Lecture 1: Intro to Computer Architecture. James C. Hoe Department of ECE Carnegie Mellon University
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1 Lecture 1: Intro to Computer Architecture James C. Hoe Department of ECE Carnegie Mellon University S18 L01 S1, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
2 S18 L01 S2, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Housekeeping Your goal today know what you are getting into decide if you are coming back... Notices complete student survey on Canvas, due 1/24 H01/H01a: syllabus & academic integrity statements H02: Lab 1, Part A, due week of 1/29 H03: Lab 1, Part B, due week of 2/5 no lab meeting this week Readings P&H Ch1 P&H Ch2.1~2.10 (next time)
3 What is ? : Introduction to Computer Systems C as a model of computation interact with the computer hardware through OS what about the details below the abstraction? Somehow a program ends up executing as digital logic : Fundamentals of Computer Engineering digital logic as a model of computation gates and wires as building blocks what about the details below this abstraction? S18 L01 S3, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
4 18 447: Fuzzy to Concrete Computer Architecture functionality spec for software and programmers design spec for the hardware guys Computer Organization take architecture to micro architecture how to assemble/evaluate/tune Computation Structures digital representations processing, storage and I/O elements S18 L01 S4, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM,
5 What is a Computer? Computer, 2. a. A calculating machine; esp. an automatic electronic device for performing mathematical or logical operations; freq. with defining word prefixed, as analogue, digital, electronic computer. Oxford English Dictionary, circa S18 L01 S5, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
6 More Familiar Computers S18 L01 S6, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 [images from Wikipedia]
7 Where is the computer? [images from Wikipedia] S18 L01 S7, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Modern computing is as much about providing enhanced capabilities as data processing!!
8 Less Glamorous Computers [images from Wikipedia] S18 L01 S8, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
9 Keeping up with the times Computer, 3. An electronic device (or system of devices) which is used to store, manipulate, and communicate information, perform complex calculations, or control or regulate other devices or machines, and is capable of receiving information... and of processing it in accordance with variable procedural instructions... used esp. for handling text, images, music, and video, accessing and using the Internet, communicating with other people (e.g. by means of ), and playing games. Oxford English Dictionary, circa S18 L01 S9, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
10 So what makes a computer a computer? Processing control (sequencing) datapath Storage (program and data) I/O S18 L01 S10, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Having program stored as data is an extremely important step in the evolution of computer architectures
11 A 30,000ft Computer Organization CPU ALU RF CPU ALU RF cache cache Memory Bus Main Memory (DRAM) I/O Bridge I/O Bus Disk Disk Disk Disk Video Kbd & Mouse Network S18 L01 S11, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
12 A Simple Embedded Computer I/O CPU ALU RF Common Bus DRAM Flash I/O or Device S18 L01 S12, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
13 Computer Architecture is Engineering An applied discipline of finding and optimizing solutions under the joint constraints of demand, technology, economics, and ethics Thus, instances of what we practice evolve continuously Need to learn the principles that govern how to develop solutions to meet constraints Don t memorize what you see; understand why it is that way S18 L01 S13, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
14 Course Logistics Please visit Canvas regularly for updates and announcements H01/H01a: Syllabus this is our contract for the term please read it (at least once) Lecture schedule online reading assignments are to be completed before lecture pay attention to midterm dates; the time to resolve conflicts is right now S18 L01 S14, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
15 Special Notices about Labs Lab 1 starts immediately 2nd year of MIPS to RISC V switch this year we have a textbook further improved project infrastructure (Github) Please observe lab assignments MUST be done in groups of 2 or 3 entire group MUST be present during check off 10% per day penalty for late labs, capped at 50% all labs MUST be checked off to pass the course S18 L01 S15, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
16 Historical Perspectives: prelude to modern computer architecture S18 L01 S16, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Always read the Historical Perspectives at the end of P&H chapters. They are fun.
17 Forces on Innovation Timely innovations are rarely unique or original Similar constraints lead to similar engineering solutions Economics S18 L01 S17, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
![and punch cards [images from Wikipedia] 18](/docs-images/80/82490865/images/18-2.jpg "447 S18 L01 S18, James C.")
18 Beginnings of Digital Computing Industrial Revolution era s hi tech in mechanization steam engines mechanical calculators, Jacquard s loom: gears, pulleys, chains and punch cards [images from Wikipedia] S18 L01 S18, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
19 Charles Babbage ( ) Difference Engine, 1823: a special purpose computer evaluated polynomial functions by Newton's method of successive differences (requiring only additions) eventually built by Georg and Edvard Schuetz in 1855 Analytical Engine, 1833: a general purpose computer programmed by punch cards, assembly language included loops and branches 1000 word data store, punch card I/O unfortunately never completed (would have been 10x30 meters, steam engine powered) S18 L01 S19, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 [images from Wikipedia]
20 100 Years of Technology Advances Mechanical, 1800s gears, chains, pulleys, and steam power punch cards!! Electromechanical, early 1900s switches, relays, acoustic delay line memory e.g. Harvard/IBM Mark 1, Aiken 1939~1944, 50ft long, 5ton, 750K parts, 3~6 sec per addition Used ideas from Analytical Engine Electrical, mid 1900s and on plugboards, vacuum tubes, CRTs and later DRUM,, transistors and so on..... Changing demands and economics? S18 L01 S20, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
21 ENIAC, 1946 Eckert and Mauchly, U of Penn from The ENIAC Museum, seas/eniac/ S18 L01 S21, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 the first programmable electronic digital computer 18,000 vacuum tubes 30 ton, 80 by 8.5 feet 1900 additions per second 2010 decimal digit words (100 word by 1952) Programmed by 3000 switches in the function table and plug cables (became stored program in 1948 following von Neumann's advise)
22 Proliferation in 40s and 50s From Moore School Lectures ENIAC, Eckert & Mauchly, 1946 EDVAC, von Neumann, 1944~1952 EDSAC, Wilkes, 1949 (first stored program built) IAS, Bigelow, 1952 ORDVAC, SEAC, MANIAC, JOHNIAC, ILLIAC... They were not alone: ABC, Atanasoff and Berry, 39~42 Z3, Z4, Konrad Zuse late 30 s early 40 s Colossus, Alan Turing, 1943 Don t forget software advances Fortran was first done in S18 L01 S22, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
23 Commercialization in the 50s UNIVAC (1951) the first commercial computer contract price $400K, actual cost ~$1M, sold 48 copies IBM 701 (1952) leased 19 units, $12K per month (www 1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_customers.html) IBM 650 (1953) sold ~2000 units at $200K ~ 400K IBM System/360, 1964 Redefined Industry!! a family of binary compatible computer (previously, IBM had 4 incompatible lines) 19 combinations of varying speed and memory capacity from $200K ~ $2M ISA still alive today as zenterprise Systems S18 L01 S23, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
24 Cheaper or Faster in 60s and 70s Minicomputers DEC PDP 8, 1965, $20K, size of large refrigerators less powerful than mainframes, 10x cheaper departmental computers, timesharing PDP 11 and VAXs enjoyed extreme popularity in the 70s and 80s Supercomputers performance at all cost!! (ECL, liquid cool, hand built) biggest customers: national security, nuclear weapons, cryptography, (also aerospace, petroleum, automotive, pharmaceutical, sciences) check out see Seymour Cray (1925~1996) on Wikipedia S18 L01 S24, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 What happened to these computer lines?
![Early Examples [images from Wikipedia] DEC](/docs-images/80/82490865/images/25-0.jpg "PDP 8, 1963 an early mini 18 447 S18 L01")
25 Early Examples [images from Wikipedia] DEC PDP 8, 1963 an early mini S18 L01 S25, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Xerox Alto, 1973 an early PC with mouse and GUI
26 Cray 3, KW: liquid cooled by Fluorinert 15 GFLOPS (1 sec on Cray3 67 years ENIAC) $30,000, S18 L01 S26, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 [images from Wikipedia]
27 The Killer Micros from 70s and on Intel 4004, first single chip CPU 4 bit processor for calculator 2,300 transistors 16 pin DIP package 740kHz (eight clock cycles per CPU cycle of 10.8 sec) ~100K OPs per second [from Molecular Expressions] download the actual schematic from S18 L01 S27, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
28 Intel Itanium (Montecito) bit processor 1.7 billion transistors 1.7 GHz, issue up to 8 instructions per cycle 26 MByte of cache!! [from Best Servers of 2004, Microprocessor Report, January 2005.] In ~30 years, about 100,000 fold growth in transistor count and performance! S18 L01 S28, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
29 The Era of Moore s Law [ Original article at S18 L01 S29, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
30 S18 L01 S30, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 The Other Moore s Law
31 The Actual Moore s Law [Cramming More Components Onto Integrated Circuits, G. E. Moore, 1965] S18 L01 S31, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
32 The End of Moore s Law? [Tri gate FinFET, Intel Newsroom, 2015 ] S18 L01 S32, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Distance between silicon atoms ~ 500 pm
33 Moore s Law without Dennard Scaling Intl. Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors logic density VDD >16x 1 25% 0 node label ?? S18 L01 S33, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 Under fixed power ceiling, more ops/second only achievable if less Joules/op?
34 Why multis everywhere? technology normalized power (Watt) Better to replace 1 of this by 2 of these; Or N of these Pentium 4 Power Perf Energy per Instruction Trends in Intel Microprocessors, Grochowski et al., S18 L01 S34, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018 technology normalized performance (op/sec)
35 Moore s Law Scaling with Cores Big Core 1970 ~ ~ right about now S18 L01 S35, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
36 Future is about Performance/Watt and Ops/Joules By 2022 (11nm node), a large die (~500mm 2 ) will have over 10 billion transistors Big Core What will you choose to put on it? GPGPU Custom Logic FPGA S18 L01 S36, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
37 Where do we go from here? ( S18 L01 S37, James C. Hoe, CMU/ECE/CALCM, 2018
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