Microprocessor Theory

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Microprocessor Theory"

Georgia Mathews
5 years ago
Views:

1 Microprocessor Theory and Applications with 68000/68020 and Pentium M. RAFIQUZZAMAN, Ph.D. Professor California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California and President Rafi Systems, Inc. WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 This Page Intentionally Left Blank

3 Microprocessor Theory and Applications with 68000/68020 and Pentium

4 This Page Intentionally Left Blank

5 Microprocessor Theory and Applications with 68000/68020 and Pentium M. RAFIQUZZAMAN, Ph.D. Professor California State Polytechnic University Pomona, California and President Rafi Systems, Inc. WILEY A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

6 Copyright by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. Published simultaneously in Canada. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) , fax (978) , or on the web at Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 11 1 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) , fax (201) , or online at Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) , outside the United States at (317) or fax (317) Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Wiley products, visit our web site at Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Rafiquzzaman, Mohamed. Microprocessor theory and applications with 68000/68020 and Pentium / M. Rafiquzzaman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN (cloth) 1. Motorola series microprocessors. 2. Pentium (Microprocessor) I. Title. QA76XM6895R ~ Printed in the United States of America

7 To my wge, Kusum; my son, Tito; and my brothel; Elan

8 This Page Intentionally Left Blank

9 CONTENTS PREFACE CREDITS 1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSORS 1.1 Explanation of Terms 1.2 Microprocessor Data Types Unsigned and Signed Binary Numbers ASCII and EBCDIC Codes Unpacked and Packed Binary-Coded-Decimal Numbers Floating-point Numbers 1.3 Evolution of the Microprocessor 1.4 Typical Features of 32-bit and 64-bit Microprocessors 1.5 Microprocessor-based System Design Concepts 1.6 Typical Microprocessor Applications A Simple Microprocessor Application Examples of Typical Microprocessor Applications 2. MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE 2.1 Basic Blocks of a Microcomputer 2.2 Typical Microcomputer Architecture System Bus Clock Signals 2.3 Single-Chip Microprocessor Register Section Control Unit Arithmetic-Logic Unit Functional Representations of Simple and Typical Microprocessors Simplified Explanation of Control Unit design 2.4 Program Execution by Conventional Microprocessors 2.5 Program Execution by typical 32-bit Microprocessors Pipelining Branch Prediction Feature 2.6 Scalar and Superscalar Microprocessors 2.7 RISC vs. CISC Questions and Problems XI11 XV vii

10 ... Vlll 3. MICROPROCESSOR MEMORY ORGANIZATION 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Main memory Read-only Memory Random-Access Memory READ and WRITE Timing Diagrams Main Memory Organization Main Memory Array Design 3.3 Microprocessor on-chip memory management unit and cache Memory Management Concepts Cache Memory Organization Questions and Problems 4. MICROPROCESSOR INPUT/OUTPUT 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Simple I/O Devices 4.3 Programmed I/O 4.4 Unconditional and Conditional Programmed I/O 4.5 Interrupt I/O Interrupt Types Interrupt Address Vector Saving the Microprocessor Registers Interrupt Priorities 4.6 Direct Memory Access (DMA) 4.7 Summary of I/O Questions and Problems 5. MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS 5.1 Microcomputer Programming Languages 5.2 Machine Language 5.3 Assembly Language Types of Assemblers Assembler Delimiters Specifying Numbers by Typical Assemblers Assembler Directives or Pseudoinstructions Assembly Language Instruction Formats Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) Typical Instruction Set Typical Addressing Modes Subroutine Calls in Assembly Language 5.4 High-Level Language 5.5 Choosing a programming language 5.6 Flowcharts Questions and Problems 6. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE Introduction Registers Memory Addressing 6.4 Assembly Language Programming with the Contents

11 Contents ix Addressing Modes Register Direct Addressing Address Register Indirect Addressing Absolute Addressing Program Counter Relative Addressing Immediate Data Addressing Implied Addressing Instruction Set Data Movement Instructions Arithmetic Instructions Logic Instructions Shift and Rotate Instructions Bit Manipulation Instructions Binary-Coded-Decimal Instructions Program Control Instructions System Control Instructions Stack Delay Routine Questions and Problems HARDWARE AND INTERFACING Pins And Signals Synchronous and Asynchronous Control Lines System Control Lines Interrupt Control Lines DMA Control Lines Status Lines Clock and Reset Signals Clock Signals Reset Circuit Read and Write Cycle Timing Diagrams Memory Interface I Programmed I Interrupt System DMA Exception Handling /2732/6116/6821-Based Microcomputer Multiprocessing with the Using the TAS Instruction and the AS Signal 212 Questions and Problems ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE Introduction Functional Characteristics Registers Data Types, Organization, and CPU Space Cycle Addressing Modes Address Register Indirect (AM) with Index and 8-Bit Displacement ARI with Index (Base Displacement, bd: Value 0 or 16 Bits or 32 Bits) 232

12 X Contents Memory Indirect Memory Indirect with PC Instructions New Privileged Move Instructions Return and Delocate Instruction CHK/CHK2 and CMP/CMP2 Instructions Trap-on-Condition Instructions Bit Field Instructions PACK and UNPK Instructions Multiplication and Division Instructions Enhanced Instructions Subroutines 254 Questions and Problems HARDWARE AND INTERFACING Introduction Pins and Signals Dynamic Bus Sizing Timing Diagrams System Design Memory Decode Logic for Memory and VO C256 Interface C/CH (SRAM) Interface Programmed I/O Exception processing based Voltmeter Voltmeter Design Using Programmed I/O Voltmeter Design Using Interrupt I/O Interfacing a Based Microcomputer to a Hexadecimal Keyboard and a Seven-Segment Display Basics of Keyboard and Display Interface to a Microcomputer Interface to a Hexadecimal Keyboard and a Seven- Segment Display 296 Questions and Problems ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PENTIUM: PART Introduction Pentium Registers General-Purpose Registers Stack Pointers and Index Registers Extended Instruction Pointer and Flag Register Segment Registers Modes of Operation Real Mode Protected Mode Pentium data Organization Assembly Language Programming with the Pentium Pentium Addressing Modes Pentium s 32-Bit Addressing in Real Mode 321

13 Contents xi Register and Immediate Modes Memory Addressing Mode Port Addressing Mode Relative Addressing Mode Implied Addressing Mode Pentium Instructions Data Transfer Instructions Arithmetic Instructions 340 Questions and Problems ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING WITH THE PENTIUM: PART Logic, Bit Manipulation, Set on condition, Shift, and Rotate Instructions String Instructions Unconditional Transfer Instructions Conditional Branch Instructions Iteration Control Instructions Interrupt Instructions Processor Control Instructions Pentium Delay routine 395 Questions and Problems PENTIUM HARDWARE AND INTERFACING Pentium Pins and Signals 12.2 Pentium READ and WRITE Timing Diagrams 12.3 Pentium s interface to memory and I/O Memory Interface Pentium-EPROM Interface Pentium-SRAM interface Pentium Programmed I/O Pentium Interrupts and Exceptions in Real Mode Pentium-based voltmeter Pentium-based voltmeter using programmed I/O Pentium-based voltmeter using NMI Pentium-based voltmeter using INTR Interfacing a Pentium-based Microcomputer to a Hexadecimal Keyboard and a Seven Segment Display Basics of Keyboard and Display Interface to a Microcomputer Hexadecimal Keyboard and Seven-Segment Display Interface to a Pentium-Based Microcomputer 431 Questions and Problems 437 APPENDIX A: ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 443 APPENDIX B: GLOSSARY 451 APPENDIX C: MOTOROLA AND SUPPORT CHIPS 467 APPENDIX D: EXECUTION TIMES 479 APPENDIX E: / SELECTED INSTRUCTION SET 487 APPENDIX F: PENTIUM INSTRUCTION FORMAT AND TIMING 497 F. 1. INTEGER INSTRUCTION FORMAT AND TIMING 497

14 xi i Contents APPENDIX G: PENTIUM INSTRUCTION SET IN REAL MODE (SELECTED) 525 APPENDIX H: PENTIUM PINOUT AND PIN DESCRIPTIONS 547 H. 1. PentiumTM Processor Pinout 547 H.2. Design Notes 55 1 H.3. Quick Pin Reference 551 H.4. PIN REFERENCE TABLES 558 H.5. Pin Grouping According To Function 560 H.6. Output Pin Grouping According To When Driven 561 BIBLIOGRAPHY 563 INDEX 565

PREFACE Microprocessors play an important role in the design of digital systems. They are found in a wide range of applications, such as process control and communication systems.

15 PREFACE Microprocessors play an important role in the design of digital systems. They are found in a wide range of applications, such as process control and communication systems. This book is written to present the fundamental concepts of assembly language programming and system design concepts associated with typical microprocessors, such as the Motorola 68000/68020 and Intel Pentium. The is a 16-bit microprocessor that continues to be popular. Since the uses linear memory and contains 32-bit generalpurpose registers, it is an excellent educational tool for acquiring an understanding of both hardware and software aspects of typical microprocessors. Conventional microprocessors such as the complete fetch, decode and execute cycles of an instruction in sequence. Typical 32-bit microprocessors such as the and Pentium use pipelining, in which instruction fetch and execute cycles are overlapped. This speeds up the instruction execution time of 32-bit microprocessors. Pipelining was used for many years in mainframe and minicomputer CPUs. In addition, other mainframe features, such as memory management and floating-point and cache memory, are implemented in 32-bit microprocessors. Hence, brief coverage of these topics is provided in the first part of the book. The book is self-contained and includes a number of basic topics. A basic digital logic background is assumed. Characteristics and principles common to typical microprocessors are emphasized and basic microcomputer interfacing techniques are demonstrated via examples using the simplest possible devices, such as switches, LEDs, A/D converters, the hexadecimal keyboard, and seven-segment displays. The book has evolved from classroom notes developed for three microprocessor courses taught at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, California State Poly University, Pomona for the last several years: ECE 343 (Microprocessor I), ECE 432 (Microprocessor 11), and ECE 56 1 (Advanced Microprocessors). The text is divided into 12 chapters. In Chapter 1, we provide a review of terminology, number systems, evolution of microprocessors, system design concepts and typical microprocessor applications. Chapters 2 through 12 form the nucleus of the book. Chapter 2 covers typical microcomputer architectures for both 16-bit (conventional) and 32-bit microprocessors. The concepts of pipelining, superscalar processors and RISC vs. CISC are included.... XI11

Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control

Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control Real-Time Optimization by Extremum-Seeking Control KARTIK B. ARIYUR MIROSLAV KRSTIĆ A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright 2003 by John Wiley