Trends in Overall Power System Architecture

Transcription

1 Trends in Overall Power System Architecture Albana Ilo University of Technology of Vienna Institute for Energy Systems and Electrical Drives 3-4 December 2015, Budapest, Hungary

2 Power system operation architecture should: 1- include all power system parts - The whole grid: High voltage, Medium voltage and Low voltage - All electricity producer Big power plants Small, distributed electricity producer - All storage facilities Centralized and Decentralized (distributed) - Costumer facilities 2- enable all operation processes - Monitoring - Power system scenario analyses - Power system posturing processes atic security, Angular stability and Voltage stability - Load-generation balance - Operation optimization - Restauration - Market participation - Demand response

3 Smart Grid challenges - Load generation balance in high voltage grid - Voltage violations in distribution grid Centralised architecture Decentralised architecture Virtual Power plant Microgrids ICT challenge Big data exchange extremely ramified and complex central coordination

4 Smart Grid challenges - Load generation balance in high voltage grid Although -a detailed Voltage violations definitionin of distribution microgrids gridis still under discussion in technical forums, a microgrid can be described as a cluster of loads, Distributed Generation (DG) units and ESSs operated in coordination to reliably supply electricity, connected to the host power system at the distribution level at a single point of connection, the Point of Common Coupling Centralised (PCC). architecture Decentralised architecture The adoption of microgrids as the paradigm for the massive integration of distributed Virtual generation Power plant will allow technical problemsmicrogrids to be solved in a decentralized fashion, reducing the need for an extremely ramified and complex central coordination and facilitating the realization of the Smart ICT Grid. challenge extremely Big data exchange ramified and complex central coordination Source: IEEE-PES Task Force on Microgrid Control, Trends in Microgrid Control, IEEE Transactions on smart grid, Vol. 5, No. 4, July 2014

5 Power system overview based on the Energy Supply Chain Net model: horizontal und vertical axis Per definition the Energy Supply Chain Net is a set of automated power grids, intended for Chain Links or Links, which fit into one an - other to establish a flexible and reliable electrical connection. Each individual Link or a Link -bundle operates independently and have contractual arrangements with other relevant boundary Links, Link -bundles, and suppliers which inject directly to their own grid. Each Link or Link -bundle is communicatively coupled with the other relevant Links or Link -bundle s via the usual communication instruments Source: A. Ilo The Energy Supply Chain Net, Energy and Power Engineering, Volume 5 (5), July 2013.

6 Energy Supply Chain Net - Vertical axis The Link Paradigm A technical system consists of three major elements: Hardware Automation Communication HVG G MVG G GG LVG G G Electrical appliance Control schema Interface Link - Paradigm CPG COOLING HEATING

7 Architecture Elements Link - Paradigm Electrical appliance Control schema Interface Architecture Elements Producer - Link orage-link Producer Set point Primary control Interface orage Set point Primary control Interface Grid - Link Grid Secondary control Interface

8 Major architecture components: the Link 1. The Link is defined as a composition of a grid part, called Link_Grid, with the corresponding Secondary-Control and the Link_Interfaces. - The Link_Grid refers to electrical equipment like lines/cables, transformers and reactive power devices, which are connected directly to each other by forming an electrical unity. - The Link_Grid size is variable and is defined from the area, where the Link_Secondary-Control is set up. Operation / udy Link (i) BSN BPN BLoN Tr A Set point Secondary control BLoN

9 The distributed Link - based power system operation architecture Grid Link or Link External Neighbor link (1) Neighbor link (j) Neighbor link (n) Operation / udy Link (i) Customer Plant

10 The distributed Link - based power system operation architecture Grid Link or Link External Neighbor link (1) Neighbor link (j) Neighbor link (n) The distributed Link-based architecture is defined Operation / udy Link (i) Customer Plant

11 Different Link types: a) HV-Link; b) MV-Link; c) LV-Link and d) CP-Link High voltage Low voltage Interconnection a) BSN BPN Secondary control HVG 220 kv 400 kv 110 kv Medium voltage 34.5 kv BSN BPN BLoN c) 400 V BSN BPN Secondary control Consumer Prosumer Prosumer Consumer BLoN BLoN Prosumer LVG Prosumer Customer plant 230 / 400 V or 110 / 220 V Load Heating Injection Batterie Secondary control MVG Secondary control CPG BLoN d) Load Air conditioning Production Photo voltaic b) External Neighbor link (1) HVG1 (TSO1) PSched(1) PSched(1) PSched(z) PSched(1) Operation/udy Link (j-1) HVGj-1 (TSOj-1) PSched(1) PSched(n) PSched(m) External Neighbor PSched(j) link (j) HVGj (TSOj) PSched(z) PSched(1) External Neighbor link (1) MVG PSched(1) Operation/udy Link (j) LVG PSched(1) PSched(m) External Neighbor link (m) External External Neighbor Neighbor link (j) Customer Customer link (1) plant plant Customer plant Load PSched(m) External Neighbor link (n) External Neighbor link (j+2) MVG External Neighbor link (j) MVG MVG PSched(z) PSched(1) External Neighbor link (1) HVG PSched(1) Operation/udy Link (j-1) MVG PSched(j+1) PSched(1) PSched(n) Externa Neighbor link (n) External Neighbor link (j) LVG External Neighbor link (1) LVG LVG PSched(m) External Neighbor link LVG Black box P Sched (j) Link (j) CPG P des Q des P des Q des P des (1) P des (L) Q des (1) Q des (L) Load Operation/udy

12 Interface definition TABLE 1 ELECTRICAL ENTITIES FOR DIFFERENT LINK INTERFACE TYPES Electrical entities to be exchanged (*) Link- Link Link- Producer_ Complex (**) Link- orage_com plex TABLE 2 ELECTRICAL ENTITIES FOR DIFFERENT LINK INTERFACE TYPES Electrical entities to be exchanged (*) Link- Link Link- Producer_ Complex (**) Link- orage_com plex Very fast Fast V meas, meas P meas, Q meas P set_point, Q set_point P des ±ΔP, Q des ±ΔQ Delivered time Time interval P Q nexthour des nexthour des P Q * data related to the boundary node ** P and Q can have only one sign. Producers only inject power on the grid *** static data should not be exchanged via interface Slow P dayahead Schedule Q dayahead Schedule P Q atic and dynamic (lumped) load characteristic k PV, k QV, k Pf, k Qf I equiv, Z equiv Dynamic equivalent Generator parameters like x d, x d,, T d0, Equivalent voltage regulator, static exciter parameters like K A, T A, (***) (***) Equivalent governors, turbine parameters like K 1, T G1, (***) Schedule for demand response capability Reserves schedule (secondary, tertiary) * data related to the boundary node ** P and Q can have only one sign. Producers only inject power on the grid *** static data should not be exchanged via interface

13 HV 2 -Link HV 2 -Link HV 2 -Link HV 2 -Link HV 2 -Link HV 2 -Link System operators for different Link types Proposed structure European type HVSO MVSO LVSO Prosumers TSO DSO 1 MV 1 -Link LV -Link MV 1 -Link MV 1 -Link MV 1 -Link DSO L MV L -Link MV L -Link MV L -Link MV L -Link

14 System operators for different Link types Each Link or Link-bundle operator be HVSO, MVSO, and LVSO including even the House-Lord (more exactly the HMU) should: - balance the load and the injection in real-time, where the load represent the summation of the system native load and the scheduled exchange to other Links, while the injection represent the summation of the generation, injection from storage devices and the scheduled exchange to other Links. - actively manage its Link or the Link-bundle - monitor its Link-grid or the bundle of Link-grid - access all the data of the Link - exchange the data with the neighbour Links and all devices connected directly to the own Link-grid or to the bundle of Link-grid - have the right to use and offer services to the neighbours - have the right to dispute with the neighbours to guarantee a reliable and stable operation of his own Link_Grid - decide the actions should be taken for a secure and optimal operation of the own Link or Linkbundle - be incentivized to invest in adequate solutions, beyond physical reinforcements, to increase the flexibility of the Link or Link-bundle - to facilitate effective and well-functioning retail markets

15 Demand response process: line overload on high voltage grid HVSO A H HV_Link One line is overloaded. It is required 2% and 6% demand reduction in points A H and B H respectively B H MVSO_A MV_Link_1 2% demand reduction can be reached by using CVR. No other actions are necessary A2 M MV_Link_2 Only 5.4% demand reduction can be reached by using CVR. Other actions are necessary B2 M LVSO-A LV_Link LVSO-B A1 L LV_Link_1 0.4 % demand reduction can not be realised within the link. Other actions are necessary LV_Link_2 0.2 % demand reduction can not be realised within the link. Other actions are necessary B2 L A2 L -0.01% new set point approved set point Costumer -Link Costumer Customer -Link -Link HMU-1001 HMU-123 Customer-Link 0.4 % demand reduction by switching off cooling system. No other actions are necessary HMU-945 Customer -Link Customer -Link

16 Dynamic security process for the HV_Link: a) Interlink information exchange; b) Calculation model MV_Link_1 A M MV_Link_2 One DG is switched on. DEG new and EI new are calculated on line. They are different from the previous one a) MVSO_A B M A H HVSO HV_Link The dynamic behavior of a neighbor Link has changed. Recalculate the dynamic (angular and voltage) stability B H HVG 1 b) DEG EI BPN BPN Operation/udy Link HVG j BPN DEG BSN MVG j EI BSN BSN DEG EI HVG n

17 The scheduled data exchange on: a) centralized and b) decentralized architectures Article 25 Scheduled data exchange between TSOs, DSOs and Significant Grid Users according to Article 1(5)(a) and Article 1(5)(d)connected to the Distribution Network 1. Each Significant Grid User which is a Power Generating Facility Owner according to the Article 1(5)(a) and Article 1(5)(d) and with Connection Point to the Distribution Network, shall provide its TSO and/or its DSO with its scheduled unavailability, Active Power restriction and its forecast scheduled Active Power output at the Connection Point. Organization of the data exchange shall be defined according to the key organisational requirements, roles and responsibilities established in Article 16(6) to Article 16(8). 2. Each Significant Grid User which is a Power Generating Facility Owner according to Article 1(5)(a) and Article 1(5)(d) shall provide to its TSO and/or its DSO any forecasted restriction in the Reactive Power control capability. Organization of the data exchange shall be defined according to the key organisational requirements, roles and responsibilities established in Article 16(6) to Article 16(8). Source: Network Code on Operational Security, 24 September 2013, ENTSO-e homepage

18 The scheduled data exchange on: a) centralized and b) decentralized architectures TSO TSO (HVSO) A H A M G 1 DSO G i G 2 G n a) b) G 1 G 2 G i DSO (MVSO) G n Number of exchanged schedules 3 N 4 N Number of Significant Grid Users (Power Generating Facility Owner)

19 Power system global component base IT architecture HV_CC MV_CC 2 MV_CC 1 LV_CC 3 LV_CC 2 LV_CC 1 HMU-n HV MVMVMVMVMV MV LVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLVLV HMU-1

20 EU research project - MERGE Interaction between the VPP Control Center and the VPP resources, DSO, ISO and market in the direct control approach Source: A. F. Raab et al, Virtual Power Plant Control Concepts with Electric Vehicles, In: Procedings of the16th International conference on intelligent systems aplication to power system (ISAP); 2011.

21 Research project Smart Grid Energy orage co-financed by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems VPP architecture using a hierarchical structure. Interactions with asset owner, operator system operators and market actors are shown (left) as well as proposed information models for the data exchange (right). Source: N. Etherden, V. Vyatkin, M. H. J. Bollen, Virtual Power Plant for Grid Services using IEC 61850, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2015.

22 M A R K E T Flat business model of the electricity industry HVSO HVG G MVSO MVG G G G CVPP LVSO LVG CVPP

23 MV-Grid-Link and Producer-Link, realized and operated in the framework of ZUQDE project Reactive power and voltage control

24 MV-Grid-Link and Producer-Link, realized and operated in the framework of ZUQDE project Reactive power and voltage control cosf=const 30.0 kv U Q Secondary control Q MVG MV-Grid-Link Q Q Neighbor HV-Grid-Link cos(f)=const. Operation / udy MV-Grid-Link Lungau Neighbor LV-Grid-Link Neighbor LV-Grid-Link Neighbor LV-Grid-Link

25 Conclusions - The Smart Grid paradigm the LINK is risen. The LINK paradigm helps to present the entire power grid and the costumer plants and to present all operation processes. The new, LINK based decentralised architecture for the power system operation: - Is kept simple and distinct - Provides cyber security and data privacy by minimizing the number of the exchanged data - Facilitates all actual power system operation processes like load-generation balance, voltage assessment, outage managements, etc. - Facilitates the involvement of demand response in the grid operation - Fulfils the electricity market rules

26 Thank you for your attention Albana Ilo University of Technology of Vienna Institute for Energy Systems and Electrical Drives Telefon: +43 (0) Mail: 3-4 December 2015, Budapest, Hungary