Lecture # 09: Flow visualization techniques: schlieren and shadowgraphy
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1 AerE 344 Lecture Notes Lecture # 9: Flow visualizatio techiques: schliere ad shadowgraph Dr. Hui Hu Dr. Re M Waldma Departmet of Aerospace Egieerig owa State Uiversit Ames, owa 5, U.S.A Sources/ Further readig: Hecht, Optics 4 th ed. Raffel, Willert, Werele, Kompehas, Particle image velocimetr: A practical guide d ed. ropea, Yari, & Foss, Spriger Hadbook of Experimetal Fluid Mechaics, Part B Ch 6 Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
2 Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved! dex of refractio ad thermodamic state dex of refractio is a fuctio of thermodamic state (desit) for homogeeous medium: Lorez-Loretz relatioship: Whe, for gaseous flow: At stadard coditio, with o ad o : First- ad secod-derivative is determied b schliere ad shadowgraph apparatus: K K K ( ) K cost cost Gladstoe-Dale Eq
3 dex of refractio: Shadowgraph ad Schliere echiques c / v Depeds o the variatio of the idex of refractio i a trasparet medium, which affects the light ras passig through. Shadowgraph: used to idicate the variatio of the secod derivatives (ormal to the light beam) of the idex of refractio. Schliere sstems: used to idicate the variatio of the first derivative of the idex of refractio Schliere of a.3-6 caliber high-powered rifle muzzle blast from (b Gar S. Settles) Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
4 Shadowgraph ad Schliere echiques Shadowgraph ad Schliere sstems are ofte used i shock waves ad flame pheomea, i which desit gradiet is quite big. While these techiques are mostl used for qualitative flow visualizatio, the ca be used to map pressure, desit, or temperature measuremets theoreticall. shadowgraph image of plumes durig solidificatio process (b Lum Chee) hese techiques are ofte used to determie the itegrated quatit over the legth of light beam. Schliere image Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
5 Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved! troductio-4 Applicatio of the Schliere ad shadowgraph techiques: Compressible flow with shock waves desit chages Natural covective flow desit chages Flame ad combustio sstem: desit chages emperature chages iside flows: For low speed flow with heat trasfer: P = costat ] ) ( [ / R P R P
6 Deflectio of light ras Accordig to defiitio of idex of refractio, the light velocit will be V=C o /. d he slope of the wave frot of the light: Parallel ras dz f the agle ' is quite small: C Z Z Z Z C( ( ) / ) Z ' ( ( ) / ) Z d( ) d d d d(l ) d' [ ] dz [ ] dz ( ) dz dz dz d d d d d d(l ) dz d d( ) d d d(l ) d' [ ] dz [ ] dz ( ) dz dz d d d d d d ' ( ) dz ' dz d d Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved! c / v Z ' Z Z '
7 Shadowgraph techique sc sc sc Z sc d sc sc d d Z sc Z sc sc d d Z sc d d sice dz a d Z sc d dz d a Sesitivit is proportioal to idex of refractio /, ad scree distace Z sc Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
8 Shadowgraph shadowgraph, as light ras pass through the measuremet regio, the deflectio of the light ras as the iteract with variatios i the optical idex lead to a itesit distributio: For weak refractio, ad applig the Gladstoe-Dale formula reveals a depedece o the secod partial derivatives of desit. Shadowgraph of a bullet (b Adrew Davidhaz ) Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
9 Shadowgraph techique Experimetal setup with oe covergig mirror Experimetal setup without les or mirror Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
10 Direct Shadowgraph Poit Source Bubble of high desit gas Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
11 Schliere cocept Parallel ras are focused at le s focal distace Deflected ras are focused off-axis Parallel ras at agle α to optical axis are displaced Δ = f*α Suppose a kife edge is added Ras deflected awa are passed (bright regios) Ras deflected toward are blocked (dark regios) α Δ = f*α f Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
12 Schliere Schliere, as light ras pass through idex variatios i the measuremet regio, the deflectio of the light ras cause them to be either blocked or pass a kife edge: For small agles of deflectio, ad applig the Gladstoe-Dale formula reveals a depedece o the partial derivatives of desit. Shadowgraph of a bullet (b Adrew Davidhaz ) Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
13 Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved! Fudametals of Schliere Sstem For a gas flow with desit chage: L d d a f L d d a f dz d d a f dz d d a f dz d d a f K k K k K k K k K k ' L a f cost if dz a f dz d d a f d d K k K K k
14 Visualizatio of shock wave i a trasoic/supersoic ozzle usig Schliere techique After turig o the Supersoic jet Before turig o the Supersoic jet Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
15 Alterative Schliere sstem A. Setup with oe covergig ad oe plae mirror B. Setup with oe covergig mirror Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
16 Schliere vs. Shadowgraph Shadowgraph Displas a shadow Shows light ra displacemet Cotrast level respods to No kife edge used Schliere Displas a focused image Shows ra refractio agle, Cotrast level respods to Kife edge used for cutoff Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
17 Examples Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
18 Examples: Shliere Photograph Warm water A cough A gas leak he firig of a AK-47. A simulated explosio i a airplae cabi. Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved! Hair drer
19 Examples: Shadowgraph images Shadowgraph mages of Re-etr Vehicles. Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
20 SU s Z-tpe Schliere Sstem Light Source st Field Mirror d Field Mirror est Sectio Scree/strumet Pael Kife Edge Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
21 Light Source Codeser Les Lamp A-A Sectio A-A Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
22 Settig Up he Schliere Sstem Step : Fid the focal legth of the field mirrors Focal Legth Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
23 Settig Up he Schliere Sstem Step : Set up the first field mirror Light Source st Field Mirror est Sectio Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
24 Settig Up he Schliere Sstem Step 3: Set up the secod field mirror Light Source st Field Mirror d Field Mirror est Sectio Scree/strumet Pael Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
25 Settig Up he Schliere Sstem Step 4: Set up the kife edge Focus the source image o the kife Adjust the cutoff Obtai a uiform darkeig of the image Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
26 Uiform Darkeig Kife edge too close to secod field mirror Kife edge too far from secod field mirror Uiform darkeig Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
27 AerE344 Lab#9: Visualizatio of shockwaves usig Schielre techique Visualizatio of shockwaves i a supersoic jet flow usig Schliere techique. Demostratio experimet ol Sig-i sheet sigature No lab report Copright b Dr. Hui owa State Uiversit. All Rights Reserved!
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