A Virtual MR Scanner for Education
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1 A Virtual MR Scanner for Education Hackländer T, Schalla C, Trümper A, Mertens H, Hiltner J, Cramer BM Hospitals of the University Witten/Herdecke, Department of Radiology Wuppertal, Germany
2 Purpose A realistic simulation of a MR scanner is to be developed For the user it should be possible to change all relevant settings of the virtual scanner and to adapt them to the expected pathology Students in education and doctors in training are the target group.
3 Purpose: Details Examination Selection of an adequate pulse sequence Optimization of tissue contrast by adjusting the parameters of the pulse sequence Optimization of the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the examination time Identification of image artifacts Post processing Windowing Differentiation between image space and k-space
4 Structure of the Presentation 1. A quick tour across the simulation 2. The technical structure of the software 3. A detailed look at the simulation 4. Parameter images 5. Conclusion
5 A Quick Tour: Main Program Window Select the reference phantom for examination
6 A Quick Tour: Reference Phantom Content PD % T1 ms T2 ms 1 Fat Methemoglobin White matter Gray matter Edema Cystic Fluid 89 1, CSF 89 2, Water 100 4, Relaxation times dependent on magnetic field strength. Given values for 1.5T.
7 A Quick Tour: Reference Phantom Close the info window
8 A Quick Tour: Select Inversion-Recovery Select pulse sequence: Inversion-Recovery
9 A Quick Tour: Suppress Cystic Fluid 1. Adjust exam parameter 2. Change TI to 749 to suppress cystic fluid 3. Start examination
10 A Quick Tour: Suppress Fat 1. Select: Four image view Cystic fluid is suppressed 2. Suppress fat: Change TI to Start examination
11 A Quick Tour: Comparison of Results Cystic fluid is suppressed Fat is suppressed
12 Structure of the Presentation 1. A quick tour across the simulation 2. The technical structure of the software 3. A detailed look at the simulation 4. Parameter images 5. Conclusion
13 Objectives User interface is to correspond to a real world scanner Simulation is to be independent of a particular hardware and software platform Pulse sequences are to be easily extensible with a plug-in mechanism
14 Method Programming language: Pure Java 1.2 Internationalized versions: English, German, Estonian, Hardware requirements: Equivalent to a Pentium II 400MHz, 128 MB, 618k (!!) free hard disk space Software requirements: Operating system with a Java JRE 1.2 or higher License: GNU General Public License
15 Real MR Scanner User input: TR, TE,. Real K-space Imag Inverse FFT (r 2 +i 2 ) 1/2 Magnitude image Convert to 12 Bit DICOM Export User input: Window/Center Windowing Image visualization
16 Basics of the Virtual MR Scanner 1. Base of the simulation are parameter images of T1, T2 and PD derived once from a real-world examination 2. Calculation of an intensity image in exchange for the real-world object 3. Superposition of artifacts (e.g. noise) in the image space 4. Transform of the intensity image into the k-space 5. Processing of k-space analog to a real MR scanner
17 Virtual MR: Part 1 Parameter image PD Parameter image T1 Parameter image T2 Parameter image SZ Parameter image Flow DICOM import User input: TR, TE,. Pulse sequence Image Real Imag Image space manipulations: e.g. Motion artifacts, no k-space Manipulation? yes FFT 1 2
18 Virtual MR: Part K-space Real Imag Inverse FFT k-space manipulations: e.g. oversampling, (r 2 +i 2 ) 1/2 Magnitude image Convert to 12 Bit DICOM export User input: Window/Center Windowing Image visualization
19 Structure of the Presentation 1. A quick tour across the simulation 2. The technical structure of the software 3. A detailed look at the simulation 4. Parameter images 5. Conclusion
20 User Interface Image area Control area
21 Histogram View
22 K-Space View
23 K-Space Manipulator
24 Available K-Space Manipulations 1 Original image 2 Every 2nd column cleared pixels wide margin cleared 4 16 pixels wide center cleared
25 Windowing 1 Optimum C= 735 W= Maximum C= 2048 W= Brightness C= 0 W= Contrast C= 581 W= 303
26 Adjusting Parameters of a Pulse Sequence
27 General Parameters Parameter Comment Coil Organ coil or body coil Matrix size Fixed value of 256*256 pixels Field of View (FoV) [mm] Rectangle FoV Vertical to horizontal ratio of FoV [1/8] Slice thickness [mm] Number of acquisitions Number of acquisitions/excitations (NEX) Phase oversampling Off / On Frequency oversampling Off / On
28 Pulse Sequence dependent Parameters Pulse-Sequence TR TE TI Flip. TEeff ETL Spin Echo + + Turbo Spin Echo Gradient Echo Spoiled Gradient Echo Refocussed Gradient Echo Saturation Recovery + Inversion Recovery + + +
29 Weighting (Spin Echo) 1 T1 Weighting TR=400, TE=10 2 PD Weighting TR=3000, TE=10 3 T2 Weighting TR=3000, TE=120
30 Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) 1 SNR = 1,000 Organ coil, 6mm, 1 NEX 2 SNR = Body coil, 6mm, 1 NEX 3 SNR = Body coil, 2mm, 1 NEX 4 SNR = 0,943 Body coil, 2mm, 8 NEX
31 Oversampling PO=Phase Oversampling FO=Frequency Oversampling 1 FoV = 256 FO = no, PO = no SNR = Exam time 4:16 2 FoV = 192 FO = yes, PO = yes SNR = Exam time 8:32 3 FoV = 192 FO = yes, PO = no SNR = Exam time 4:16 4 FoV = 192 FO = no, PO = yes SNR = Exam time 8:32
32 Rectangle FoV 1 FoV = 256 Rec = 8 / 8 PO = no SNR = Exam time 12:48 2 FoV = 256 Rec = 6 / 8 PO = no SNR = Exam time 9:36 3 FoV = 256 Rec = 6 / 8 PO = yes SNR = Exam time 19:12
33 Motion Artifacts 1 No motion 2 Translational motion horizontal = 2 Pix/min 3 Translational motion vertical = 2 Pix/min 4 Periodic motion horizontal = 2 Pix/min frequency = 5 /min
34 Structure of the Presentation 1. A quick tour across the simulation 2. The technical structure of the software 3. A detailed look at the simulation 4. Parameter images 5. Conclusion
35 Calculation of the Parameter Images Patient examination under clinical conditions Spin echo pulse sequences T1: TR= step 30, TE=5 (9 measurements) T2, PD: TR=2440, TE= step 50 (16 measurements) Calculation of T1,T2 and PD using a weighted least square fit Error of the calculated T2 values: ± 5% T1 is uncertain! Possible solution: non-linear curve fit (Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm) or simplex method
36 Editor for Parameter Images Alpha version
37 Structure of the Presentation 1. A quick tour across the simulation 2. The technical structure of the software 3. A detailed look at the simulation 4. Parameter images 5. Conclusion
38 Results On a 500 MHz PC the software calculates an image within 5 to 20 seconds Calculation time depends on Pulse sequence Superposition of artifacts
39 Conclusion An interactive simulation of a real world examination is possible on a standard PC The users can study the operation of a costly and not everywhere available equipment on their desktop Contact: Web: hacklaender@iftm.de
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