ECE260: Fundamentals of Computer Engineering
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1 Data Hazards in a Pipelined Datapath James Moscola Dept. of Engineering & Computer Science York College of Pennsylvania Based on Computer Organization and Design, 5th Edition by Patterson & Hennessy
2 Data Hazards in ALU Instructions Next instruction needs to wait for previous instruction to complete its data read/write A data dependency exists between the result of one instruction and the next Extremely common! Consider the following sequence: sub $2, $1, $3 and $12, $2, $5 or $13, $6, $2 add $14, $2, $2 sw $15, 100($2) the and instruction requires $2 as input the sub instruction will not yet have executed WB stage to write result Register file will contain stale data for $2 when and requests it the or instruction has a similar issue Data hazards can be resolved with forwarding Need a way to determine when forwarding should happen Need a hardware support to enable forwarding 2
3 Data Hazards in ALU Instructions (continued) A multi-cycle pipeline diagram illustrates the data dependencies Red lines in the diagram cannot be satisfied without pipeline stalls or forwarding support Green lines need no extra hardware support or pipeline stalls required 3
4 Dependencies & Forwarding Desired data is available at end of EX stage during clock cycle 3 Desired behavior is shown as green lines on the multi-cycle pipeline diagram Forward data from output registers of EX and MEM stages to input of ALU Forward data to either input of ALU (maybe even both) No need to forward from WB stage 4
5 Detecting the Need to Forward Must pass register numbers along pipeline and store in pipeline registers Register numbers for Rs and Rt are passed from ID stage to EX stage Register number for Rd is passed through entire pipeline Were already passing this value down pipeline anyway to store result of instruction in register file In MEM and WB, the Rd field may have come from the Rt field of the instruction (recall that the I-Type instructions use the Rt field as their destination register!) New notation is used to identify register numbers at different stages of pipeline ID/EX.RegisterRs = the register number for the Rs register that is stored in the ID/EX register ID/EX.RegisterRt = the register number for the Rt register that is stored in the ID/EX register EX/MEM.RegisterRd = the register number for the Rd register that is stored in the EX/MEM register MEM/WB.RegisterRd = the register number for the Rd register that is stored in the EX/MEM register 5
6 Detecting the Need to Forward (continued) Data hazards might exist when: 1a. EX/MEM.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRs Maybe forward data from EX/MEM pipeline register to 1 st input of ALU 1b. EX/MEM.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRt Maybe forward data from EX/MEM pipeline register to 2 nd input of ALU 2a. MEM/WB.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRs Maybe forward data from MEM/WB pipeline register to 1 st input of ALU 2b. MEM/WB.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRt Maybe forward data from MEM/WB pipeline register to 2 nd input of ALU Not all instructions write the Rd register, so forwarding may not be necessary Example: the sw instruction does not write the register file 6
7 Detecting the Need to Forward (continued) Only forward data if the forwarding instruction will write to the register file Check the control signals that are in the pipeline to determine if instruction will write pipeline If the RegWrite control signal is asserted for an instruction: it will write the register file during the WB stage forward data from EX/MEM or MEM/WB as needed Do NOT forward data if the destination register Rd is register $0! Recall that register $0 ($zero) is read-only Setting $0 as a destination register will not actually write the register file 7
8 Forwarding Paths NOTE: Forwarding unit can pass EX/MEM.RegisterRd to either input of the ALU NOTE 2: Forwarding unit can pass MEM/WB.RegisterRd to either input of the ALU NOTE 3: The EX/MEM.RegisterRd field can come from either ID/EX.RegisterRd OR from ID/EX.RegisterRt NOTE 4: The forwarding unit simply compares the Rd field at the MEM and WB stages to the ALU input registers in the EX stage 8
9 Forwarding Conditions EX hazard: Forward EX/MEM.RegisterRd to ALU input 1 MEM hazard: Forward MEM/WB.RegisterRd to ALU input 1 if (EX/MEM.RegWrite and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd 0) and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRs)) ForwardA = 10 if (MEM/WB.RegWrite and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd 0) and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRs)) ForwardA = 01 Forward EX/MEM.RegisterRd to ALU input 2 if (EX/MEM.RegWrite and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd 0) and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRt)) ForwardB = 10 Forward MEM/WB.RegisterRd to ALU input 2 if (MEM/WB.RegWrite and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd 0) and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRt)) ForwardB = 01 9
10 Double Data Hazard (seriously?) Consider the sequence: add $1, $1, $2 add $1, $1, $3 add $1, $1, $4 Both hazards occur when the third add instruction is in the EX stage Forwarding conditions suggest that data should be forward from EX/MEM stage Forwarding conditions ALSO suggest that data should be forward from MEM/WB stage Can t forward data to ALU input two different places Definitely want to use the most recent result (i.e. the result in the EX/MEM register) Revise MEM hazard condition, only forward if EX hazard condition isn t true i.e. forwarding from EX/MEM takes precedence over forwarding from MEM/WB 10
11 Revised Forwarding Conditions EX hazard: (same as before) MEM hazard: Forward MEM/WB.RegisterRd to ALU input 1 if (MEM/WB.RegWrite and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd 0) and not (EX/MEM.RegWrite and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd 0) and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRs)) and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRs)) ForwardA = 01 Forward MEM/WB.RegisterRd to ALU input 2 Addition to MEM forwarding rule is shown in blue Additional basically says, And NOT forwarding from EX/MEM if (MEM/WB.RegWrite and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd 0) and not (EX/MEM.RegWrite and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd 0) and (EX/MEM.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRt)) and (MEM/WB.RegisterRd = ID/EX.RegisterRt)) ForwardB = 01 11
12 Datapath Showing Forwarding Components NOTE: This datapath does NOT show all the components of the datapath, just the additions made for forwarding 12
13 Load-Use Data Hazard Forwarding works very well in many cases, but not all Consider when a lw instruction precedes an instruction that uses the value being loaded Cannot forward data backwards in time!!! Loaded data is not available in MEM/WB until AFTER the next instruction needs it Need to stall for one clock cycle Example code: lw $2, 20($1) and $4, $2, $5 or $8, $2, $6 add $9, $4, $2 slt $1, $6, $7 13
14 Detecting a Load-Use Hazard Load-use hazard occurs under following condition: Instruction is a load instruction as indicated by the MemRead control signal Next instruction specifies a source operand register that is being written by the load instruction ID/EX.MemRead and ((ID/EX.RegisterRt = IF/ID.RegisterRs) or (ID/EX.RegisterRt = IF/ID.RegisterRt)) Check for hazard when using instruction is decoded in the ID stage Is there a load in the EX stage that is loading a source operand register? If load-use hazard is detected, stall the pipeline and insert a bubble 14
15 How to Stall the Pipeline Force control line values in ID/EX register to 0 Effectively results in a nop (no-operation) in the EX, MEM and WB stages (i.e. a bubble) Prevent update of PC and IF/ID register Contents of PC and IF/ID will not change for that clock cycle that the pipeline is stalled Using instruction is decoded again since it still exists in the IF/ID register Instruction after the using instruction is fetched again (a second time) A 1-cycle stall allows MEM stage to read data for the lw instruction Can subsequently forward data to the EX stage for the using instruction 15
16 Stalling the Pipeline (Inserting a Bubble) Example code: lw $2, 20($1) and $4, $2, $5 or $8, $2, $6 add $9, $4, $2 slt $1, $6, $7 Load-use hazard detected at clock cycle 3 when and instruction is decoded Rs register for and instruction requires result of previous lw instruction Stall pipeline at clock cycle 4 to insert nop Loaded data can then be forward to and instruction (green line) 16
17 Stalling the Pipeline (Inserting a Bubble) (continued) Example code: lw $2, 20($1) and $4, $2, $5 or $8, $2, $6 add $9, $4, $2 slt $1, $6, $7 Slightly more accurate depiction shows: and instruction is fetched at CC2, decoded at CC3, then decoded AGAIN in CC4 or instruction is fetched in CC3 and then fetched AGAIN in CC4 17
18 Datapath with Hazard Detection NOTE: Hazard detection unit detects load-use hazards NOTE: PCWrite is used to prevent PC from being written when pipeline is stalled NOTE: IF/IDWrite is used to prevent PC from being written when pipeline is stalled 18
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