory and Disk Structure File-System Mounting File Sharing Protection Summary 418 Exercises 419 Bibliographical Notes 421 Chapter 10 File-System Implementation 10.1 File-System Structure File-System Implementation Directory Implementation Allocation Methods Free-Space Management Efficiency and Performance Recovery Summary 452 Exercises 453 Bibliographical Notes 455 Chapter Overview of Mass-Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management 468 Mass-Storage Structure 11.6 Swap-Space Management RAID Structure Summary 483 Exercises 485 Bibliographical Notes 491 Chapter 12 I/O Systems 12.1 Overview I/O Hardware Application I/O Interface Kernel I/O Subsystem Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations STREAMS Performance Summary 523 Exercises 524 Bibliographical Notes 526 PART FIVE PROTECTION AND SECURITY Chapter 13 Protection 13.1 Goals of Protection Principles of Protection Domain of Protection Access Matrix Implementation of Access Matrix Access Control Revocation of Access Rights Capability-Based Systems Summary 548 Exercises 549 Bibliographical Notes 551

4 xx Contents Chapter 14 Security 14.1 The Security Problem Program Threats System and Network Threats Cryptography as a Security Tool User Authentication An Example: Windows Summary 587 Exercises 588 Bibliographical Notes 589 PART SIX CASE STUDIES Chapter 15 The Linux System 15.1 Linux History Design Principles Kernel Modules Process Management Scheduling Memory Management File Systems Input and Output Interprocess Communication Network Structure Security Summary 637 Exercises 638 Bibliographical Notes 639 Chapter 16 Windows History Design Principles System Components Terminal Services and Fast User Switching File System Networking Programmer Interface Summary 695 Exercises 696 PART SEVEN APPENDICES Appendix A A.1 UNIX History A1 A.2 Design Principles A6 A.3 Programmer Interface A8 A.4 User Interface A15 A.5 Process Management A18 A.6 Memory Management A22 The FreeBSD System (contents online) A.7 File System A24 A.8 I/O System A32 A.9 Interprocess Communication A35 A.10 Summary A40 Exercises A41 Bibliographical Notes A42 Appendix B The Mach System (contents online) B.1 History of the Mach System B1 B.2 Design Principles B3 B.3 System Components B4 B.4 Process Management B7 B.5 Interprocess Communication B13 B.6 Memory Management B18 B.7 Programmer Interface B23 B.8 Summary B24 Exercises B25 Bibliographical Notes B26

5 Contents xxi Appendix C C.1 History C1 C.2 Design Principles C2 C.3 System Components C3 C.4 Environmental Subsystems C19 C.5 File System C21 C.6 Networking C28 Windows 2000 (contents online) C.7 Programmer Interface C33 C.8 Summary C40 Exercises C40 Exercises C40 Bibliographical Notes C41 Bibliographical Notes 697 Bibliography (contents online) 699 Credits 723 Index 725

Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures

Contents. 1.1 What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture 12. Operating-System Structures PART ONE Chapter 1 Introduction OVERVIEW 1.1 What Operating Systems Do 3 1.2 Computer-System Organization 6 1.3 Computer-System Architecture 12 1.4 Operating-System Structure 18 1.5 Operating-System Operations