ECE 15B Computer Organization Spring 2011

Transcription

1 ECE 15B Computer Organization Spring 2011 Dmitri Strukov Lecture 1: Introduction Partially adapted from Computer Organization and Design, 4 th edition, Patterson and Hennessy, and classes taught by Patterson at Berkeley, Ryan Kastner at UCSB and Mary Jane Irwin at Penn State

2 Course Logistics : Instructor Dmitri Strukov strukov@ece.ucsb.edu Office : HFH 5153 Office hours: Wednesday 3:00 5:00 pm or by appointment please see my schedule hdl online

3 Course Logistics : TAs Sam Masooman smasooman@gmail.com Office hours: Phelps 1435, Availabletimeslots: Thursday 12:30am 1:30pm Discussion session: Girvetz Hall 2119, Monday 5:00 5:50 pm Jian Zhen jianzhen@umail.ucsb.edu Office hours: ECI Lab b( (still tentative) Available time slots: Friday 10:00 am 11:00 am Discussion session: Phelps 1448,Friday 9:00 9:50 9:50 pm

4 Course Logistics: Material URL 1/ECE15bSpring2011.htm Software: MIPS 32bit simulator ( SPIM ) Both software and documentation available online for free Can be installed on any common platform See instructions on web for MACs Try to install that software early

5 Course Logistics: Textbooks Required: Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, Fourth Edition, Patterson and Hennessy (COD). The third edition is also accepted. Recommended: MIPS Assembly Language Programming, Robert L. Britton, Additional (not required): The C Programming Language, Kernighan and Ritchie (K&R), 2nd edition C language manual webpage from Stanford University UCSB book store should have them all

6 Course Logistics: Grading Homework Assignments (excluding HW #0): 10% Projects: 20% Quiz 1: 15% Quiz 2: 15% Final: 40% Class Participation: 5% Attendance & discussion in class

7 Course Logistics: Approximate Schedule Approximate schedule on class syllabus 1 hw/project/quiz per week Hw/projects typically due Fridays at 11:00 pm in HFH, 3 rd floor (box labeled ECE15B) Last year lecture viewgraphs will be replaced with newest one on the day of lecture Hw, projects description, i and solutions will be posted on the web (HW#0 already online)

8 Course Logistics: Approximate Schedule Course introduction 1 Overview of computer organization (hw) 1 Arithmetic instructions 1 Data transfer instructions 1 Control flow instructions 1 Logic/shift/overflow 1 Procedures 2 Instruction representation 1 Memory addressing modes 1 Floatingpoint arithmetic 1 Pointers and arrays 1 String, lists, stacks 1 Memory management 2 Compiling, assembling, linking and loading 1 History of computing 1 Final review 1 In class quiz 2

9 Key milestones in semiconductor industry and computer systems 1946 First digital electronic programmable computer by John Mauchy and J.P. Eckert (UPenn), ENIAC (1,800 sq ft, 18,000 vacuum tubes, 50 tones 1954 First silicon transistor by TI 1958 First integrated circuit by Jack Kilby by TI 1971 First (single chip) microprocessor Intel 4004 by Ted Hoff and others, 10 um, 2300 transistors 2006 Intel Core 2 Duo now 45 nm, up to 1 billion transistors

10 Technology and scaling

11 Technology Scaling Road Map (ITRS) Year Feature size (nm) Intg. Capacity (BT)

12 Gordon Moore Intel Cofounder B.S. Cal 1950!

13 Source: Prof. N Cheung, UCB

14 Average price per transistor (source: Intel) Source: Moore s law at Forty, Chapter 7 from Understanding Moore s Law: Four decades of Innovation, Edited by David C. Brock, 2006

15 Source: Prof. N Cheung, UCB

16 Morefun facts about semiconductor industry 30 million can fit on the head of a pin You could fit more than 2,000 across the width of a human hair If car prices had fallen at the same rate as the price of a single transistor has since 1968, a new car today would cost about 1 cent More transistor produced each year than the number of grains of rice globally ll

17 Technology Trends: Uniprocessor Performance (SPECint) 11/780 0) (vs. VAX Sea change in chip design: multiple cores or processors per chip 1.52x/year 1.20x/year 3X Perfor rmance ( 1.25x/year VAX : 1.25x/year 1978 to 1986 RISC + x86: 1.52x/year 1986 to 2002 RISC + x86: ECE 1.20x/year 15B Spring to present

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19 Other computing platforms (why not everything from silicon are microprocessors?) Involves NRE cost Cost = Nonrecurringengineering engineering cost/volume + Production cost Production cost = (1+Defect density * Area/ alpha) alpha, where alpha = 1 to 5

20 Other computing platforms (why not everything microprocessors?) manufacturing cost (at small volumes) μp ASIC performance Market size: Semiconductor industry >$1000B Microprocessor (w. embedded) > $100B For comparison: USA GDP ~ $14000B (24% of worlds total)

21 Other computing platforms (why not everything microprocessors?) manufacturing cost (at small volumes) μp ASIC FPGA GPU performance

22 Layers of Abstractions Software Hardware Application (ex: browser) Compiler Assembler Processor Memory Operating System (Mac OSX) Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors I/O system Instruction Set Architecture Computation is implemented using many layers of abstractions WHY?

23 Layers of Abstraction Software Hardware Application (ex: browser) Operating Compiler System Assembler (Mac OSX) Processor Memory I/O system Datapath & Control Digital Design Circuit Design transistors This class is about this region Instruction Set Architecture Need Many Layers to Handle Complexity

24 Below the Program High level language program (in C) swap (int v[], int k) (int temp; temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; one to many v[k+1] = temp; ) C compiler Assembly language program (for MIPS) swap: sll $2, $5, 2 add $2, $4, $2 lw $15, 0($2) lw $16, 4($2) sw $16, 0($2) sw $15, 4($2) jr $31 one to one Machine (object, binary) code (for MIPS) assembler

25 High Level Language Program (e.g., C) Compiler Assembly Language Program (e.g.,mips) Assembler Machine Language Program (MIPS) Machine Interpretation Hardware Architecture Description (e.g., block diagrams) Architecture Implementation Logic Circuit Description (Circuit Schematic Diagrams) Below the Program temp = v[k]; v[k] = v[k+1]; v[k+1] = temp; lw $t0, 0($2) lw $t1, 4($2) sw $t1, 0($2) sw $t0, 4($2)

26 ECE 15B: So what s in it for me? Learning computer systems froma programmer s point of view What the programmer writes How it is converted to something the computer understands How computer interprets the program What makes programs go slow

27 The Rise of Embedded Computers In millions Intel Atom, ~ 50 M Tran. Population 6.4B in 2004, i.e. ~ 1PC, 2.2 cell phones, and 2.5 televisions for every 8 people on the planet

28 Advantages of Higher Level Languages? Higher level llanguages Allow the programmer to think in a more natural language and for their intended use (Fortran for scientific computation, Cobol for business programming, Lisp for symbol manipulation, Java for web programming, ) Improve programmer productivity more understandable code that is easier to debugandvalidate Improve program maintainability Allow programs to be independent of the computer on which they aredeveloped (compilers and assemblers can translate high level language programs to the binary instructions of any machine) Emergence of optimizing compilers that produce very efficient assembly code optimized for the target machine As a result, very little programming is done today at the assembler level

29 ECE 15B: So what s in it for me? Learn big ideas in computer engineering Principle of abstraction used to build systems as layers 5 classic components of a computer Data can be anything (integers, floating point, characters): program determines what it is Stored program concept: instructions just data Pi Principle i of locality, li exploited via memory hierarchy Greater performance by exploiting parallelism

30 ECE 15B: can also help you Assembly Language g Programming g This is a skill you will pick up as a side effect of understanding big ideas Hardware Design Hardware at the abstract level with only a little bit of physical implementation details to give perspective Understand Language Concept If you know one, you should be able to learn another low level programming language on your own C constructs used in many other higher level programming languages

31 ECE 15B: Does Not Teach A specific c assembler e language 486 instruction set ARM instruction set (i.e. Apple A5 processor with ARM Cortex A9 in ipad2, or iphone) PowerPC instruction set Because technologies change so dramatically Learning the concepts is more important that learning the language Learning abstract ideas is more important that learning the specific features

32 My Own Background... MMT Simulator Features Assembler & Debug Cycle accurate simulation i GUI and Script support Detailed statistics including runtime conflicts Implementation C 35 K lines of code TCL 7 K lines of code Memory latency reduction with fine grain migrating threads in NUMA shared memory multiprocessors (with M. Dorojevets) in: Proc. PDCS 02, Cambridge, MA, Nov. 2002, pp

33 Summary Continued rapid improvement in computing May end up soon but new paradigms and concept will likely inherit a lot from traditional computer implantation, e.g. multi core Hardware/software interface is important layer in the hierarchy to understand how computing is implemented