Building the Internet of Everything (IoE) for First Responders

Transcription

1 Buildig the Iteret of Everythig (IoE) for First Respoders Robert E. Balfour, Ph.D. Chief Techology Officer V.C.O.R.E. Solutios LLC Bethpage, NY, USA Abstract The Iteret of Everythig (IoE) describes the brigig together of people, process, data, ad thigs to make etworked coectios more relevat ad valuable tha ever before. IoE ecompasses both machie-to-machie (M2M) ad Iteret-of-Thigs (IoT) techologies, ad it is the pervasiveess of IoE tha ca be leveraged to achieve may thigs for may people, icludig first respoders. The emergig IoE will cotiue to evolve over the ext te years ad beyod, but the IoT ca happe ow, with automated M2M commuicatios brigig first respoder commuicatios ad situatioal awareess to the leadig-edge of IoE-leveraged techology exactly where they belog as they risk their lives to protect ad save others. Preseted here are a umber of techological capabilities that are critical to achievig the IoE, especially for first respoders ad emergecy maagers, icludig (a) Security; (b) a global M2M stadard; (c) powerful four-dimesioal M2M applicatios; ad (d) Data Privacy ad trust. For advaced security, Software Defied etwork Perimeters (SDP) ca provide the critical fuctioality to protect ad secure M2M odes i a ad-hoc M2M IoT/IoE etwork. Without a secure, dyamic, M2M etwork, the visio of a emergecy respoder istatly commuicatig with a smart buildig would ot be feasible. But with SDP, it ca, ad will, happe. SDP eables a ad-hoc, secure M2M etwork to rapidly deploy ad hide i plai sight. I a emergecy respose situatio, this is exactly what we eed. For M2M/IoT to go mobile ad leverage global IoE capabilities aywhere (which is what emergecy respoders eed as emergecy locatios are somewhat upredictable ad chage every day), a global idustry stadard must be, ad is beig, developed: oem2m. Ad the existig fourdscape techology/platform could quickly support a oem2m system structure that ca be deployed i the short term, with the fourdscape browser providig powerful M2M IoT/IoE applicatios ad 4D visualizatios. Privacy-by-desig priciples ca also be applied ad other critical related issues addressed beyod privacy (i.e. oce privacy is achieved ad available IoE sesors/data ca be leveraged), such as trustig, scalig, hackig, ad securig M2M IoT/IoE devices ad systems. Without the full package of IoE iovatio embracig the very public IoE world i a very private ad secure way, ad ca cotiue to evolve i parallel with emergig commercial IoE techology, first respoders would ot be able to leverage the commercial state-of-the-art i the short term ad i the years to come. Curret techology iovatio ca chage that. Keywords- Machie-to-Machie; M2M; Iteret-of-Thigs; IoT; Iteret-of-Everythig; IoE; Software Defied Network Perimeters; SDP; fourdscape; Privacy-by-Desig; PbD I. INTRODUCTION Imagie a first respoder arrivig at a icidet site. Approachig the buildig wearig their advaced commuicatios techology, the buildig ad surroudig area i crisis begi to talk to the first respoders o their hadheld screes or wearable goggles. Various critical systems (ad maybe eve people) withi the buildig idetify themselves with their geo-locatio. All the facility maagemet systems/sesors status are reportig to the respoders over ad-hoc machie-to-machie (M2M) commuicatio etworks. Some systems eve offer cotrol to respoders, providig the ability to ope/close doors, shut dow vetilatio systems, tur o fire suppressio equipmet, etc. Various video surveillace cameras begi to idetify themselves ad selectively sed critical live video feeds to respoders. Other respoders have arrived at the scee, ad their wearable devices have automatically established commuicatio with the other respoders ad are sharig voice & data commuicatios amogst each other, as well as havig commuicatios back to a full commad ceter(s) i the regio. M2M techology ca coect may devices, both statioary ad mobile, over a variety of etwork topologies. First respoders eed to leverage automated machie-to-machie mobile coectivity at a icidet site i order to achieve the futuristic sceario described above. With coectivity automated through M2M etwork techology, respoders would have much improved situatioal awareess, ad ca effectively focus their complete attetio o the ecessary emergecy respose actios ad procedures. The emergig Iteret-of-Everythig (IoE) will cotiue to evolve over the ext te years ad beyod, but the Iteret-of-Thigs (IoT) ca happe ow, with automated M2M commuicatios brigig first respoder commuicatios ad situatioal awareess to the leadig-edge of IoE-leveraged techology exactly where they belog as they risk their lives to protect ad save others. II. FUNCTIONAL CAPABILITIES ANALYSIS What is the Iteret-of-Everythig, ad how do we get there, ad why? Before gettig there, we first eed to take a step back ad ivestigate some techology buildig blocks, defiitios, ad progress to date /2/$ IEEE, used by VCORE Solutios with permissio.

2 First, Machie-to-Machie (M2M) is geerally defied as techologies that allow both wireless ad wired systems to commuicate with other devices of the same type []. M2M cocepts ca be traced back to the 960 s whe the first Caller ID system was desiged it required itelliget machie-tomachie commuicatio, sice the callig telephoe umber eeded to be trasmitted ad read by the receivig telephoe to make caller ID work. By the 980 s, M2M commuicatios were becomig commo i idustrial machie istrumetatio ad moitorig. These private M2M etworks became kow as the Idustrial Iteret. Startig i the 990 s, wireless (cellular) M2M commuicatios took hold. Ad today, with the prevalece of smartphoes ad cloud computig, M2M commuicatios are commoplace o the public Iteret (which for a umber of years most people thought of as syoymous with oly the www - world-wide-web ). Next came the Iteret of Thigs (IoT), a term first used i 999 with the itroductio of radio-frequecy idetificatio (RFID) chip techology, but i the past few years has become a very popular term describig physical objects liked through wired ad wireless etworks [2]. IoT offers advaced M2M coectivity that ca achieve a level of automatio ad moitorig i may fields/markets. Most people would be familiar with the smart thermostat, a example of a M2M IoT device/applicatio. If every device i the world were to cotai a embedded RFID chip, the the IoT could potetially iclude every smart device i the world, commuicatig over wireless/wired etworks. But that s ot everythig The Iteret of Everythig (IoE) describes the brigig together of people, process, data, ad thigs to make etworked coectios more relevat ad valuable tha ever before [2]. IoE ecompasses both M2M ad IoT techologies, ad it is the pervasiveess of IoE tha ca be leveraged to achieve may thigs for may people, icludig first respoders. There are a umber of techological capabilities that are critical to achievig the IoE, which are discussed below: secure SDP logical etwork. With SDP, we ca deploy a mobile M2M device etwork that is ot depedet o the physical etwork ifrastructure layout - just use SDP to gather the desired IP-addressable M2M devices (from aywhere aroud the world) ito a secure logical etwork. As log as all M2M devices ca achieve iteret coectivity, by ay wired/wireless/cellular/etc. meas available, they ca be cofigured ito a secure SDP etwork. Ad it ca be dyamically re-cofigured for example, if a mobile M2M device geo-locates withi rage of a SDP M2M etwork ode, ad it ca provide appropriate SDP autheticatio credetials, it ca dyamically joi the etwork of M2M devices. What this meas is that our proposed visio of a emergecy respoder walkig toward a smart buildig ad have that buildig s occupats/sesors start commuicatig with him/her ca be achieved with SDP etworks. SDP has already bee demostrated as a operatioal cocept, ad with this M2M SDP approach, it becomes irrelevat which types of etwork commuicatios (Bluetooth, zigbee, cellular, wifi, etc.) are beig used to create iteret access for M2M devices all ca be leveraged to create the M2M IoT/IoE, with as may idividual secure SDP M2M subets as eeded, overlayed o top of ay/all physical iteret commuicatios pathways. SDP provides the critical fuctioality to protect ad secure M2M odes i a ad-hoc M2M IoT/IoE etwork. Without a secure, dyamic, M2M etwork, the visio of a emergecy respoder istatly commuicatig with a smart buildig would ot be feasible. But with SDP, it ca, ad will, happe. SDP eables a ad-hoc, secure M2M etwork to rapidly deploy ad hide i plai sight. I a emergecy respose situatio, this is exactly what we eed. The SDP etwork access authorizatio workflow is show i Fig. below: A. Security, Security, Security Software Defied Networks (SDN), ad more specifically, Software-Defied etwork Perimeters (SDP) appears to be a etwork game-chager for the M2M Iteret-of-Thigs, ad especially for emergecy respoders. [SDP is a ope protocol [3] developed by the Cloud Security Alliace, authored by a expert group of a doze idustry visioaries.] I its raw, basic form, a M2M IoT/IoE architecture would have a global iteret IP address for every M2M device. I reality, this is actually possible with IPv6 addressig. But with today s etwork security (i.e. physical firewall) approach, this would put every M2M device outside the firewall ad expose every M2M device to potetial iteret hackers, which is uacceptable. But SDP ca chage all that. Secure, ad-hoc IP etworks ca be deployed o-the-fly ad recofigured dyamically wheever eeded. Global-IP M2M devices ca securely hide-i-plai-sight o the global iteret withi a Figure. SDP Access Authorizatio Workflow [3] Balfour Techologies fourdscape system/software platform [4], utilized by VCORE Solutios i umerous M2M system deploymets for public safety, security ad emergecy maagemet, already implemeted may features of SDP-like autheticatio of users ad devices, ad has ow bee adapted to be coformat with the idustry ope stadard SDP specificatio (architecture, workflow, ad protocol) documeted i the SDP.0 Spec (April 204) published by the Cloud Security Alliace. M2M IoT/IoE ad all its potetial beefits will fail without achievig u-breachable

3 etwork security, which is what SDN/SDP advaced techology ca ad must deliver i a mobile, wireless M2M world. B. A pervasive M2M Stadard The Iteret-of-Everythig does t happe with a plethora of idepedet, competig silos of M2M techology ad coectivity. For M2M/IoT to go mobile ad leverage global IoE capabilities aywhere (which is what emergecy respoders eed as emergecy locatios are somewhat upredictable ad chage every day), a global idustry stadard must be, ad is beig, developed: the oem2m [5] fuctioal architecture must be a major focus i ay M2M IoT/IoE architecture/platform. It will be the global M2M stadard all the major global telecomm stadards groups have bought ito ad are supportig it. Also, it is beig developed as a best-of-breed architecture - oem2m has already doe a aalysis of most of the existig attempts of a M2M architecture/system (from stadards orgaizatios such as ATIS, ETSI, TIA, TTA, 3GPP, as documeted i their Architecture Aalysis Techical Report) ad are usig that kowledge, plus evaluatio of umerous M2M use cases i various vertical markets, as the basis for the oem2m architecture/protocol beig developed. oem2m focuses o the Service Layer aspects ad takes a Uderlyig Networkidepedet view of the ed-to-ed services. The Uderlyig Network is used for the trasport of data ad potetially for other services. [6] What this meas is that oem2m will work o ay etwork trasport architecture, which is exactly what we eed for globally addressable M2M devices to coect over heterogeeous ed-to-ed etworks. [oem2m achieves this with a layered services approach, specifically utilizig uderlyig Network Services Etity(s).] oem2m is clearly the best referece architecture ay M2M solutio ot addressig ad leveragig oem2m would likely have a very short half-life with sparse pockets of deploymet, which is certaily ot the goal of the IoE. Ad with SDP providig the ability to deploy perimeter fuctioality where eeded i order to isolate services from usecured etworks, SDP techology ca protect ad secure M2M odes ad services i a ad-hoc emergecy M2M etwork exactly what we eed. Our curret research/aalysis has also show that Balfour Techologies existig, mature fourdscape software techology/architecture has a umber of coceptual similarities to both oem2m ad SDP. This meas that existig, commercial fourdscape ca serve as the basis for a M2M/SDP system/architecture that ca be operatioal ow, ad also cotiue to evolve ito a comprehesive, compliat, commercial M2M IoT/IoE system for the foreseeable future. fourdscape is a layered architecture of etworked compoets, similar to the oem2m referece architecture. As is evidet i the brief descriptios below, there is a very straightforward mappig betwee our existig fourdscape etworked compoets ad oem2m defied compoets (see Fig. 2). It is ot a big stretch to see how the existig fourdscape architecture could quickly support a oem2m system structure. Case Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Applicatio Dedicated Node Applicatio Dedicated Node Y Applicatio Z Service Node Y Applicatio Z Service Node Leged : Applicatio Etity : Commo Service Etity Middle Node Z Y Middle Node Y Z Y Z Ifrastructure Node Figure 2. oem2m Architecture To the Ifrastructure Node of other M2M Service Y Providers o resources - fourdscape resource modules ca serve as oem2m Applicatio Service Nodes, iterfacig to a multitude of mobile devices, wrappig them to appear as compatible M2M devices. o egies fourdscape egies coordiate betwee 4D resources ad 4D servers, ad ca serve as oem2m Middle Nodes or M2M gateways. o servers fourdscape servers coordiate the data feeds to/from 4D resources/egies ad fourdscape browsers, which would serve as oem2m Ifrastructure Nodes. o browsers fourdscape browsers are the user iterface to all 4D portal fuctioality geerated from 4D resources/egies/servers, ad would be the user-accessible M2M applicatios i a oem2m architecture. fourdscape is already a IP addressable, etworked system of scalable compoets, which are already deployed ad operatioal as a cloud-based system. This makes it ready to support both SDP ad oem2m i real-world M2M IoT/IoE deploymets. fourdscape utilizes RESTful (http/crud/uri) TCP/IP, over heterogeeous et trasport layers, which makes it both etwork idepedet/agostic ad capable of CRUD/URI accessible resources (like oem2m). M2M Commo Services Fuctios (CSF) A M2M IoT/IoE platform like fourdscape will implemet features idetified as M2M Commo Services (see Fig. 3 below), i a oem2m Commo Services Etity () package, such as: o Addressig & Idetificatio (AID) of physical ad logical resources i a M2M eviromet. o Discovery (DIS) of all available M2M odes. o Registratio (REG) of all authorized M2M odes, which ca also leverage the SDP autheticatio workflow, providig a quite secure ad-hoc M2M etwork. o Locatio (LOC), utilizig geo-data feeds idetifyig realtime locatios of assets (such as vehicles) ad/or devices (such as sesors, smartphoes, etc.).

4 Commo Services Etity () Applicatio Etity () Referece Poit are actual ipad screeshots of the live first respoder sceario): Addressig ad Idetificatio Data Maagemet & Repository Locatio Security Commuicatio Maagemet/ Delivery Hadlig Registratio Group Maagemet Sessio Maagemet Device Maagemet Subscriptio Notificatio Uderlyig Network Service Etity (NSE) Z Referece Poit Service Chargig & Accoutig Discovery Network Service Exposure/Service Ex+Triggerig Figure 3. oem2m Commo Services Y Referece Poit o Data Maagemet & Repository (DMR) desiged as a Big Data Repository of archived realtime dataflow. o Network Services (NSE) which ca be built o top of a object-orieted etwork sockets library that supports TCP/IP, SSL, HTTP, RTSP, etc. etwork message coectivity, which ca be utilized to grow M2M Network Services with fuctioality to support higher level etwork services as eeded. o Security (SEC) for etwork/autheticatio security, leveragig SDP, which also achieves the capability of ad hoc secure local etwork creatio o-the-fly, which would greatly ehace M2M fuctioality. M2M SEC also demads sesitive data hadlig capability to secure credetials durig storage ad maipulatio, which is a importat security cosideratio that must be addressed. o Subscriptio & Notificatio (SUB) offerig subscriptio services to M2M odes (for example: fourdscape resources/egies/servers/browsers), to ot oly otify of a available chage/update to a resource, but also to auto-deliver the updated data as requested. oem2m is a evolvig ope stadards work-i-progress, but the iitial release of oem2m stadards documets i 205 have provided sufficiet detail to be implemeted as a referece architecture, which ca be utilized to deploy M2M IoT/IoE systems ow, i a stadard oem2m fashio, ad be able to evolve ad comply with the global oem2m stadard i the years to come. The fourdscape software techology is becomig oe of the first M2M IoT/IoE platforms supportig a itegrated SDP ad M2M architecture a powerful combiatio that ca make M2M IoT/IoE a reality today. A first respoder with a ipad (which has a preloaded authorized etwork access certificate) has cellular access to a 4G LTE Verizo mobile etwork. The respoder with his ipad approaches the buildig. Whe it comes withi proximity, the buildig s secure Software Defied Perimeter (SDP) etwork seses its presece, checks its credetials, authorizes it ad grats the ipad access to the buildig's private SDP etwork. Oce o the buildig etwork, M2M machies withi the buildig preset themselves to the ipad user via icos overlayed o the live ipad camera view of the buildig, creatig a augmeted reality scee for the user (see Fig. 4). Figure 4. ipad Augmeted Reality scee of a Smart buildig I this demo the user accesses, via ico touch or M2M butto/dialog (ad/or voice commads), the followig sample machies providig realtime iformatio from the buildig: Pre-recorded 360 degree video walkthrus of the iterior of the buildig's layout, critical ifrastructure ad assets. (i top-left corer of Fig. 5) Figure video walkthrough of buildig accessed Live video feeds from the buildig's surveillace cameras. (see Fig. 6) C. Powerful M2M IoE Apps (i.e. 4D Data Visualizatio) Balfour Techologies has recetly demostrated that our futuristic sceario of a smart talkig buildig with M2M machies egagig first respoders at the scee ca be achieved, usig its fourdscape system as a prototype SDP/M2M system platform ad its fourdscape fourdimesioal browser as a powerful M2M iteractive applicatio. I September 204, a live demostratio of the followig sceario was performed i Bethpage, NY (images Figure 6. Live surveillace camera feeds accessed.

5 The buildig's Stadard Operatig Procedures (SOPs) for this emergecy, showig live status of which SOP steps have already bee executed (see Fig. 7). Figure 7. Live status of buildig s Stadard Operatig Procedures. Basic multi-user collaboratio is also demostrated: A secod authorized respoder with his ipad has previously etered the buildig ad accessed the buildig SDP etwork over a buildig wifi hotspot. The two users the collaborate o a floor pla drawig provided by oe of the buildig's M2M machies, loaded o a shared whiteboard. Each user iteractively draws o the floor pla to suggest a potetial igress route, ad also utilizes local text messagig facilities to commuicate with each other (see Fig. 8). Figure 8. A Twiddla shared whiteboard usig realtime floor plas provided by the smart buildig. The respoder iside the buildig, via text message, also tells the respoder outside to access his live ipad camera feed from iside the buildig, which he does. (see live mobile ipad video camera stream i ceter of Fig. 9). Figure 9. Mobile ipad camera iside buildig accessed. Note that the M2M machies, SDP servers, Egies, Resources, ad fourdserver that made this demo work were ruig o Verizo NextGe Cloud servers i Culpepper, VA., makig this a truly machie-to-machie Iteret-of- Thigs live demostratio. What was see demostrated are two respoders o completely differet etworks ad access poits (oe o a 4G LTE cell tower, the other o a local wifi hotspot) commuicatig with each other securely o a private SDP etwork provided ad-hoc by the buildig ifrastructure, with M2M machies i the buildig commuicatig with the respoders powerful capabilities ad situatioal awareess for all first respoders. D. Data Privacy ad Trust The Iteret-of-Everythig (IoE) is rapidly approachig. With access to the IoE ad millios of time-critical sesors/data, first respoder situatioal awareess ad immediate actioable kowledge will be ehaced, improvig public safety ad critical ifrastructure security. The safety, efficiecy ad accuracy/effectiveess of first respoder actios will also be sigificatly improved as well. Ad although the rapid proliferatio of etworked sesors ad big data aalytics facilitate sigificat opportuities to greatly ehace timely situatioal awareess for public safety, security ad emergecy respose, cocers have bee raised about IoE s impact o privacy. There is fear that fudametal privacy protectios oce take for grated, ca ow be compromised by the sheer volume ad velocity of data beig maipulated to create value for may private ad commercial applicatios. Just look at the popular process of udgig i commercial advertisig, where idetifiable data is used to profile idividuals to aalyze, predict ad ifluece their behavior, which ca certaily be characterized as potetially ivasive to privacy. Hudreds of years ago, Bejami Frakli is quoted as sayig: Those who would give up essetial liberty to purchase a little temporary safety, deserve either liberty or safety. So puttig privacy first ad foremost, we eed to develop the meas (processes, systems, architectures) to trasform the wealth of iformatio flowig i the IoE ito actioable kowledge, especially for public safety ad security, while protectig the privacy of idividuals ad orgaizatios that are the source of some of this valuable sesor data. The emergig Iteret-of-Everythig (IoE) will udoubtedly be the orm i the years to come. If public/govermet agecies (i this case specifically first respoder orgaizatios) are to leverage this powerful techological advacemet, privacy cocers must be addressed, ad idividual privacy guarateed. Balfour Techologies is curretly pursuig iovative research ito applyig privacy by desig priciples [7] to its fourdscape IoE platform/architecture, ad addressig other critical related issues beyod privacy (i.e. oce privacy is achieved ad available IoE sesors/data ca be leveraged), such as TRUSTING, HACKING, SCALING, SECURING, ad 4D BIG DATA VISUALIZATION. Without the full package of

6 IoE iovatio that ca embrace the very public IoE world i a very private ad secure way, ad ca cotiue to evolve i parallel with emergig commercial IoE techology, first respoders will ot be able to leverage the commercial stateof-the-art i the short term ad i the years to come. Curret techology iovatio ca chage that. Through techology iovatio, we eed to effectively eable first respoders to leverage state-of-the-art ad future IoE techology ad capabilities. Besides all the evirometal ad surveillace sesors that are rapidly beig deployed, idividual citizes also represet the potetial (if their privacy ca be guarateed) for millios of mobile sesors/video that ca provide uprecedeted, live data feeds to greatly ehace ad improve first respoder situatioal awareess, effective actios, safety, ad ultimately the safety ad security of the same public that is the source of these mobile sesors. This is how the goal of the Presidetial Policy Directive (PPD-8) o Natioal Preparedess [8] (aimed at achievig a itegrated, layered, ad ALL-OF-NATION (all levels of govermet, the private ad o-profit sectors, ad idividual citizes) preparedess ad respose approach that optimizes the use of available resources) ca be realized, ad maitaied with miimal techology update costs i the years to come (i.e. available, affordable, ad sustaiable ). III. CONCLUSIONS Over the past decade, fourdscape-based techology has bee utilized o a wide variety of projects, providig situatioal awareess to umerous levels of users. By itegratig fourdscape techology with SDP, oem2m, ad addressig importat data privacy ad trust cocers, a M2M IoT/IoE system ca be deployed for first respoders i the short term; i fact, a Small Busiess Iovative Research (SBIR) project has already commeced with U.S. Departmet of Homelad Security (DHS) Sciece & Techology (S&T) Phase II fudig support to do just that. There is much more that ca be doe with the techological capabilities described here. Ad ot just i the first respoder / emergecy maagemet field. Secure, machie-to-machie, iteret-of-thigs techology ca be a drivig force towards achievig the Iteret-of-Everythig, oe step at a time, i heavy idustry, facilities maagemet, public safety, home healthcare, traffic maagemet, home moitorig & cotrol, eve persoal services. Whe the IoE becomes aware ad shareable, with privacy guarateed, the world we live i will quickly evolve to a ew level of techology automatio ad coectivity. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Figures 4-9 ad fourdscape related techology details are used with permissio from Balfour Techologies LLC. This work is sposored i part by the U.S. Departmet of Homelad Security, Advaced Research Projects Agecy ad Sciece & Techology Directorate, uder multiple prior ad curret awards. This iformatio does ot ecessarily reflect the policy of the U.S. Govermet, ad o official edorsemet should be iferred. The Author would like to recogize the substatial efforts of the dedicated persoel at VCORE Solutios, Balfour Techologies, ad all the Residet Research Parters at the Morrelly Homelad Security Ceter. Thak you. REFERENCES [] Wikipedia, The Free Ecyclopedia olie, 7 March 205, <e.wikipedia.org/wiki/machie_to_machie>. [2] Lueth, Kud Lasse, Why the Iteret of Thigs is called Iteret of Thigs: Defiitio, history, disambiguatio, IoT Aalytics, 9 Dec 204, <iot-aalytics.com/iteret-of-thigsdefiitio/>. [3] J. Schweitzer, et.al., SDP Specificatio.0, Software Defied Perimeter Workig Group, Cloud Security Alliace, April 204. [4] R, Balfour, Next Geeratio Emergecy Maagemet Commo Operatig Picture Software/Systems (COPSS), LISAT 202 Coferece, IEEE plore, May 202. [5] oem2m Press Release, The Rise of the Machies World s First Global Stadards for M2M Deploymet, oem2m.org, 4 Feb 205. [6] oem2m parters, oem2m Techical Specificatio Fuctioal Architecture, oem2m.org, 30 Ja 205. [7] PbD website, Privacy by Desig Priciples ad Myths, privacybydesig.ca, 204. [8] B. Obama, Presidetial Policy Directive 8: Natioal Preparedess, The White House, Mar. 20, < presidetial-policy-directive-8-atioal-preparedess>. BIOGRAPHY Robert E. Balfour (BS 77, MS 80, PhD 99) is a Computer Scietist ad Chief Techology Officer at VCORE Solutios LLC, a Residet Research Parter at the Morrelly Homelad Security Ceter i Bethpage, NY. A expert computer software/systems egieer ad cosultat for most of his career, over the past decade he has bee issued multiple U.S. Patets for the ivetio of the 4D Browser, which forms the basis of VCORE s curret fourdscape techology. Dr. Balfour has bee istrumetal i the developmet of fourdscape software, which has wo multiple Log Islad Software Awards (LISAs), ad has also bee recogized with the atioal Tibbetts Award from the U.S. Small Busiess Admiistratio (SBA) for outstadig cotributio to a successful Small Busiess Iovatio Research (SBIR) Program. Curretly, Dr. Balfour cotiues his iovatio at VCORE, applyig fourdscape software techology to importat homelad security ad commercial applicatios.