Optical networking: is the Internet of the future already here?
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1 Optical networking: is the Internet of the future already here? Emilie CAMISARD Renater Optical technologies engineer - Advanced IP Services camisard@renater.fr 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 1
2 Agenda Optical fibre principle Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Optical Equipments A routing technology: GMPLS 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 2
3 Optical fibre principle Services IP Total reflection of light in the core: n core >n cladding Step-Index Fibre glass cladding core Graded-Index Fibre r n 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 3
4 Fibre types Services IP Plastic Optical Fibres (POF): applications in cars, lighting, medicine and LANs. Silica glass fibres: large networks, better propagation => our topic today. Multimode: large core (62.5 µm) to propagate several modes. Used for LANs. Single-mode: small-core fiber (8-9 µm) through which only one mode will propagate. Used for large networks (500m- more than 1000 km). 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 4
5 Pros Weak attenuation Large bandwidth Electromagnetic disturbances immunity Spectral multiplexing Advantages of implementation 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 5
6 Signal losses Absorption: due to silica nature and OH -. Losses: cable curve, junctions, fibre inhomogeneouness. Dispersion: Chromatic: light speed depends on its wavelength. Signal pulse spreads out ( = 1330 nm, t= 3.5 ps/nm/km) Intermodal: propagation duration depends on mode, i.e. the light reflection angle in the fibre. The smaller the angle, the shorter the duration. (for 1 km, between 2 extreme modes: 75 ns) 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 6
7 Attenuations (db/km) Impurity influence (metal ions, OH - ) 10 Rayleigh scattering 5 Infra-red absorption (µm) 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 7
8 Wavelength windows ultraviolet visible infra-red C L bands nm st window 2nd 3rd 4th 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 8
9 Multiplexing techniques TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) Data (kb) a b c a b t (µs) WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) Frequency (Hz) c b a t 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 9
10 Example of TDM: Synchronous End of 80s Digital Hierarchy (SDH) International signal standardization Simplified data extraction Standardized network architecture and management Signals are made of STM frames (Synchronous Transport Module). 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 10
11 STM-1 frame Services IP 125 µs 1 byte (64 kbit/s capacity) 9 lines 261 columns 9 columns VC (Virtual Container) SOH (Section Overhead) 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 11
12 STM-4 frame 125 µs 4x9 bytes 4x361 bytes Services IP RSOH 4 AUG 9 rows AU-Pointers MSOH MSOH: Multiplexing SOH RSOH: Regeneration Section Overhead AU(G): Administrative Unit (Group) 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 12
13 SDH: hierarchical levels Data rate 155 Mb/s 622 Mb/s 2.5 Gb/s 10 Gb/s Frame STM-1 STM-4 STM-16 STM-64 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 13
14 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) Division of optical spectrum in sub-channels. MUX 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 14
15 Two WDM examples CWDM (coarse) Example with nm C-band L-band DWDM (dense) => More than 100 on C and L-bands nm Supervision channel 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 15
16 DWDM grid Services IP Defined by IUT-T G.692 standard, are referenced in function of the absorption stripe of acetylene ( nm). Central frequency (THz) for =100 GHz Central wavelength (nm) /11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 16
17 CWDM (coarse) WWDM (wide) Services IP SIPA DWDM (dense) Wavelengths <16 4 Several tens to more than 100 Channel wideness 20 nm 24.5 nm 0.4 or 0.8 nm Equipments characteristics Applications, span Cost Non-cooled lasers Short distances, <150 km cheap: 30 to 40% less than DWDM Non-cooled lasers 10000Base-LX (802.3ae) 200m-10km in function of the fibre cheap Stabilized laser temperature, importance of reception precision Metro or long haul networks (from 100 to more than 1000 km) expansive 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 17
18 Several means of data transporting ATM cell IP packet SDH WDM Services IP SIPA Solutions with ATM are becoming obsolete. IP+SDH= POS (Packet Over SDH [or SONET in America: Synchronous Optical Network]). Now, optical IP interfaces are on the market. 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 18
19 SDH layer: equipments ADM (Add/Drop Multiplexer): data multiplexing, concatenation and demultiplexing (STM frames building). DXC (Digital Cross-Connect): rearranging data affluent in containers, data mixing. 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 19
20 Optical layer equipments (1/2) OADM : Optical Add & Drop Multiplexer fibre préamp WDM demux WDM mux + VOA booster fibre 5 STM-n Channel termination 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 20
21 Optical layer equipments (2/2) OXC: Optical CrossConnect. Lambda management, regeneration and signal routing. 2 types: Input fibre 1 Input fibre n NxN OXC switch O-E-O : switching via an optical-to-electronic transformation of signals. O-O-O : «photonic» switching. Output fibre1 Output fibre1 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 21
22 O-O-O technologies MEMS:Micro-Electro- Mechanical-Systems: silicium plates with controlled mirrors. Bubble technology: waveguides are filled with liquid. Bubbles refract light in different directions in function of the signal wavelength. Electro-holography: crystals create holograms that can deviate optical signals. 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 22
23 Control plane of optical layers An example: GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching). Protocol suite that permits switching of : Packets and cells STM frames Wavelengths Fibres in using labels that are examined to switch signals in routers. Labels are either numbers or wavelengths. 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 23
24 GMPLS mechanisms Topology discovering Optical constraints Topology DB Constrained Shortest Path First (CSPF) Users constraints Explicit route RSVP signals 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 24
25 Conclusion 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 25
26 Thank you! 23/11/04 ATHENS - Optical networking 26
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