Basi di dati e World Wide Web
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1 Basi di dati e World Wide Web Paolo Atzeni 30/05/2003 Problems with many Web-sites design information is often poorly organized and difficult to access it is not even clear which pieces of information are available the access structure is casual and many dangling references occur the style of presentation is heterogeneous maintenance difficulties in updating the content (type and values) difficulties in changing the initially defined structure difficulties in changing the presentation details 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 20
2 Esistono pagine con la stessa struttura 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 21 Indipendenza dei dati negli ipertesti: stessi dati, diversa struttura ipertestuale 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 22
3 Indipendenza dei dati negli ipertesti: stessi dati e stessa struttura ipertestuale, diversa presentazione 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 23 Hypertext data-independence Data what information is offered through the site and what are the conceptual details and the logical organization Hypertext how data is arranged in pages and what navigation links correlate them Presentation the appearance of each piece of information in pages 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 24
4 Design Issues Maintenance Issues Data choosing the content Hypertext choosing page organization and navigation paths Presentation defining layout and graphics Data changing the (type of) content Hypertext changing page organization and navigation paths Presentation changing layout and graphics 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 25 Components and Models data hypertext presentation ER and Relational HTML What is missing is a model for hypertexts! 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 26
5 Models for hypertexts in data-intensive Web sites (and often in general) there are (many) pages with a similar (or even the same) structure thirty or forty years ago people realized that in an application it is often the case that there are records with the same structure; files with a rather fixed structure were invented with this purpose the notion of scheme of the database was later introduced as an overall description of the content of a database 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 27 Pagine con la stessa struttura 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 28
6 Pagine con un'altra struttura 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 29 A Web page 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 30
7 A page-scheme: ProfessorPage ProfessorPage Name Position Address ResearchList Area ToResP 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 31 ADM (Araneus Data Model): a logical model for Web hypertexts page-schemes unique pages simple attributes text, images,... link (anchor, URL) complex attributes: lists (possibly nested) heterogeneous union form (as virtual list over form fields and link to the result) 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 32
8 A Web page (containing a list of links) 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 33 A unique page-scheme: ProfessorListPage ProfessorListPage ProfessorList Name ToProfP 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 34
9 An ADM Scheme ProfessorListPage ProfessorList Name ToProfP ProfessorPage Name Position Address ResearchList Area ToResP 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 35 Heterogeneous Union and Forms 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 36
10 Heterogeneous Union and Forms in ADM SearchProfPage Name Submit ProfessorListPage ProfessorList Name ToProfP U ProfessorPage Name Position Address ResearchList Area ToResP 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 37 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 38
11 Data Models ER Database Conceptual Scheme (entities - relationships) ADM Hypertext Logical Scheme (page-schemes, links) There is a lot of distance between the two! 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 39 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 40
12 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 41 A simple ER scheme 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 42
13 An ADM scheme 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 43 Data Models ER Database Conceptual Scheme (entities - relationships) ADM Hypertext Logical Scheme (page-schemes, links) There is a lot of distance between the two! 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 44
14 Data Models ER NCM ADM Database Conceptual Scheme (entities - relationships) Hypertext Conceptual Scheme (macroentities, directed relationships, aggregations) Hypertext Logical Scheme (page-schemes, links) There is a lot of distance between the two! 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 45 Data Models ER NCM ADM Database Conceptual Scheme (entities - relationships) Hypertext Conceptual Scheme (macroentities, directed relationships, aggregations) Hypertext Logical Scheme (page-schemes, links) NCM fills the gap between the two 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 46
15 Navigation Conceptual Model (NCM) Hypertext Conceptual Features Which concepts should be the hypertext nodes Which should be the navigation paths between nodes How nodes should be aggregated to build the hierarchical access structure NCM Constructs Macroentity Directed Relationship Aggregation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 47 NCM: Macroentities and directed relationships Name Room Professor 1:1 Tutorship Student Name... Teacher Name Description 1:1 Course N Lesson Day Room Hour 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 48
16 NCM: aggregation nodes Department People Activities Student Professor Course Seminar 1:1 Tutorship Teacher 1:1 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 49 An NCM scheme 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 50
17 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 51 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 52
18 The Araneus Methodology Requirements analysis Database conceptual design Hypertext conceptual design Database logical design Hypertext logical design Presentation design Site Page generation Generation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 53 design from scratch Requirements analysis Database conceptual design Hypertext conceptual design Database logical design Hypertext logical design Presentation design Site Page generation Generation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 54
19 design from an existing database (with an ER scheme) Requirements analysis Database conceptual design Hypertext conceptual design Database logical design Hypertext logical design Presentation design Site Page generation Generation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 55 design from an existing database (without an ER scheme) Requirements analysis Database conceptual design (reverse engineering) Hypertext conceptual design Database logical design Hypertext logical design Presentation design Site Page generation Generation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 56
20 Hypertext conceptual design: from ER to NCM Requirements analysis Database conceptual design Hypertext conceptual design Database logical design Hypertext logical design Presentation design Site Page generation Generation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 57 Hypertext Conceptual Design ER scheme NCM Scheme step 1 choose and describe macroentities: design views over the input ER scheme step 2 choose navigation paths step 3 shape the hypertext access structure on the basis of ( bottom-up ) conceptual aggregation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 58
21 Hypertext Conceptual Design ER scheme NCM Scheme step 1 choose and describe macroentities: design views over the input ER scheme usually it corresponds to de-normalize the input ER scheme ER NCM Course 1:1 Lesson Name Description Day Hour Course Lesson Name Description Day Hour 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 59 Hypertext Conceptual Design ER scheme NCM Scheme step 2 choose navigation paths it may introduce redundancies ER NCM Paper Professor 1:1 Research-Group Paper Professor 1:1 Research-Group 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 60
22 Hypertext Conceptual Design ER scheme NCM Scheme step 3 shape the hypertext access structure it is based on bottom-up conceptual aggregations... NCM Professor Research Activities NCM Professor Seminar 1:1 Research-Group Seminar... 1:1 Research-Group 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 61 The Input ER scheme 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 62
23 The resulting NCM scheme 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 63 Hypertext logical design: from NCM to ADM Requirements analysis Database conceptual design Hypertext conceptual design Database logical design Hypertext logical design Presentation design Site Page generation Generation 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 64
24 Hypertext Logical Design NCM scheme ADM Scheme step 1 map each macroentity into either a page-scheme or a list inside a page-scheme step 2 map each directed relationship into a (list of) link attribute(s) step 3 map each aggregation into a unique pagescheme with link attributes to the target page-schemes 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 65 Hypertext Logical Design Step 1 (example) 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 66
25 Hypertext Logical Design Step 1 (example) 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 67 Hypertext Logical Design Step 2 (example) 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 68
26 Hypertext Logical Design Step 3 (example) 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 69 R es u lt i ng A DM S ch e me 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 70
27 Maintenance The Schemes help designers to maintain the hypertext structure Maintenance activities correspond to apply scheme transformations: introduce multilevel lists introduce forms split pages... 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 71 Maintenance: example 30/05/2003 Basi di dati e World Wide Web 72
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