Topic 0b Graphics for Science & Engineering

Transcription

1 Course Instructor Dr. Raymond C. Rumpf Office: A 337 Phone: (915) E Mail: rcrumpf@utep.edu Topic 0b Graphics for Science & Engineering EE 4386/5301 Computational Methods in EE Outline What are good graphics? Typefaces & Fonts Pictures Labels Color Layouts Graphics Software Topic 0b Graphics 2 1

2 What are Good Graphics? Topic 0b Graphics 3 1D Graphics BAD FIGURE! Should not show windows background. Gray background is ugly and not necessary. Topic 0b Graphics 4 2

3 1D Graphics STILL BAD FIGURE! Lines too thin. X axis limits producing white space Y axis scaling is poor Topic 0b Graphics 5 1D Graphics STILL BAD FIGURE! Not enough points along x to get a smooth line. Axes not labeled Topic 0b Graphics 6 3

4 1D Graphics STILL BAD FIGURE! Fonts are too small. Might want a little more space on the y axis Need labels Topic 0b Graphics 7 1D Graphics STILL BAD FIGURE! f(x) label on y axis might look silly rotated Not enough tick marks along axes Topic 0b Graphics 8 4

5 1D Graphics f(x) Angle, STILL BAD FIGURE! Inconsistent number of digits on y axis Topic 0b Graphics 9 1D Graphics f(x) Angle, STILL BAD FIGURE! The two lines cannot be distinguished Topic 0b Graphics 10 5

6 1D Graphics 1.0 Color Figure Color Figure Displayed in b/w 0.5 f(x) Angle, STILL BAD FIGURE! Two lines should be labeled. Red/blue cannot be distinguished when printed in b/w Topic 0b Graphics 11 1D Graphics cos( ) sin( ) Color Figure Color Figure Displayed in b/w f(x) Angle, STILL BAD FIGURE! Legend is covering the data Topic 0b Graphics 12 6

7 1D Graphics Color Figure cos( ) sin( ) Color Figure Displayed in b/w f(x) Angle, STILL BAD FIGURE! Equations and math symbols do not have correct formatting. Topic 0b Graphics 13 1D Graphics Color Figure Color Figure Displayed in b/w GOOD FIGURE! Topic 0b Graphics 14 7

8 1D Graphics Be very careful about copy/pasting your diagrams!! It is easy to lose resolution and produce pixelated images. Topic 0b Graphics cos( ) sin( ) f(x) Angle, Topic 0b Graphics 16 8

9 Full Page Diagrams are Usually BAD Diagrams should be made as small as possible so that they are still easily viewed and understandable cos( ) sin( ) f(x) Angle, (rad) Topic 0b Graphics 17 1D Graphics % CALCULATE DATA phi = linspace(0,2*pi,1000); f1 = cos(phi); f2 = sin(phi); % OPEN FIGURE WINDOW figure('color','w'); % PLOT DATA h = plot(phi,f1,'-b','linewidth',3); hold on; plot(phi,f2,'--r','linewidth',3); hold off; % SET AXIS LIMITS xlim([0 2*pi]); ylim([ ]); % MAKE LINES THICK AND FONTS BIGGER h2 = get(h,'parent'); set(h2,'linewidth',3,'fontsize',18); % SET TICK MARKS L = {'-1.0' '-0.5' '0' '0.5' '1.0'}; set(h2,'xtick',[0:6],'ytick',[-1:0.5:1],'yticklabel',l); % LABEL AXES xlabel('$ \textrm{angle, } \theta $','Interpreter','latex'); ylabel('$ f(x) $','Interpreter','latex'); % ADD LEGEND h = legend('cos(\theta)','sin(\theta)','location','northoutside'); set(h,'linewidth',2); Topic 0b Graphics 18 9

10 2D Graphics BAD FIGURE! Color scale cannot be interpreted. Topic 0b Graphics 19 2D Graphics Solution #1: Print in color Solution #2: Use grayscale coloring Solution #3: Use special colormaps STILL BAD FIGURE! Colorbar not provided. Line still not visible. Still no axis labeling. Topic 0b Graphics 20 10

11 2D Graphics STILL BAD FIGURE! Font size is too small. Line probably too thin. No axis labeling. Topic 0b Graphics 21 2D Graphics STILL BAD FIGURE! Line difficult to see against dark background. Inconsistent number of digits on colorbar. x and y axis labels should be done as math symbols. Topic 0b Graphics 22 11

12 2D Graphics y axis GOOD FIGURE! x axis Topic 0b Graphics 23 Horizontal Vs. Vertical f(x) cos( ) sin( ) Angle, (rad) 1.0 cos( ) sin( ) f(x) Angle, (rad) Unless you have a special reason to do otherwise, horizontal graphics are preferred. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 24 12

13 General Advice for Diagrams Diagrams should always be as small as possible so that they are still easily read and interpreted. Bigger is not better! Ensure diagram is clear, easily read, and easily interpreted. Label everything. Fonts and lines should be thick enough to be easily seen yet not awkwardly large. There should be a comfortable amount of white space separating entities in your diagram without being awkwardly large. Good diagrams take a lot of work to produce. Diagrams should stay within the same margins as the text. Diagrams should not be pixelated. Your diagrams should be of professional quality and publication ready. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 25 Typefaces & Fonts Topic 0b Graphics 26 13

14 Typeface Vs. Fonts Fonts A complete set of characters that share a common weight, width, and style. Typeface A collection of fonts sharing an overall appearance that are designed to be used together. Typeface 1 Typeface 2 Font 1a Font 1b Font 1c Font 1d Font 1e Font 1f Font 2a Font 2b Font 2c Font 2d Font 2e Font 2f Topic 0b Graphics 27 Typefaces Serif Strokes help guide eyes along sentences. Sans Serif No strokes. More pleasing to eye. DISPLAY Large titles. Decorative. Script Implies handwritten and personal. Dingbat Special symbols. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 28 14

15 Serifs Serifs are tails or decorative structures at the ends of the strokes of letters. Serif Fonts Serif Sans Serif Fonts Sans Serif Serifs guide the eyes making text easier to read. Used mostly for body text where many lines must be read. Draws attention. More decorative. May be overwhelming as a title or label font. Simpler and more legible. Better looking when scaled large. Should be your go to style, except for body text. Topic 0b Graphics 29 General Rules Do not use too many typefaces. Use well contrasting colors. LIMIT USE OF DISPLAY FONTS. Make your text easily read and scannable. Use bold headings and focus points to organize. Don t distort typefaces. This includes not using the bold and italics buttons! Topic 0b Graphics Slide 30 15

16 Equations In math equations, only variables are ever to be italicized. Variables that are upper case Greek letters are not capitalized. Incorrect Formatting Correct Formatting Why? cos θ cos cos( ).A Pavg cos cos cos A P avg Variable should be italicized. The function should not be italicized. Parentheses are not correct. Dot products should have a large dot. avg is text and should not be italicized. Use the correct symbol for the operation! ab a b a b a b a b a b Topic 0b Graphics 31 Pictures Topic 0b Graphics 32 16

17 NO PIXELIZATION!!!!!!! Always ensure your graphics have sufficient resolution to avoid pixelization. Topic 0b Graphics 33 Engineer Contrast (1 of 2) Your eyes are drawn to contrast. Topic 0b Graphics 34 17

18 Engineer Contrast (2 of 2) Design the contrast in your pictures to keep attention on what is important. There are other techniques for drawing attention to the object(s) of interest. This is just one and probably not the best. Topic 0b Graphics 35 Labels Topic 0b Graphics 36 18

19 Problem with High Contrast Diagrams Parabolic dish antenna Parabolic dish antenna Neither dark or light lines work well as labels in this picture. Topic 0b Graphics 37 A Solution Dark lines with a light outline are good way to label high contrast diagrams. Parabolic dish antenna Topic 0b Graphics 38 19

20 Color Topic 0b Graphics 39 Theory Colors have an extraordinary ability to influence mood, emotions, and perceptions. They can attract attention and even convey cultural and personal meaning. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 40 20

21 Color Wheels All about mixing light. Used for graphics on a computer screen. All about mixing pigments. Used for printed graphics. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 41 Choosing Colors Monochromatic various shades, tones, or tints of one color. This type of scheme is more subtle and conservative Analogous hues that are side by side on the color wheel. Easy and versatile to use. Complementary opposites on the color wheel. Complementary colors are high contrast and highintensity, but can be difficult to apply in a balanced, harmonious way. Split Complementary any color on the color wheel plus the two that flank its complement. This scheme still has strong visual contrast, but is less jarring than a complementary color combination Triadic any three colors that are evenly spaced on the color wheel. Tetradic/Double Complementary two complementary pairs. This scheme is very eye catching, but may be even harder to apply than one pair of complementary colors, since more colors are more difficult to balance. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 42 21

22 Layouts Topic 0b Graphics 43 Layout Must Convey Meaning Even though the text is not readable (bad), the layout immediately conveys there is a step by step process being conveyed. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 44 22

23 Rule of Thirds Divides a layout into three rows and three columns. Creates visual interest without overcrowding. Either place elements in the boxes or at the locations of the stars. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 45 Graphics Software Topic 0b Graphics 46 23

24 Manipulating Photos & Images Commercial King Adobe Photoshop Open Source King GIMP Topic 0b Graphics Slide 47 Vector Graphics Commercial King Adobe Illustrator Open Source King Inkscape Consider using a vector graphics package to create, edit, or annotate diagrams. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 48 24

25 3D Modeling & Animation Commercial King Engineering CAD SolidWorks Open Source King Engineering CAD FreeCAD Artistic Maya Artistic Blender Topic 0b Graphics Slide 49 Scientific Data Visualization Commercial King MATLAB* Open Source King Octave** * MATLAB does not produce the best quality graphics, but is arguably the best for the ease and number of ways to visualize data. ** Octave is not the best open source scientific visualization package, but it wins here due to being the closest clone of MATLAB. Topic 0b Graphics Slide 50 25

26 Posters, Pamphlets, Etc. Commercial King Adobe InDesign Open Source King Scribus Microsoft Publisher DO NOT EVER USE POWERPOINT FOR POSTERS!!!!!! Topic 0b Graphics Slide 51 Text Documents Commercial King Microsoft Word Open Source King LibreOffice Topic 0b Graphics Slide 52 26