(evolution of computer memory)
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1 (evolution of computer memory) (1) computer system computer system (main unit) CPU(central processing unit) CU(control unit, ) ALU(arithmetic logic unit, ) register cache(buffer memory) memory main memory (internal memory) external(auxiliary, file) memory) flash memory HDD(hard disk drive) FDD(floppy disk drive), CD, MO, magnetic tape (input unit: key board, scanner, digital camera, from Internet) (output unit: display, printer, to Internet) (2) computer memory (hierarchy) computer system register cache memory bipolar IC main memory MOS(metal oxide semiconductor) () IC 1 1 1bit (VLSI) DRAM(dynamic RAM)(reflesh) HDD access time () register CPU bipolar cache (buffer) memory inboard bipolar, SRAM main (internal) memory inboard MOS, DRAM HDD FDD, CD, MO, magnetic tape outboard off-line register cache memory computer memory memory data
2 memory data (a) computer (b) data system Data CPU ALU()CPU microprocessor ( MPU, micro processing unit) LSI data data (a) (b) computer computer memory data data (store)(storage)data computer memory unit (3) (recording device, information storage; computer memory AV (audio, video) card ) access time()capacity()() access time : 1in=25.4mm, 1M(mega)=10 6, 1G(giga)= 10 9 (nsec) small DRAM(1Gb/in 2 ) (high speed) (msec) HDD(15-Gb/in 2 ) DVD(4.7GB,2-3Gb/in 2 ) CD(650MB,400Mb/in 2 ) access time large card (low speed)(sec) MO() FDD(1.44MB) 32MB,120MB, 240MB; 257Mb/in 2 (super disk) tape cartridge audio tape video tape human brain* small areal density large *number of synapse = (neuron= , synapse/neuron=10 4 (4) (audio tape recorder)
3 ()() (analog )digital computer DAT(digital audio tape) 2 ()VTR(video tape recorder) analog() FM microphone speaker (transducer)(magnetic head) (20Hz-20kHz) 100kHz oscillator ((AC-bias)) () input voltage recording amp. playback amp. oscillator erasing recording/playback head head winding reel capstan sending reel magnetic tape pinch roller () ( i H M ) Ampere rot H =i, M =H () (, B, E, v ) Faraday rot E = -db /dt, v = d/ dt (5) (recording media)audio tape recorder tape HDD hard disk -
4 i head coil g (head gap length) magnetic head H, M head core Hh head gap magnetic layer h (spacing, (magnetic magnetic tape flying height) thickness) plastic bese actuator hardhard hard disk 0.3m Mm in length head coated powder (Co-Fe 2 0 3, arm [metal(fe, Co)] head slider Merged MR head lubricant Inductive(?) head for writing C shield conductor CoCrPtTa magnetic layer (40nm) MR head for read-out Cr lead terminal for current MR element(with the layer for bias) h NiP plating disk media substrate HD g substrare(al-mg) yield of thin film head: =0.0276, =0.49, =0.70 audio video head MnZn (Mn-Zn ferrite: MnO 19, ZnO 11, Fe 2 O 3 70%) ( ) Floppy disk(fdd) head MnZn ferrite head core (gap) side Fe-Al-Si (Sendust) head () Sendust ( MIG(metal in gap) head ) 1990 MR head MR (magnetoresistive effect: ) H M MR element R /R AMR:permally(2%) im(easy axis) GMR:Co/Cu/NiFe/Cu H spin valve:+ FeMn/ recorded track 0 H bias Ti(5-10 (6) HDD drive channel HDD -(channel) data inencoderwrite precompensation AGCfilterdata detecterdecoderdata out ECC (write equalization) equallizer ECC
5 seection matrix (head) disk surface1 AEM1 AEN2 AEMn arm electronics module (write drivers/preamplifiers) ECC: error correction code AGC: automatic gain controller disk surface n write compensation (intersymbol interference) filter low pass filter noize reduction equalizer pulse pulse slim (data) clock encoded data write current(nrzi) media magnetization transition signal voltage differential signal * zero cross clock & decoded data encoded data write current AEM write driver (modulation)encoded data bit ( clock pulse ) bwrite current T max, T min T min / bt max,/t min
6 ()(peak ) NRZ(nonreturn to zero) code 1 write current 0 NRZI(nonreturn to zero inverted) code write current MFM(modified frequency modulation) code bit (2,7) mn NRZI m n D.R. P.W.R NRZ 1 () NRZI 1 () MFM 1 2 n (2,7) 1.5 4/1.5=2.67 (7) HDD HDD [bit/in 2 ]1bit hard disk volume track m, bit 100nm, 30-40nm head gap g head-
7 (spacing, flying height) down-sizing HDD g=100nm, h=20nm gh HDD 1957 IBM 24in(=60cm) HD 50 stack 5MB, 2k bit/in 2, $130 HDD Areal density[bit/in 2 ] ferrite powder thin film 10G coated(sprayed) media(1987) media 100-% 1G GMR,spin-valve MR head(1990) 60% 100M MIG head thin film head(1979) 30%/ 10M ferrite -metal 2k 25%/year(CGR) compound growth rate 1k ENIAC(1946)
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1. To locate a data item for storage is a. Field b. Feed c. Database d. Fetch 2. programs designed to perform specific tasks is known as a. system software b. application software c. utility programs d.
Storage. How does volatility compare? What is a storage device and a storage medium? Today s standard disk is 3.5 wide
1 Chapter 7 Storage 2 Chapter 7 Objectives 3 Memory Versus Storage 1 What is storage? 2 Media and devices used to store and retrieve data, instructions,and information 4 Memory Versus Storage 1 How does
Introduction 1. GENERAL TRENDS. 1. The technology scale down DEEP SUBMICRON CMOS DESIGN
1 Introduction The evolution of integrated circuit (IC) fabrication techniques is a unique fact in the history of modern industry. The improvements in terms of speed, density and cost have kept constant