QUIZ. Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle.
|
|
- Hortense Underwood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 QUIZ Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 1
2 Solution Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 2
3 QUIZ Name two fundamental differences between magnetic drives and optical drives: 3
4 Solution Name two fundamental differences between magnetic drives and optical drives: Data is stored using magnetic properties vs. optical properties. In a HDD, the speed of rotation is constant, but in an optical drive rotation is faster on the inner tracks, resulting in Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) 4
5 QUIZ Define Embedded Systems 5
6 QUIZ What are two ways to create a non-vn architecture? What are the 3 parallel architectures we covered? 6
7 Solution What are two ways to create a non-vn architecture? A: By using more than one MM, or by using more than one CPU. What are the 3 parallel architectures we covered? Pipelined CPUs Synchronous CPUs Parallel (non-synchronous) CPUs 7
8 QUIZ Pipelining A computer pipeline has 4 processors, as shown above. Each processor takes 15 µs to execute, and each instruction must go sequentially through all 4 processors. A program has 10 instructions. Calculate how long it takes to run it: without pipelining with pipelining 8
9 Extra-credit QUIZ 9
10 Low-level software Components Circuits Gates Transistors
11 Abstractions and more abstractions You are here 11
12 6.1 Computer Operations Computer = programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data Von Neumann architecture: Data and instructions to manipulate the data are represented in the same way (binary) and are stored in the same place (memory) For processing, both data and instructions have to be brought into the CPU (fetch-execute cycle) 12
13 6.2 Machine Language Machine language = The language made up of binary coded instructions built into the hardware of a particular computer and used directly by the computer Why would anyone use machine language? (Hint: they had no choice. Why?) Image source: 13
14 Remember: The Fetch-Execute Cycle According to the CPU s machine language 14
15 Characteristics of machine language: Every processor type has its own set of specific machine instructions The relationship between the processor and the instructions it can carry out is completely integrated Each machine-language instruction does only one very low-level task 15
16 Pep/8 Virtual Computer Virtual computer A hypothetical machine designed to contain the important features of a real machine Pep/8 A virtual computer designed by Stanley Warford that has 39 machine-language instructions (We re going to cover only a few of them!) 16
17 Extra-credit 17
18 Pep/8 Registers The program counter (PC) (contains the address of the next instruction to be executed) The instruction register (IR) (contains a copy of the instruction being executed) The accumulator (register A) The memory unit is made up of 65,636 Bytes of storage Can you figure out how long the Pep/8 address is? 18
19 QUIZ The previous version of Pep, Pep/7, could use only 12 bits for memory addresses. How many memory cells could Pep/7 address? 19
20 24 bits 16 bits Explain the address format! 20
21 Can you show what instructions look like in memory? Explain the address format! 21
22 Instruction Format 22
23 Instruction Format Operation code, a.k.a. opcode Specifies which instruction is to be carried out Register specifier Specifies which register is to be used (only use A in this chapter) Addressing-mode specifier Says how to interpret the operand part of the instruction: Direct Immediate Say that again?!? 23
24 Instruction Format Addressing-mode specifier Says how to interpret the operand part of the instruction: Direct Immediate Immediate A + B Direct?? 24
25 Immediate and direct addressing modes 25
26 26 QUIZ: Immediate vs. direct addressing We have this Pep instruction: SUB 30 from accumulator A What exactly will Pep subtract?
27 27 Solution We have this Pep instruction: SUB 30 from accumulator A What exactly will Pep subtract? A: It depends on the addressing mode! If immediate (000), then the integer 30 goes in A. If direct (001), then the content of the memory address 30 goes in A.
28 PEP/8 machine instructions 28
29 What does this instruction mean, what is its hex code, and what exactly does it do? 29 EOL 1
30 QUIZ Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. What do IR, A, and PC stand for in the computer s architecture? Name and explain the 2 addressing modes we ve covered. 30
31 31 QUIZ: Immediate vs. direct addressing We have this Pep instruction: LOAD 20 (decimal) into accumulator A What exactly will Pep load?
32 What does this instruction mean, what is its hex code, and what exactly does it do? 32
33 What does this instruction mean, what is its hex code, and what exactly does it do? 33
34 What do these instructions mean, what are their hex codes, and what exactly do they do? 34
35 Wait a second... 35
36 Conclusions It is useless to write operands into IR. IR is written only in the FETCH stage of the Fetch-Execute cycle, when the 3 bytes of the instruction are brought from memory. Operands can be written only to: Accumulator Memory Some instructions cannot have the immediate addressing mode 36
37 What do these instructions mean, what are their hex codes, and what exactly do they do? 37
38 What does this instruction mean, what is its hex code, and what exactly does it do? Why is there only one on this page?
39 What do these instructions mean, what are their hex codes, and what exactly do they do? 39
40 Problem 17 / 190 The PEP/8 memory has the following contents: 0001 A FF What are the contents of reg. A after this instruction is executed: C The first step is 40
41 Problem 17 / 190 The PEP/8 memory has the following contents: 0001 A FF What are the contents of reg. A after this instruction is executed: C
42 Problem 16 / 189 The PEP/8 memory has the following contents: 0001 A FF What are the contents of reg. A after this instruction is executed: C
43 0001 A FF Instruction executed: C
44 6.3 Program to write "Hello" Every program ends with this! 44
45 Your turn! What does this program do?
46 Steps for executing a machine-language program Machine code program in a file on disk Loader Execute Program in memory 46
47 SKIP Pep/8 Simulator 47
48 Fact: Writing programs in machine language sucks! (i.e. it is time-consuming, boring, errorprone, unintuitive, etc.) 48
49 that s why we invented assembly language 49
50 6.4 Assembly Language Assembly language A language that uses mnemonic codes to represent machine-language instructions Assembler A program that reads each of the instructions in mnemonic form and translates it into the machine-language equivalent 50
51 Steps for executing an assembly-language program Loader 51 Execute Program in memory
52 Pep/8 Assembly Language Opcode is 04 Opcode is 31 Opcode is 38 Opcode is 39 52
53 Hello program in assembly mnemonic operand addressing mode comments CHARO CHARO CHARO CHARO CHARO STOP.END 0x0048, i ;Outputs character 'H' 0x0065, i 0x006C, i 0x006C, i 0x006F, i What in the world is this?! 53
54 A New Program Problem: Read and sum three values and print the sum How would you do it by hand? 54
55 Declaring variables in assembly: We simply reserve space in memory for them! Labels they are just placeholders for memory addresses 55
56 Assembler directives, a.k.a. pseudo-ops What is the difference between operations and pseudo operations? 56
57 Completed Program sum:.word 0x0000 num1:.block 2 num2:.block 2 num3:.block 2 main: LDA sum,d DECI num1,d ADDA num1,d DECI num2,d ADDA num2,d DECI num3,d ADDA num3,d STA sum,d DECO sum,d STOP.END 57
58 We have covered the beginning of section 6.4. We stopped before the sub-section A Program with Branching. Read the text carefully and make sure you can explain in your own words what each instruction accomplishes. Quick work (do in notebook for next time): 16, 17, 19, EoHW 2 58
59 Problem 33 / 191 The PEP/8 memory has the following program in memory (in hex): Convert the program to binary and explain in your own words what it does. 59
60 Completed Program Houston, we have a problem! How does the CPU know that the program starts here? sum:.word 0x0000 num1:.block 2 num2:.block 2 Num3:.BLOCK 2 main: LDA sum,d DECI num1,d ADDA num1,d DECI num2,d ADDA num2,d DECI num3,d ADDA num3,d STA sum,d DECO sum,d STOP.END 60
61 Solution: Branch instruction BR main sum:.word 0x0000 num1:.block 2 num2:.block 2 num3:.block 2 main: LDA sum,d DECI num1,d ADDA num1,d DECI num2,d ADDA num2,d DECI num3,d ADDA num3,d STA sum,d DECO sum,d STOP.END See comments on next slide 61
62 Unconditional branch! Completed Program 62
63 Your turn! Change the program so it adds only two numbers: always
64 Decision-making instructions BR Set PC to operand unconditionally BRLT i Set PC to operand if A < 0 BREQ i Set PC to operand if A = 0 64
65 Decision-making problem: Same as previous sum program, but print the sum only if positive or zero; if negative, print an error message negmsg: CHARO 0x0045,i BR finish main: LDA sum,d BRLT negmsg STA sum,d DECO sum,d finish: STOP Read and add the numbers, as before What ASCII code is this? 65
66 Decision making problem: Same as before, but print the sum only if positive or zero; if negative, print E (Error) negmsg: CHARO 0x0045,i BR finish main: LDA sum,d BRLT negmsg STA sum,d DECO sum,d finish: STOP How many ways are there to reach finish? ASCII code for 'E'
67 QUIZ: What does this program do? BR main a:.block 2 main: DECI a, d LDA a, d SUBA 0x002A, i STA a, d DECO a, d STOP.END 67
68 Solution BR main a:.block 2 main: DECI a, d LDA a, d SUBA 0x002A, i STA a, d DECO a, d STOP.END A: It subtracts 42 from the number entered, and displays the result. 68
69 QUIZ: Write an assembly program to subtract from and put the result in memory Take inspiration from this previous program: BR main sum:.word 0x0000 num1:.block 2 num2:.block 2 num3:.block 2 main: LDA sum,d DECI num1,d ADDA num1,d DECI num2,d ADDA num2,d DECI num3,d ADDA num3,d STA sum,d DECO sum,d STOP.END 69
70 Three problems for more study Write a PEP assembly program that adds the number 3 to a number entered by the user, and prints : the result if equal to zero, otherwise it prints nothing. the result if less than zero, otherwise it prints nothing. the result if greater than zero, otherwise it prints nothing. 70
71 A Program with a Loop (p.174-5) CPA must always be followed by a conditional branch! 71
72 High-level software (Ch.9) Algorithms (and data structures) Low-level software Components Circuits Gates Transistors
73 6.5 Algorithms and Pseudocode Algorithm = A sequence of steps for solving a problem Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-khwārizmī ( A.D.) 73
74 Remember: Decision-making instructions BR Set PC to operand unconditionally BRLT i Set PC to operand if A < 0 BREQ i Set PC to operand if A = 0 74
75 Not in text How to describe an algorithm in an intuitive way? Flowcharts! We use decision-making instructions to build: branches loops 75
76 Problems with flowcharts: They re hard to follow when they get complex Not in text 76
77 Problems with flowcharts: They re hard to follow when they get complex They re hard to draw in electronic documents Not in text 77
78 Problems with flowcharts: They re hard to follow when they get complex They re hard to draw in electronic documents Not in text Our text uses only pseudocode 78
79 6.5 Algorithms and Pseudocode Pseudocode = A mixture of English and formatting rules to make the steps in an algorithm explicit There are no syntax rules in pseudocode! Pseudocode is not case sensitive! Example: Repeated-division algorithm (convert base-10 number to other bases): While ( the quotient is not zero ) Divide the decimal number by the new base Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the answer Replace the original decimal number with the quotient 79
80 Pseudocode functionality Pseudocode has all of the concepts encountered in any high-level programming language, only the syntax is informal: Variables Assignment I/O Selection / decision Repetition / loop Boolean expressions 80
81 We can follow a pseudocode algorithm w/pencil & paper, a.k.a. desk checking While ( the quotient is not zero ) Divide the decimal number by the new base Make the remainder the next digit to the left in the answer Replace the original decimal number with What is 93 in base 8? 93/8 gives 11 remainder 5 11/8 gives 1 remainder 3 1/ 8 gives 0 remainder 1 answer
82 Organizing the solution in a computer-like way gives us better idea of what is required for the computer to execute it, e.g. two numbers need to be entered, etc. 82
83 SKIP 6.6 Testing 83
84 Read and take notes in notebook: Bio: Konrad Zuse Ethics: Software Piracy and Copyrighting Have you every "borrowed" software from a friend? Have you ever "lent" software to a friend? Did you know that about 100,000 jobs are lost in the US every year due to such "borrowing" and "lending?" 84
85 Homework - Due Thursday, Nov.1 End of chapter exercises: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 18, 20 Correction in 20: use E1 instead of E0 27, 34 Hint for 34: machine code 31 means decimal input, DECI 41 - Hint: On how many bits are integers represented in Pep/8? 44, 45 Hint for 45: Very similar to the text program!
86 All PEP instructions, with machine codes 00 Stop STOP 04 Branch unconditional BR 08 Branch if Less Than BRLT 0A Branch if equal BREQ 31 Decimal Input Direct DECI 38 Decimal Output Immediate DECO 39 Decimal Output Direct DECO 49 Char. Input Direct CHARI 50 Char. Output Immediate CHARO 51 Char. Output Direct CHARO 70 Add to A Immediate ADDA 71 Add to A Direct ADDA 80 Subtract from A Immediate SUBA 81 Subtract from A Direct SUBA C0 Load into A Immediate LDA C1 Load into A Direct LDA E1 Store A Direct STA 86
87 Chapter Review Questions List the operations that a computer can perform Describe the important features of the Pep/8 virtual machine Distinguish between immediate addressing mode and direct addressing mode Write a simple machine-language program Distinguish between machine language and assembly language 87
88 Chapter Review Questions Describe the steps in creating and running an assembly-language program Write a simple program in assembly program Distinguish between instructions to the assembler (a.k.a. directives) and instructions to be translated into machine code (a.k.a. executable instructions) Distinguish between following an algorithm and developing one 88
89 Chapter Review Questions Describe the pseudocode constructs used in expressing an algorithm Use pseudocode to express and algorithm Distinguish between black-box and clear-box testing 89
QUIZ. Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle.
QUIZ Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 1 Solution Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 2 QUIZ Name two fundamental differences between magnetic drives and optical drives: 3 QUIZ
More informationLow-level software. Components Circuits Gates Transistors
QUIZ Pipelining A computer pipeline has 4 processors, as shown above. Each processor takes 15 ms to execute, and each instruction must go sequentially through all 4 processors. A program has 10 instructions.
More informationExtra-credit QUIZ Pipelining -due next time-
QUIZ Pipelining A computer pipeline has 4 processors, as shown above. Each processor takes 15 ms to execute, and each instruction must go sequentially through all 4 processors. A program has 10 instructions.
More informationLow-Level Programming Languages and Pseudocode
Chapter 6 Low-Level Programming Languages and Pseudocode Chapter Goals List the operations that a computer can perform Describe the important features of the Pep/8 virtual machine Distinguish between immediate
More informationLOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANAGUAGES AND PSEUDOCODE. Introduction to Computer Engineering 2015 Spring by Euiseong Seo
LOW-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANAGUAGES AND PSEUDOCODE Introduction to Computer Engineering 2015 Spring by Euiseong Seo Where are we? Chapter 1: The Big Picture Chapter 2: Binary Values and Number Systems Chapter
More informationHigh-level software (Ch.9) Algorithms and data structures. Low-level software. Components Circuits Gates Transistors
High-level software (Ch.9) Algorithms and data structures Low-level software Components Circuits Gates Transistors Remember: Decision-making instructions BR Set PC to operand unconditionally BRLT i Set
More informationWrite "Nell" Write "N" Write "e" Write "l" Write "l" Write "N" Write 4E (hex) Write "e" W rite 65 (hex) Write "l" W rite 6C (hex)
Chapter 7 Exercises 1. What does it mean when we say that a computer is a programmable device? Programmable means that data and instructions are logically the same and are stored in the same place. The
More informationChapter. Assembly Language
Chapter 5 Assembly Language Mappings The mapping from Asmb5 to ISA3 is one-toone The mapping from HOL6 to Asmb5 is oneto-many Symbols Defined by an identifier followed by a colon at the start of a statement
More informationCSC 221: Computer Organization, Spring 2009
1 of 7 4/17/2009 10:52 AM Overview Schedule Resources Assignments Home CSC 221: Computer Organization, Spring 2009 Practice Exam 2 Solutions The exam will be open-book, so that you don't have to memorize
More informationWednesday, March 12, 2014
Wednesday, March 12, 2014 Topics for today Solutions to HW #3 Arrays and Indexed Addressing Global arrays Local arrays Buffer exploit attacks Solutions to Homework #3 1. deci N,d < (a) N not defined lda
More informationWednesday, February 7, 2018
Wednesday, February 7, 2018 Topics for today The Pep/9 memory Four example programs The loader The assembly language level (Chapter 5) Symbolic Instructions Assembler directives Immediate mode and equate
More informationWednesday, February 4, Chapter 4
Wednesday, February 4, 2015 Topics for today Introduction to Computer Systems Static overview Operation Cycle Introduction to Pep/8 Features of the system Operational cycle Program trace Categories of
More informationCourse Schedule. CS 221 Computer Architecture. Week 3: Plan. I. Hexadecimals and Character Representations. Hexadecimal Representation
Course Schedule CS 221 Computer Architecture Week 3: Information Representation (2) Fall 2001 W1 Sep 11- Sep 14 Introduction W2 Sep 18- Sep 21 Information Representation (1) (Chapter 3) W3 Sep 25- Sep
More informationCOSC 122 Computer Fluency. Computer Organization. Dr. Ramon Lawrence University of British Columbia Okanagan
COSC 122 Computer Fluency Computer Organization Dr. Ramon Lawrence University of British Columbia Okanagan ramon.lawrence@ubc.ca Key Points 1) The standard computer (von Neumann) architecture consists
More informationMonday, February 16, 2015
Monday, February 16, 2015 Topics for today How assemblers work Symbol tables ILC Pass 1 algorithm, Error checking Pass 2 Immediate mode and equate Assembler variants: Disassembler, Cross assembler Macros
More informationMonday, February 11, 2013
Monday, February 11, 2013 Topics for today The Pep/8 memory Four example programs The loader The assembly language level (Chapter 5) Symbolic Instructions Assembler directives Immediate mode and equate
More informationThe CPU and Memory. How does a computer work? How does a computer interact with data? How are instructions performed? Recall schematic diagram:
The CPU and Memory How does a computer work? How does a computer interact with data? How are instructions performed? Recall schematic diagram: 1 Registers A register is a permanent storage location within
More informationUnified Engineering Fall 2004
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics Cambridge, MA 02139 Unified Engineering Fall 2004 Problem Set #3 Solutions C&P PSET 3 Solutions 1. 12
More informationQUIZ: Generations of computer technology. Hardware:
QUIZ: Generations of computer technology Hardware: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 QUIZ: Generations of computer technology Software: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2 Steampunk! 3 The Telectroscope, 1878-2008 Steampunk Wikipedia
More informationWednesday, February 15, 2017
Wednesday, February 15, 2017 Topics for today Before and after assembly: Macros, Linkers Overview of Chapter 6 Branching Unconditional Status bits and branching If statements While statements The V and
More informationCS 101, Mock Computer Architecture
CS 101, Mock Computer Architecture Computer organization and architecture refers to the actual hardware used to construct the computer, and the way that the hardware operates both physically and logically
More informationWilliam Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 th Edition. Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats
William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 8 th Edition Chapter 11 Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats Addressing Modes Immediate Direct Indirect Register Register Indirect Displacement
More informationWednesday, September 13, Chapter 4
Wednesday, September 13, 2017 Topics for today Introduction to Computer Systems Static overview Operation Cycle Introduction to Pep/9 Features of the system Operational cycle Program trace Categories of
More informationShow how to connect three Full Adders to implement a 3-bit ripple-carry adder
Show how to connect three Full Adders to implement a 3-bit ripple-carry adder 1 Reg. A Reg. B Reg. Sum 2 Chapter 5 Computing Components Yet another layer of abstraction! Components Circuits Gates Transistors
More informationIntroduction to Computers - Chapter 4
Introduction to Computers - Chapter 4 Since the invention of the transistor and the first digital computer of the 1940s, computers have been increasing in complexity and performance; however, their overall
More informationUser. Application program. Interfaces. Operating system. Hardware
Operating Systems Introduction to Operating Systems and Computer Hardware Introduction and Overview The operating system is a set of system software routines that interface between an application program
More informationTutorial for Chapter 3, 4
Eastern Mediterranean University School of Computing and Technology ITEC2 Computer Organization & Architecture Tutorial for Chapter 3, 4 Number Systems Binary Number Systems o Base = 2 o A single bit can
More informationWednesday, September 21, 2016
Wednesday, September 21, 2016 Topics for today More high-level to translations Compilers and Assemblers How assemblers work Symbol tables ILC Pass 1 algorithm, Error checking Pass 2 Immediate mode and
More informationCopyright 2000 N. AYDIN. All rights reserved. 1
Computer Architecture Prof. Dr. Nizamettin AYDIN naydin@yildiz.edu.tr http://www.yildiz.edu.tr/~naydin A virtual processor for understanding instruction cycle The Visible Virtual Machine (VVM) 1 2 The
More informationcsitnepal Unit 3 Basic Computer Organization and Design
Unit 3 Basic Computer Organization and Design Introduction We introduce here a basic computer whose operation can be specified by the resister transfer statements. Internal organization of the computer
More informationTeaching London Computing
Teaching London Computing CAS London CPD Day 2016 Little Man Computer William Marsh School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London Overview and Aims LMC is a computer
More information2.2 THE MARIE Instruction Set Architecture
2.2 THE MARIE Instruction Set Architecture MARIE has a very simple, yet powerful, instruction set. The instruction set architecture (ISA) of a machine specifies the instructions that the computer can perform
More informationLaboratory. Low-Level. Languages. Objective. References. Study simple machine language and assembly language programs.
Laboratory Low-Level 7 Languages Objective Study simple machine language and assembly language programs. References Software needed: 1) A web browser (Internet Explorer or Netscape) 2) Applet from the
More informationCS 105 Review Questions #3
1 CS 105 Review Questions #3 These review questions only include topics since our second test. To study for the final, please look at the first two review documents as well. Almost all of these questions
More informationChapter 2. Binary Values and Number Systems
Chapter 2 Binary Values and Number Systems Numbers Natural numbers, a.k.a. positive integers Zero and any number obtained by repeatedly adding one to it. Examples: 100, 0, 45645, 32 Negative numbers A
More informationShow how to connect three Full Adders to implement a 3-bit ripple-carry adder
Show how to connect three Full Adders to implement a 3-bit ripple-carry adder 1 Reg. A Reg. B Reg. Sum 2 Chapter 5 Computing Components Yet another layer of abstraction! Components Circuits Gates Transistors
More informationCOSC121: Computer Systems: Review
COSC121: Computer Systems: Review Jeremy Bolton, PhD Assistant Teaching Professor Constructed using materials: - Patt and Patel Introduction to Computing Systems (2nd) - Patterson and Hennessy Computer
More informationCS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 2, 2016
CS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 2, 2016 Reading Quiz Today Hardware basics Machine memory models Digital signals Logic gates Circuits: Borrow some paper if
More informationEE 3170 Microcontroller Applications
EE 3170 Microcontroller Applications Lecture 4 : Processors, Computers, and Controllers - 1.2 (reading assignment), 1.3-1.5 Based on slides for ECE3170 by Profs. Kieckhafer, Davis, Tan, and Cischke Outline
More informationAdvanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 3. Annalisa Massini /2015
Advanced Parallel Architecture Lesson 3 Annalisa Massini - Von Neumann Architecture 2 Two lessons Summary of the traditional computer architecture Von Neumann architecture http://williamstallings.com/coa/coa7e.html
More informationChapter. Computer Architecture
Chapter 4 Computer Architecture Figure 4.1 Input device Central processing unit Main memory Output device Bus Data flow Control Figure 4.2 Central processing unit () Status bits ( ) Accumulator ( ) Index
More informationIntroduction to MiniSim A Simple von Neumann Machine
Math 121: Introduction to Computing Handout #19 Introduction to MiniSim A Simple von Neumann Machine Programming languages like C, C++, Java, or even Karel are called high-level languages because they
More informationQuiz on Ch.4 is at the end of Ch.4 slides
Quiz on Ch.4 is at the end of Ch.4 slides 1 Chapter 5 Computing Components Yet another layer of abstraction! Components Circuits Gates Transistors Chapter Goals Read an ad for a computer and understand
More informationModule 5 - CPU Design
Module 5 - CPU Design Lecture 1 - Introduction to CPU The operation or task that must perform by CPU is: Fetch Instruction: The CPU reads an instruction from memory. Interpret Instruction: The instruction
More informationThe LC3's micro-coded controller ("useq") is nothing more than a finite-state machine (FSM). It has these inputs:
midterm exam COSC-120, Computer Hardware Fundamentals, fall 2012 Computer Science Department Georgetown University NAME Open books, open notes (laptops included). Show and explain all your work. Answers
More informationMonday, March 13, 2017
Monday, March 13, 2017 Topics for today Arrays and Indexed Addressing Global arrays Local arrays Buffer exploit attacks Arrays and indexed addressing (section 6.4) So far we have looked at scalars (int,
More informationA rubric for programming assignments
Fall 2012 Comp 162 Peter Smith A rubric for programming assignments Generally, half the points for a program assignment are for the Correctness of the program with respect to the specification. The other
More informationQUIZ: What value is stored in a after this
QUIZ: What value is stored in a after this statement is executed? Why? a = 23/7; QUIZ evaluates to 16. Lesson 4 Statements, Expressions, Operators Statement = complete instruction that directs the computer
More informationCOMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE Instructions Sets Architecture Lesson 5a 1 What are Instruction Sets The complete collection of instructions that are understood by a CPU Can be considered as a functional
More information2. Computer Evolution and Performance
2. Computer Evolution and Performance Spring 2016 Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 1 Chapter 2: Computer Evolution and Performance Reading: pp. 16-49 Good Problems to Work: 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.8,
More informationDec Hex Bin ORG ; ZERO. Introduction To Computing
Dec Hex Bin 0 0 00000000 ORG ; ZERO Introduction To Computing OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Convert any number from base 2, base 10, or base 16 to any of the other two bases. Add and
More informationCS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 3, 2015
CS 31: Intro to Systems Digital Logic Kevin Webb Swarthmore College February 3, 2015 Reading Quiz Today Hardware basics Machine memory models Digital signals Logic gates Circuits: Borrow some paper if
More informationQUIZ: Generations of computer technology. Hardware:
QUIZ: Generations of computer technology Hardware: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1 QUIZ: Generations of computer technology Software: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 2 Chapter 2 Binary Values and Number Systems Numbers Natural numbers,
More information5-1 Instruction Codes
Chapter 5: Lo ai Tawalbeh Basic Computer Organization and Design 5-1 Instruction Codes The Internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of microoperations it performs on data stored
More informationCMPS 10 Introduction to Computer Science Lecture Notes
CMPS Introduction to Computer Science Lecture Notes Binary Numbers Until now we have considered the Computing Agent that executes algorithms to be an abstract entity. Now we will be concerned with techniques
More informationComputer Organization CS 206 T Lec# 2: Instruction Sets
Computer Organization CS 206 T Lec# 2: Instruction Sets Topics What is an instruction set Elements of instruction Instruction Format Instruction types Types of operations Types of operand Addressing mode
More information2. MACHINE REPRESENTATION OF TYPICAL ARITHMETIC DATA FORMATS (NATURAL AND INTEGER NUMBERS).
2. MACHINE REPRESENTATION OF TYPICAL ARITHMETIC DATA FORMATS (NATURAL AND INTEGER NUMBERS). 2.. Natural Binary Code (NBC). The positional code with base 2 (B=2), introduced in Exercise, is used to encode
More informationA Review of Chapter 5 and. CSc 2010 Spring 2012 Instructor: Qian Hu
A Review of Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 Chapter 5 Computer Systems Organization Von Neumann Architecture 4 Components Memory Input/output ALU Control Unit Two major features Stored program concept Sequential
More informationIntroduction to Computer Science. Homework 1
Introduction to Computer Science Homework. In each circuit below, the rectangles represent the same type of gate. Based on the input and output information given, identify whether the gate involved is
More informationAssembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts. Chapter Overview. Welcome to Assembly Language
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Slides prepared by Kip R. Irvine Revision date: 09/15/2002 Chapter corrections (Web) Printing a slide show
More informationMicrocontroller Systems
µcontroller systems 1 / 43 Microcontroller Systems Engineering Science 2nd year A2 Lectures Prof David Murray david.murray@eng.ox.ac.uk www.robots.ox.ac.uk/ dwm/courses/2co Michaelmas 2014 µcontroller
More informationComputer architecture Assignment 3
Computer architecture Assignment 3 1- An instruction at address 14E in the basic computer has I=0, an operation code of the AND instruction, and an address part equal to 109(all numbers are in hexadecimal).
More informationLecture 5 Assembly Programming: Arithmetic
CPE 390: Microprocessor Systems Spring 2018 Lecture 5 Assembly Programming: Arithmetic Bryan Ackland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken, NJ 07030
More informationVon Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture Assist lecturer Donya A. Khalid Lecture 2 2/29/27 Computer Organization Introduction In 945, just after the World War, Jon Von Neumann proposed to build a more flexible computer.
More informationWednesday, April 22, 2015
Wednesday, April 22, 2015 Topics for today Topics for Exam 3 Process management (Chapter 8) Loader Traps Interrupts, Time-sharing Storage management (Chapter 9) Main memory (1) Uniprogramming (2) Fixed-partition
More informationMonday, March 9, 2015
Monday, March 9, 2015 Topics for today C functions and Pep/8 subroutines Passing parameters by reference Globals Locals More reverse engineering: Pep/8 to C Representation of Booleans C Functions and Pep/8
More informationArab Open University. Computer Organization and Architecture - T103
Arab Open University Computer Organization and Architecture - T103 Reference Book: Linda Null, Julia Lobur, The essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture, Jones & Bartlett, Third Edition, 2012.
More informationthe SAP-2 I. Intro cmpt-150-arc Sections 8-8, 8-9, 9-4, 9-5, 9.6, We ll do this in bits and pieces, doing the beginning of each section first.
I. Intro the SAP-2 cmpt-150-arc Sections 8-8, 8-9, 9-4, 9-5, 9.6, 9.8 1. We ll do this in bits and pieces, doing the beginning of each section first. 1. The SAP-2 adds a lot of functionality to the SAP-1
More informationEE 5340/7340 Motorola 68HC11 Microcontroler Lecture 1. Carlos E. Davila, Electrical Engineering Dept. Southern Methodist University
EE 5340/7340 Motorola 68HC11 Microcontroler Lecture 1 Carlos E. Davila, Electrical Engineering Dept. Southern Methodist University What is Assembly Language? Assembly language is a programming language
More informationWednesday, September 27, 2017
Wednesday, September 27, 2017 Topics for today Chapter 6: Mapping High-level to assembly-level The Pep/9 run-time stack (6.1) Stack-relative addressing (,s) SP manipulation Stack as scratch space Global
More informationCOSC121: Computer Systems: Review
COSC121: Computer Systems: Review Jeremy Bolton, PhD Assistant Teaching Professor Constructed using materials: - Patt and Patel Introduction to Computing Systems (2nd) - Patterson and Hennessy Computer
More informationMonday, October 17, 2016
Monday, October 17, 2016 Topics for today C functions and Pep/8 subroutines Passing parameters by reference Globals Locals Reverse Engineering II Representation of Booleans C Functions and Pep/8 Subroutines
More informationYear 10 OCR GCSE Computer Science (9-1)
01 4 th September 02 11 th September 03 18 th September Half Term 1 04 25 th September 05 2 nd October 06 9 th October 07 16 th October NA Students on in school Thursday PM and Friday Only Unit 1, Lesson
More informationCMPUT 101 with Solutions Quiz 2 (50 minutes) November 16, 2000
CMPUT 101 with Solutions Quiz 2 (50 minutes) November 16, 2000 Last Name: First Name: Section: Instructor: A6 Yngvi Bjornsson Instructions: Read carefully before proceeding. No calculators, books or other
More informationChapter 6 Programming the LC-3
Chapter 6 Programming the LC-3 Based on slides McGraw-Hill Additional material 4/5 Lewis/Martin Aside: Booting the Computer How does it all begin? We have LC-3 hardware and a program, but what next? Initial
More informationChapter 4. MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer. Chapter 4 Objectives. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 CPU Basics
Chapter 4 Objectives Learn the components common to every modern computer system. Chapter 4 MARIE: An Introduction to a Simple Computer Be able to explain how each component contributes to program execution.
More informationMemory General R0 Registers R1 R2. Input Register 1. Input Register 2. Program Counter. Instruction Register
CPU Organisation Central Processing Unit (CPU) Memory General R0 Registers R1 R2 ALU R3 Output Register Input Register 1 Input Register 2 Internal Bus Address Bus Data Bus Addr. $ 000 001 002 Program Counter
More informationUnit II Basic Computer Organization
1. Define the term. Internal Organization-The internal organization of a digital system is defined by the sequence of microoperations it performs on data stored in its registers. Program- A program is
More information2010 Summer Answers [OS I]
CS2503 A-Z Accumulator o Register where CPU stores intermediate arithmetic results. o Speeds up process by not having to store these results in main memory. Addition o Carried out by the ALU. o ADD AX,
More informationWednesday, April 19, 2017
Wednesday, April 19, 2017 Topics for today Process management (Chapter 8) Loader Traps Interrupts, Time-sharing Storage management (Chapter 9) Main memory (1) Uniprogramming (2) Fixed-partition multiprogramming
More informationvon Neumann Architecture Basic Computer System Early Computers Microprocessor Reading Assignment An Introduction to Computer Architecture
Reading Assignment EEL 4744C: Microprocessor Applications Lecture 1 Part 1 An Introduction to Computer Architecture Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Chapter 1, Appendix A, Chapter 2 Software and Hardware
More informationBasic Computer System. von Neumann Architecture. Reading Assignment. An Introduction to Computer Architecture. EEL 4744C: Microprocessor Applications
Reading Assignment EEL 4744C: Microprocessor Applications Lecture 1 Part 1 An Introduction to Computer Architecture Microcontrollers and Microcomputers: Chapter 1, Appendix A, Chapter 2 Software and Hardware
More informationORG ; TWO. Assembly Language Programming
Dec 2 Hex 2 Bin 00000010 ORG ; TWO Assembly Language Programming OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Explain the difference between Assembly language instructions and pseudo-instructions. Identify
More informationSwitching to AQA from OCR
Switching to AQA from OCR This resource compares our new GCSE Computer Science specification (8520) with the new OCR Computer Science specification (J276). If you are thinking of switching from OCR to
More information1 Little Man Computer
1 Little Man Computer Session 5 Reference Notes CPU Architecture and Assembly 1.1 Versions Little Man Computer is a widely used simulator of a (very simple) computer. There are a number of implementations.
More informationCOS 140: Foundations of Computer Science
COS 140: Foundations of Computer Science CPU Organization and Assembly Language Fall 2018 CPU 3 Components of the CPU..................................................... 4 Registers................................................................
More information16.1. Unit 16. Computer Organization Design of a Simple Processor
6. Unit 6 Computer Organization Design of a Simple Processor HW SW 6.2 You Can Do That Cloud & Distributed Computing (CyberPhysical, Databases, Data Mining,etc.) Applications (AI, Robotics, Graphics, Mobile)
More information2c. Content of Computer systems (Component 01)
c. Content of Computer systems (Component 01) This component will introduce learners to the internal workings of the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the exchange of data and will also look at software development,
More informationInstruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions Addressing Modes
Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions Addressing Modes Chapters 10 and 11, William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7 th Edition What is an Instruction Set? The complete collection
More informationInformation Science 1
Information Science 1 -Basic Concepts of Computers: Opera4on, Architecture, Memory- Week 02 College of Information Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University Today s lecture outline l Recall the previous
More informationCPU ARCHITECTURE. QUESTION 1 Explain how the width of the data bus and system clock speed affect the performance of a computer system.
CPU ARCHITECTURE QUESTION 1 Explain how the width of the data bus and system clock speed affect the performance of a computer system. ANSWER 1 Data Bus Width the width of the data bus determines the number
More informationLC-3 Assembly Language. (Textbook Chapter 7)"
LC-3 Assembly Language (Textbook Chapter 7)" Assembly and assembler" Machine language - binary" 0001110010000110 Assembly language - symbolic" ADD R6, R2, R6 ; increment index reg. Assembler is a program
More informationSparse Notes on an MIPS Processor s Architecture and its Assembly Language
Sparse Notes on an MIPS Processor s Architecture and its Assembly Language February 6, 2004 1 Introduction In this notes we are not going in details with the architecture of an MIPS processor, but only
More informationFinal Labs and Tutors
ICT106 Fundamentals of Computer Systems - Topic 2 REPRESENTATION AND STORAGE OF INFORMATION Reading: Linux Assembly Programming Language, Ch 2.4-2.9 and 3.6-3.8 Final Labs and Tutors Venue and time South
More informationUNIT 1 REFERENCE 1 PREPARED BY S.RAVINDRAKUMAR, LECT/ECE, CHETTINAD COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH, KARUR
UNIT 1 REFERENCE 1 PROGRAMMING THE 8085 DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM A program is a sequence of instructions written to tell a computer to perform a specific function. The instructions are selected from the
More informationCHAPTER SIX BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN
CHAPTER SIX BASIC COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND DESIGN 6.1. Instruction Codes The organization of a digital computer defined by: 1. The set of registers it contains and their function. 2. The set of instructions
More informationUNIT-II. Part-2: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
Page1 UNIT-II Part-2: CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT Stack Organization Instruction Formats Addressing Modes Data Transfer And Manipulation Program Control Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) Introduction:
More informationLearning objectives. Computer principles The characteristics of contemporary processors, input, output and storage devices
Learning objectives Computer principles 1.1. The characteristics of contemporary processors, input, output and storage devices Components of a computer and their uses 1.1.1 Structure and function of the
More informationThe MARIE Architecture
The MARIE Machine Architecture that is Really Intuitive and Easy. We now define the ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) of the MARIE. This forms the functional specifications for the CPU. Basic specifications
More informationEE 3170 Microcontroller Applications
Lecture Overview EE 3170 Microcontroller Applications Lecture 7 : Instruction Subset & Machine Language: Conditions & Branches in Motorola 68HC11 - Miller 2.2 & 2.3 & 2.4 Based on slides for ECE3170 by
More information