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1 Informatics 3 Computer Architecture! Dr. Vijay Nagarajan and Prof. Nigel Topham! Institute for Computing Systems Architecture, School of Informatics! University of Edinburgh!
2 General Information! Instructors : Vijay Nagarajan (vijay.nagarajan@ed.ac.uk )!!!! Nigel Topham (npt@staffmail.ed.ac.uk )! TA: Matthew Bielby (s @sms.ed.ac.uk )! Assignments (25%)! Assignment1 (5%) : Out 7/2/13 due 14/2/13! Assignment2 (20%) : Out 28/2/13 due 21/3/13! Tutorials! Starts 3 rd week! Book:! Hennessy & Patterson - Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach Morgan Kaufmann 5th edition! (4 th edition also ok)! Lecture slides + book = lecture notes! Please interrupt with questions at any time! Inf3 Computer Architecture
3 What is Computer Architecture?! Inf3 Computer Architecture
4 What is Computer Architecture?! Architecture! Science and art of interconnecting building materials to construct various buildings, subject to constraints! Materials: brick, concrete, glass etc.! Buildings: house, Office, Auditorium etc.! Constraints: cost, safety, time etc.! Computer Architecture! Science and art of interconnecting hardware components to create computers, subject to constraints! Hardware components: gates, circuit technology etc.! Computers: desktop, server, mobile phone etc.! Constraints: performance, energy, cost etc.! Inf3 Computer Architecture
5 Three Aspects of Computer Architecture! Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)! Programmer/compiler view! Instructions visible to the (system) programmer! Opcode, addressing mode, architectural registers etc.! Microarchitecture! Processor designer view! Logical organization that implements the ISA! Pipelining, functional units, caches, physical registers etc.! Hardware! Chip designer view! Detailed logic design and the packaging technology! Gates, CMOS process etc.! Inf3 Computer Architecture
6 Three Aspects of Computer Architecture! Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)! Programmer/compiler view! Instructions visible to the (system) programmer! Opcode, addressing mode, architectural registers etc.! Microarchitecture! Processor designer view! Logical organization that implements the ISA! Pipelining, functional units, caches, physical registers etc.! Course! Focus! Hardware! Chip designer view! Detailed logic design and the packaging technology! Gates, cells, CMOS process etc.! Inf3 Computer Architecture
7 What do we cover in this course?! Introduction! What is Computer Architecture?! Technological trends! Measuring performance! Instruction Set Architecture! Processor architecture! Pipelining, branch prediction, dynamic scheduling! Memory systems! Cache hierarchies! High-performance memory organizations! Introduction to parallel architectures! Inf3 Computer Architecture
8 The Rise of the Electronic Computer! Today s microprocessors evolved over a period of 40 years! Key developments were:! First transistor in 1947! First integrated circuit in 1958! First microprocessor in 1972! Since the first electronic computers were created in the late 1940 s, performance has increased at a dramatic rate, due to:! Advances in integrated circuit technology! Computer Architecture! Compiling Techniques! Algorithm Development! AMD Phenom quad-core Intel 4004 (1972) William Shockley, and the first transistor (1947) Jack Kilbey with the first IC (1958) Inf3 Computer Architecture
9 The Evolution of Computer Technology! 1965 Gordon Moore s Law! Densities double every year (2x)! 1975 Moore s Law revised! Densities double every 2 years (1.42x)! Actually 5x every 5 years (1.35x)! Inf3 Computer Architecture
10 Tracking Technology: The role of CA! 1.35x/year 1.58x/year Intel Pentium III SPECint rating IBM Pow er1 MIPS R2000 DEC Alpha HP 9000 DEC Alpha H&P Fig. 1.1 Bottom-line: architectural innovation complements technological improvements! Inf3 Computer Architecture
11 What drives Computer Architecture?! Early computers simplest possible implementation! CDC 6600, 7600 and IBM S/360 model 91! Emergence of pipelined processors! Parallel execution units! Hardware detects parallelism between instructions! `Scientific computing! Driven mostly by US military requirements! Development of vector processing! CDC 6600 Microprocessor revolution! Driven by commercial and desktop use! Not initially a threat to mainframes! Eventually rendered mainframes obsolete! Architecture of microprocessors?! Started simple, just like early computers! Re-used concepts from 6600, 7600 and 360/91! But also integrated fast memory close to CPU! IBM S/360 model 91 What drives CA in 2013?! Cray 1 Inf3 Computer Architecture
12 Future Technology Predictions (2003)! Moore s Law will continue to ~2016! Procs. will have 2.2 billion transistors! DRAM capacity to reach 128 Gbit! Procs. clocks should reach 40 GHz?! Should have reached 10 GHz by now!! Source: International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2003 Inf3 Computer Architecture
13 State-of-the-art - January 2013! IBM Power7+! 2.1 billion transistors! 4, 6 or 8 core versions! 4 SMT threads per core! 32nm CMOS! 4.4 GHz clock! AMD Bulldozer! 1.2 billion transistors! 4, 8 cores! 32nm! 4.2 GHz! 125 W! Intel i7 Ivy bridge 4-core + GPU! 1.4 billion transistors! 22nm CMOS silicon! 4 cores, 32 threads! 3.5 GHz! 77 Watts! Inf3 Computer Architecture
14 End of Frequency Scaling! Frequency of processors have stopped scaling since ~ 2005! Why?! Power wall! Parallel architectures have arrived! Performance through parallelism! Software must expose parallelism! CA should enable this! Inf3 Computer Architecture
15 Current Trends in High Performance CA! Very complex processor design:! Hybrid branch prediction (MIPS R14000)! Out-of-order execution (MIPS R14000)! Multi-banked on-chip caches (Alpha 21364, now defunct)! Parallelism and integration at chip level:! Chip-multiprocessors (Sun Niagara, IBM Power5, Intel Core 2 Duo)! Multithreading (Intel Hyperthreading, IBM Power5, Sun Niagara )! Embedded Multi-core Systems On a Chip (ARM MP, most mobile phones)! CPU+GPU, e.g. AMD Fusion ( )! Power-conscious designs! Inf3 Computer Architecture
16 Summary: Computer Architecture What is CA?! Technology Logic design Operating System (OS) CA: ISA Microarchitecture Hardware implementation Programming Languages Compilers Applications Users Objectives of CA:! High-performance! Low cost! Reliability! Low power consumption! Inf3 Computer Architecture
17 Why study CA?! Technology is always changing! CA should adapt! Requirements are always changing! Speed, power, cost, reliability etc.! Understand computer performance! Get a (design or research) hardware job! ARM, Intel, IBM etc.! Inf3 Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture
Informatics 3 Computer Architecture Dr. Vijay Nagarajan Institute for Computing Systems Architecture, School of Informatics University of Edinburgh (thanks to Prof. Nigel Topham) General Information Instructor
Computer Architecture!
Informatics 3 Computer Architecture! Dr. Boris Grot and Dr. Vijay Nagarajan!! Institute for Computing Systems Architecture, School of Informatics! University of Edinburgh! General Information! Instructors
Computer Architecture
Informatics 3 Computer Architecture Dr. Boris Grot and Dr. Vijay Nagarajan Institute for Computing Systems Architecture, School of Informatics University of Edinburgh General Information Instructors: Boris
Computer Architecture!
Informatics 3 Computer Architecture! Dr. Boris Grot and Dr. Vijay Nagarajan!! Institute for Computing Systems Architecture, School of Informatics! University of Edinburgh! General Information! Instructors:!
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