apple Apple Computer, Inc.

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1 apple Basic Skills

2 apple Apple Computer, Ic. This maual ad the software described i it are copyrighted, with all rights reserved. Uder the copyright laws, this maual or the software may ot be copied, i whole or part, without writte coset of Apple, except i the ormal use of the software or to make a backup copy of the software. The same proprietary ad copyright otices must be affixed to ay permitted copies as were affixed to the origial. This exceptio does ot allow copies to be made for others, whether or ot sold, but all of the material purchased (with all backup copies) may be sold, give, or loaed to aother perso. Uder the law, copyig icludes traslatig ito aother laguage or format. You may use the software o ay computer owed by you, but extra copies caot be made for this purpose. The Apple logo is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Ic. Use of the keyboard Apple logo (Optio-Shift-k) for commercial purposes without the prior writte coset of Apple may costitute trademark ifrigemet ad ufair competitio i violatio of federal ad state laws. Apple Computer, Ic., Mariai Aveue Cupertio, CA (408) Apple, the Apple logo, AppleLik, AppleShare, AppleTalk, A/UX, EtherTalk, LaserWriter, LocalTalk, ad Macitosh are trademarks of Apple Computer, Ic., registered i the Uited States ad other coutries. Balloo Help, DocViewer, Fider, ad TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Ic. HyperCard is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Ic., licesed to Claris Corporatio. MacWrite is a registered trademark of Claris Corporatio. Adobe, Adobe Illustrator, ad PostScript are trademarks of Adobe Systems Icorporated, which may be registered i certai jurisdictios. Helvetica, Liotroic, ad Times are registered trademarks of Liotype Compay. Microsoft ad MS-DOS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporatio. NuBus is a trademark of Texas Istrumets. QuarkXPress is a registered trademark of Quark, Ic. Retrospect Remote is a registered trademark of Datz Developmet Corporatio. UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIX System Laboratories, Ic. Simultaeously published i the Uited States ad Caada. Metio of third-party products is for iformatioal purposes oly ad costitutes either a edorsemet or a recommedatio. Apple assumes o resposibility with regard to the performace or use of these products.

3 Cotets Preface: About This Guide / xiii 1 Workig o the Desktop / 1 The Apple Workgroup Server 95 eviromet / 2 Turig the computer o ad off / 2 The Fider ad the desktop / 3 Usig the mouse / 4 Workig with icos / 6 Workig with widows / 7 Makig a widow bigger or smaller / 8 Movig hidde cotets of a widow ito view / 9 Closig a widow / 10 Movig a widow / 11 Workig with meus / 12 Choosig a item from a meu / 13 Usig keyboard shortcuts / 13 Usig the Trash / 14 Workig with programs / 15 Opeig a program / 15 Creatig a documet / 16 Selectig text / 16 Chagig text / 17 Savig your work / 17 Switchig programs / 18 Closig a documet / 18 Quittig a program / 19

4 Makig a copy of a documet / 19 Chagig the ame of a ico / 20 Usig Balloo Help / 20 2 Gettig Started With A/UX / 23 Itroductio to A/UX / 24 Startig A/UX / 24 Loggig i to a accout / 26 Chagig your password / 28 Usig CommadShell / 29 Makig CommadShell active / 30 Switchig betwee CommadShell ad the Fider / 31 Usig the A/UX System Cosole widow / 31 Displayig the A/UX System Cosole widow / 31 Clearig the A/UX System Cosole widow / 32 Closig the A/UX System Cosole widow / 32 How A/UX otifies you of a alert message / 32 Usig CommadShell to moitor errors / 33 Loggig out / 34 Shuttig dow A/UX / 34 3 Usig Files ad Folders / 37 The Fider icos i A/UX / 38 Folder icos / 38 File, program, ad utility icos / 39 File-system icos / 40 Usig files ad folders i the Fider / 41 Creatig ad amig folders / 42 Savig your files i differet locatios / 42 Rearragig icos o the desktop / 43 Fidig a file or a folder / 43 iv Cotets

5 Fidig a item by ame / 44 Fidig a file or folder by characteristics other tha ame / 44 Fidig files ad folders through a two-stage search / 45 Uses of the Fid meu item / 46 Usig a alias / 47 Creatig a alias / 47 Locatig the item to which a alias poits / 48 Movig a item oto the desktop / 48 Gettig iformatio about a file / 48 Lockig a file / 49 Usig the View meu / 50 4 Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes / 51 Workig with disks / 52 Formattig floppy disks for a Macitosh file system / 52 Lockig a floppy disk / 54 Copyig a file from a hard disk to a floppy disk / 54 Restorig a file from a floppy disk to a hard disk / 55 If you have a problem copyig files to a floppy disk / 55 Ejectig a floppy disk / 56 If you have problems ejectig a floppy disk / 56 Workig with tape cassettes / 57 Compatible tapes / 58 Tapes supplied with the server / 58 Isertig tape cassettes / 59 Status lights / 59 The cautio sigal / 60 Removig tape cassettes / 61 Lockig a cassette / 61 Avoidig high humidity / 61 Cleaig the tape-drive heads / 62 Cotets v

6 5 Workig With TextEditor / 63 Itroductio to TextEditor / 64 Startig TextEditor / 65 Creatig a documet / 66 Eterig text / 66 Cuttig ad pastig text / 68 Savig a ew documet / 70 Editig a existig documet / 72 Opeig a file / 72 Opeig read-oly files / 73 Deletig ad rewritig text / 74 Copyig ad pastig betwee documets / 74 Fidig ad chagig text / 76 Fidig text / 76 Replacig text / 78 Formattig ad other features / 79 Formattig text / 80 Shiftig a block of text left or right / 80 Arragig multiple widows / 81 Markig a place i the file / 83 Pritig / 86 Pritig a etire documet / 86 Pritig a selected part of a documet / 87 Quittig TextEditor / 88 6 Pritig From the Desktop / 89 Priter coectios / 90 Choosig a priter / 92 Usig Macitosh pritig techiques / 94 The PritMoitor program / 94 Trasferrig fots to a LaserWriter priter / 95 vi Cotets

7 7 Customizig the Fider Eviromet / 97 Istallig files i the System Folder / 98 Removig files from the System Folder / 99 Specifyig which items you wat opeed at startup / 99 Istallig a item i the Apple meu / 100 Usig fots / 100 Outlie fots ad bitmapped fots / 100 Istallig fots / 101 Removig fots / 101 Settig the time, date, ad alarm / 101 Chagig the time ad date / 102 Settig a time for the Alarm Clock to go off / 103 Turig off the alarm / 104 Adjustig the way the mouse works / 105 Adjustig the way the keyboard works / 106 Character repeat ad layout / 106 Cotrollig the poiter from the keyboard / 108 Settig the alert soud / 108 Chagig the soud ad volume / 109 Istallig a soud / 110 Recordig souds / 110 Removig a soud / 111 Chagig the scree s appearace / 112 Chagig the desktop patter / 112 Adjustig the blikig of a meu item / 113 Adjustig the blikig of the isertio poit / 114 Chagig the items i the Label meu / 114 Chagig the way the cotets of widows appear / 116 Chagig the appearace of icos / 116 Chagig a ico / 117 Assigig a label ad a color to a ico / 118 Chagig the highlight color / 118 Chagig the color of widows / 120 Displayig colors or grays / 121 Cotets vii

8 Adjustig scree brightess / 122 Cofigurig multiple moitors / 122 Turig off the Empty Trash warig / 124 Addig applicatio programs to your system / 125 Appedix Meu Referece / 127 The Fider eviromet / 128 The Apple meu / 128 About This Macitosh... / 128 Desk accessories / 129 The File meu / 129 New Folder / 129 Ope / 129 Prit / 130 Close Widow / 130 Close All / 130 Get Ifo / 130 Sharig... / 131 UNIX Permissios... / 131 Duplicate / 132 Make Alias / 133 Put Away / 133 Fid... / 133 Fid Agai / 134 Page Setup... / 134 Prit Widow... / 134 The Edit meu / 135 Udo / 135 Cut / 135 Copy / 135 Paste / 136 Clear / 136 Select All / 136 Show Clipboard / 136 The View meu / 136 Small Ico / 136 Ico / 137 Name / 137 Size / 138 viii Cotets

9 Kid / 139 Label / 139 Date / 140 The Label meu / 140 The Special meu / 141 Clea Up Widow / 141 Empty Trash... / 141 Eject Disk / 141 Erase Disk... / 142 Restart / 142 Shut Dow / 142 Logout / 142 The Help meu / 142 About Balloo Help... / 143 Show Balloos / 143 Fider Shortcuts / 143 The Applicatio meu / 143 Hide Program / 144 Hide Others / 144 Show All / 144 The TextEditor program / 144 The TextEditor File meu / 144 New... / 145 Ope... / 145 Close / 145 Save / 145 Save as... / 146 Save a Copy... / 146 Revert to Saved / 146 Page Setup... / 146 Prit Selectio / 146 Quit / 146 The TextEditor Edit meu / 147 Udo / 147 Cut / 147 Copy / 147 Paste / 148 Clear / 148 Select All / 148 Show Clipboard / 148 Format... / 148 Cotets ix

10 Alig / 149 Shift Left / 149 Shift Right / 149 The TextEditor Fid meu / 149 Fid... / 149 Fid Same / 149 Fid Selectio / 150 Display Selectio / 150 Replace... / 150 Replace Same / 150 The TextEditor Mark meu / 150 Mark... / 150 Umark... / 150 List of markers / 151 The TextEditor Widow meu / 151 Tile Widows / 151 Stack Widows / 151 List of ope widows / 151 Glossary / 153 Idex / 159 x Cotets

11 Preface About This Guide This guide describes basic features of the operatig-system eviromet for the Apple Workgroup Server 95. The operatig system that the server uses is A/UX, Apple s versio of the UNIX operatig system. A/UX offers excellet performace ad lets you take advatage of both Macitosh ad UNIX capabilities. What you eed to kow Basic Skills is iteded for users who are ufamiliar with the Fider applicatio program ad the desktop eviromet. You do ot eed to be familiar with A/UX to use this guide. This maual presets the skills you eed for usig the Fider i the A/UX eviromet. May of the chapters cotai tutorials to help you lear essetial techiques ad cocepts. More advaced iformatio o usig A/UX Versio to admiister the Apple Workgroup Server 95 is provided i Server Admiistratio With A/UX What this guide cotais Basic Skills cotais the followig chapters: Chapter 1, Workig o the Desktop, teaches you how to tur o your computer ad how to perform basic operatios. Chapter 2, Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1, teaches you how to start up A/UX, log i to a accout, chage your password, log out, ad shut dow A/UX.

12 Chapter 3, Usig Files ad Folders, teaches you how to maeuver withi the A/UX file hierarchy ad work with files ad folders. Chapter 4, Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes, teaches you how to trasfer files ad folders to ad from floppy disks ad tape cassettes. Chapter 5, Workig With TextEditor, itroduces you to the Macitosh-style text editor that comes with A/UX, which allows you to create ad edit text-oly files by usig the Macitosh meus ad a mouse. Chapter 6, Pritig From the Desktop, describes the differet kids of priter coectios you ca use ad the various ways of sedig a file to the priter while you are usig A/UX. Chapter 7, Customizig the Fider Eviromet, describes several adjustmets you ca make to your work eviromet, based o your persoal prefereces. The appedix, Meu Referece, describes the items i the Fider ad TextEditor meus. The glossary cotais defiitios of all A/UX terms itroduced i this guide. Covetios used i this guide Although A/UX liks the UNIX ad Macitosh eviromets, the two eviromets use differet termiology. For example, Macitosh users are familiar with the word folder. This term represets essetially the same thig that UNIX users call a directory. The term folder is particularly meaigful whe you are usig the Macitosh desktop or Fider, because you see items that look like folders. I the UNIX eviromet, however, the term directory is more useful. For that reaso, this guide uses Macitosh termiology whe describig how to work with the desktop, ad UNIX termiology whe describig UNIX operatios. xii Preface

13 The Courier fot Throughout the Apple Workgroup Server 95 mauals, words that appear o the scree or that you must type exactly as show are i the Courier fot. For example, suppose you see this istructio: Type date o the commad lie ad press RETURN. The word date is i the Courier fot to idicate that you must type it. Suppose you the read this explaatio: After you press RETURN, iformatio such as this appears o the scree: Tues Oct 17 17:04:00 PDT 1989 I this case, Courier is used to represet the text that appears o the scree. The Courier fot is used for the ames of commads, domais, files, ad directories. It is also used for the ames of applicatio programs that preset a iterface similar to that preseted by the UNIX operatig system (a character-based iterface), such as the logi program. (The ames of applicatio programs that preset a Macitosh-style iterface, such as the Fider, A/UX Startup, ad Logi programs, appear i the regular text fot.) Italics Whe show i text, commads ofte cotai placeholder words or characters that appear i italics. These placeholders represet parts of a commad for which you substitute differet values whe you actually eter the commad, depedig o what you wat to do with the commad. For example, i the sample commad cat file the word file is a placeholder for the ame of a file you wat to display. If you wated to display the cotets of a file amed Elvis, you would issue the cat commad, typig the word Elvis i place of file. I other words, you would eter cat Elvis Preface xiii

14 Sometimes italic placeholders are used i other cotexts for example, to represet text that appears o the scree or to represet the value of a field i a file. Here is a sample prompt that might appear o your scree: Apple Computer, Ic. (hostame) logi: I this prompt, the word hostame is a placeholder for the ame of the host computer to which you ca log i. O-lie help ad documetatio You ca display iformatio about features of the desktop ad get oscree help i several ways. Balloo Help The Apple Workgroup Server 95 software comes with a feature called Balloo Help, which provides immediate o-scree help whe you eed it. If at ay time you do t uderstad the istructios i this guide or if you see a widow, butto, meu, commad, or ico that you wat to kow more about use Balloo Help to get the help you eed. For istructios o usig Balloo Help, see Chapter 1, Workig o the Desktop. O-lie documetatio The cotets of this guide, ad of most of the other documetatio that comes with the Apple Workgroup Server 95, are provided i electroic form so that you ca display them o your scree. If you prefer usig olie forms of documetatio, you ca use the o-lie utility called Apple DocViewer, which comes with the Apple Workgroup Server 95. The user s guide for Apple DocViewer is itself provided i o-lie form, i the Documetatio folder o your server. The Apple DocViewer Quick Referece Card, packaged with the Apple Workgroup Server 95, explais how to start Apple DocViewer ad display the user s guide. xiv Preface

15 For more iformatio For iformatio about how to set up your system ad ru A/UX for the first time, see Settig Up ad Maagig Your Server, which explais how to set up your server, peripheral devices, ad software, ad discusses strategies for admiisterig your server. For iformatio about usig A/UX to perform advaced admiistratio procedures, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX 3.0.1: Advaced Cocepts ad Procedures. For detailed iformatio o A/UX, see the A/UX 3.0 documetatio suite. Preface xv

16 1 Workig o the Desktop This chapter itroduces the workspace, called the desktop, that appears o your computer scree. Before you read this chapter, you should have set up your server accordig to the istructios i Settig Up ad Maagig Your Server. This chapter covers the followig topics: turig the computer o ad off uderstadig the desktop ad the Fider usig the mouse usig icos, widows, ad meus performig simple desktop fuctios, such as opeig programs ad copyig files If you are already familiar with the fudametals of the Macitosh eviromet, proceed to Chapter 2, Gettig Started With A/UX Chapter 2 discusses desktop features ad activities that relate to the A/UX operatig system.

17 The Apple Workgroup Server 95 eviromet The Apple Workgroup Server 95 operatig system, A/UX 3.0.1, combies two computig eviromets: the UNIX operatig system ad the Macitosh operatig system. A/UX differs from other versios of UNIX because it offers the flexibility ad ease of use of the Macitosh user iterface. Because A/UX lets you use the Macitosh desktop features, you do ot eed to be familiar with the UNIX eviromet to use the capabilities of the Apple Workgroup Server 95. The desktop is displayed by a applicatio called the Fider. The Fider behaves i a slightly differet maer i the A/UX eviromet tha it does i the Macitosh eviromet. Because the Apple Workgroup Server 95 uses the A/UX operatig system, this guide describes the use ad behavior of the Fider specifically i the A/UX eviromet. Turig the computer o ad off Before you start up the computer, you should set up your hardware accordig to the istructios i Settig Up ad Maagig Your Server. To tur o the computer: Press the POWER ON key. The POWER ON key is the key marked with a small triagle. It is at the top of the keyboard, either ear the ceter or i the upper-right corer. Apple ADB Keyboard Apple ADB Exteded Keyboard 2 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

18 The computer starts up ad displays a dialog box that shows you the status of the startup procedure. More detailed iformatio about the startup process is cotaied i the ext chapter. Whe the startup process is fiished, the desktop appears. To tur off your computer, you use the mouse to choose a commad from a meu. If you eed to lear these skills, read the rest of this chapter ad the come back to this sectio to tur off your computer. To tur off the computer: 1 Poit to the Special meu ame i the meu bar. 2 Press ad hold dow the mouse butto. 3 Drag through the items i the meu util the Shut Dow item is highlighted, ad the release the mouse butto. The computer ad the moitor tur off. IMPORTANT If you have Small Computer System Iterface (SCSI) devices, such as hard disks, coected to your computer, tur them off after you tur off the computer. The Fider ad the desktop Whe you start up your system, the desktop appears. The desktop is displayed by the Fider program. This program is always ope, although it eed ot always be the active program (that is, the program curretly beig used). The desktop scree is a field of gray (or aother color) with a meu bar across the top, a ico (small picture) ear the upper-right corer represetig the startup disk, ad a Trash ico ear the lower-right corer. The meu bar cotais the ames of meus, which are lists of actios that you ca perform. You display, or pull dow, a meu by poitig to its ame ad clickig. (The rest of this chapter explais more fully how to use elemets o the desktop.) You might also see widows ope i the gray area. (Widows are described later i this chapter.) The Fider ad the desktop 3

19 The desktop is your workspace o the computer, providig you with a simple way of thikig about usig your computer: Icos represet cotaiers of iformatio. Disks, programs, files, ad so forth are all show as icos. Widows let you view the iformatio i the cotaiers. Whe you ope a ico, a widow appears. Meus provide lists of actios you ca perform o selected icos, widows, or widow cotets. The followig figure shows a sample desktop with icos, widows, ad a meu pulled dow. Chapter 3, Usig Files ad Folders, explais i more detail how to use these features of the desktop. Usig the mouse You use the mouse to cotrol the movemets of a poiter o the scree. Usually, the poiter looks like a arrow. Much of the work you do o the desktop ivolves four mouse actios: poitig, clickig, pressig, ad draggig. 4 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

20 You poit to a object o the scree by movig the mouse so that the poiter is positioed o that object. Whe the poiter is a arrow, the tip of the arrow must be exactly o the object. You click a object o the scree by pressig ad quickly releasig the mouse butto while the poiter is o that object. Whe you click a ico, it becomes highlighted, which meas that it is selected. A selected ico is the object of whatever actio you choose ext. You press by holdig dow the mouse butto without movig the mouse. Do t bear dow o the mouse itself. Pressig the mouse butto while the poiter is positioed o a meu ame or meu ico pulls dow the meu. You drag a object o the scree by poitig to that object ad holdig dow the mouse butto while you move the mouse. Whe you drag a ico, a outlie of the ico follows the poiter o the scree. Whe you release the mouse butto, the ico itself moves. Poit Click Press Drag A very useful mouse operatio is double-clickig. Double-clickig is a commo shortcut for opeig a ico. To double-click, poit to a object ad click twice i rapid successio without movig the mouse. To use the mouse to select more tha oe item at a time, use a SHIFT-click. Hold dow the SHIFT key while clickig a item, ad cotiue to hold the SHIFT key dow while clickig other items. Usig the mouse 5

21 Workig with icos The desktop relies o pictorial represetatios (icos) to show files, disks, meus, optios, or other features. Much of the work you perform o the desktop ivolves icos. Opeig a ico allows you to view its cotets i a widow, uless the ico represets a applicatio program. Whe you ope a program ico, a blak widow opes, ready for use. To ope a ico: 1 Click the ico oce to select it. The ico becomes highlighted to show that it is selected. 2 Poit to the File meu ame i the meu bar. 3 Press the mouse butto to pull dow the File meu. 4 Drag the arrow poiter to the Ope item.(the secod item i the File meu) so that it is highlighted, ad the release the mouse butto. Whe you choose the Ope item, the selected ico opes ito a widow. The ico itself becomes filled i with a patter of dots, idicatig that it has bee opeed. A faster way to ope a ico is by double-clickig it. To double-click a ico, positio the poiter o the ico ad click twice i rapid successio. Whe you ope a ico represetig a file created by a applicatio program, you ope both the file ad the program. 6 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

22 Workig with widows Iformatio o the desktop is displayed i widows. Every widow has several features that help you view the widow s cotets. You ca make the widow bigger or smaller move hidde cotets ito view You ca have several widows ope o the scree, but oly oe widow at a time ca be the active widow. Before you work with the cotets of a widow, you eed to make that widow the active widow. The active widow is the oe with solid lies across the top (the title bar), o either side of its title. Whe widows overlap, the active widow is the oe that s i frot. Click aywhere i a widow to make it the active widow. Title bar Active widow Workig with widows 7

23 Makig a widow larger or smaller You ca chage a widow s size by draggig its size box or by clickig its zoom box. Zoom box Size box To chage a widow s size with the size box: 1 Poit to the size box i the lower-right corer of the active widow. (If you do t have a widow ope, select the hard disk ico ad choose the Ope item from the File meu.) 2 Drag the size box i ay directio, ad the release the mouse butto. A outlie idicates the widow s ew size as you drag. You ca drag i ay directio to make the widow larger or smaller, wider or arrower. To chage a widow s size with the zoom box: 1 Click the zoom box ear the right ed of the title bar. The widow zooms to a size that shows all of its cotets. 2 Click the zoom box agai. The widow zooms back to its previous size. Clickig the zoom box is a quick way to view as much of a widow s cotets as your scree size allows. 8 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

24 Movig hidde cotets of a widow ito view Without chagig the size of the widow, you ca view ay cotets that are curretly out of sight by usig the widow s scroll bars ad scroll arrows. Up arrow Scroll box Vertical scroll bar Dow arrow Left arrow Horizotal scroll bar Right arrow To view the cotets by maipulatig the scroll bars: 1 Ope the System Folder alias ico o your hard disk. 2 Poit to the size box i the lower-right corer of the System Folder widow. 3 Drag the size box diagoally to make the widow smaller (about half its curret size), the release the mouse butto. The bars across the bottom (the horizotal scroll bar) ad alog the right edge (the vertical scroll bar) of the System Folder widow should ow be gray, idicatig that the widow has cotets that you caot see at its curret size. 4 Press the right scroll arrow at the right ed of the horizotal scroll bar. The cotets of the widow scroll past, brigig ito view the icos that had bee out of sight ad to the right. A small white box, called the scroll box, moves to the right across the scroll bar, showig what part of the widow s cotets you re lookig at. 5 Press the left scroll arrow at the left ed of the horizotal scroll bar. The cotets of the widow scroll past, brigig back ito view the icos that had bee out of sight ad to the left. The scroll box moves to the left across the bar, showig what part of the widow s cotets you re lookig at. Workig with widows 9

25 6 Drag the scroll box toward the middle of the horizotal scroll bar, ad the release the mouse butto. Now the icos ear the middle of the widow should be visible. 7 Press the dow scroll arrow at the bottom of the vertical scroll bar. The cotets of the widow scroll past, brigig ito view the icos that had bee out of sight ad toward the bottom. The scroll box moves dow alog the bar. 8 Press the up scroll arrow at the top of the vertical scroll bar. The cotets of the widow scroll past, brigig ito view the icos that had bee out of sight ad toward the top. The scroll box moves up alog the bar. 9 Drag the scroll box toward the middle of the vertical scroll bar, ad the release the mouse butto. Now the icos ear the middle of the widow should be visible. Chagig the size of a widow or movig the cotets of a widow does ot chage its cotets. The cotets remai the same; oly what you see of the cotets chages. Closig a widow Whe you o loger eed to see the cotets of a widow, you ca close it by clickig the close box. Close box 10 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

26 To close a widow: 1 Poit to the close box ear the left ed of the title bar of the active widow. 2 Click the close box. The widow closes, ad its ico is o loger filled i with a patter of dots. You ca also close a widow by choosig the Close Widow item from the File meu. Movig a widow You ca move a widow aywhere o the scree by draggig its title bar. By chagig the positio ad the size of widows, you ca arrage widows i ay way that works best for you. To move a widow: 1 Poit to the title bar of the active widow (aywhere o the title bar except the close box or the zoom box). 2 Drag the title bar i ay directio, ad the release the mouse butto. Whe you drag a widow s title bar, a outlie of the widow follows the poiter o the scree. Whe you release the mouse butto, the widow itself moves to the positio of the outlie. Notice that the active widow stays i frot of other widows if the widows overlap. Workig with widows 11

27 Workig with meus Meus come i two types: pull-dow meus ad pop-up meus. The meus i the meu bar are pull-dow meus, as illustrated i the followig figure. Meu titles. The Help meu Used to display iformatio about items o the scree Meu bar You pull dow meus from here The Edit meu Pulled dow Dimmed commad Not available The Applicatio meu Shows the programs that are curretly ope A selected ico Meu commads affect whatever you ve selected Pop-up meus ofte appear i special widows called dialog boxes, which you use to set optios or prefereces. You ca recogize a pop-up meu by a small, solid, dowward poitig triagle ext to its ame. The ame shows the curret optio or preferece. A pop-up meu is show i the ext figure. Pop-up meu (closed) Clickig the triagle or the meu title displays the meu ad allows you to choose a meu item. 12 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

28 Choosig a item from a meu To choose a item from a meu, poit to the meu ame, press to pull dow or pop up the meu, drag to the item you wat to choose so that it s highlighted, ad the release the mouse butto. Some meu items allow you to display subordiate meus called submeus. A meu item cotaiig a submeu has a small, solid triagle ext to it, poitig to the right. The submeu appears whe you highlight the meu item cotaiig it. To choose a item from a submeu: 1 Poit to the meu ame ad press to pull dow or pop up the meu. 2 Drag to the meu item so that the submeu appears. 3 Drag sideways to the submeu, drag to the submeu item you wat to choose so that it s highlighted, ad the release the mouse butto. Usig keyboard shortcuts Rather tha choosig a item from a meu, you ca ofte use a keyboard shortcut to perform the same fuctio as the meu item. These shortcuts ivolve a combiatio of keypresses ad always ivolve the use of at least oe modifier key, such as the COMMAND (x) key or the OPTION key. Some commo keyboard shortcuts are show i meus to the right of the meu items that they correspod to. The followig table lists popular shortcuts. Usig keyboard shortcuts 13

29 Keypress Actio x N x O x W x D Creates a ew folder or i some programs, this shortcut creates a ew documet. Opes the selected item. Closes the selected item. Duplicates the selected item. Arrow key Selects the ext item i the directio of the arrow (up, dow, left, or right ). TAB key Character key (A, B, C ) x DOWN ARROW x OPTION DOWN ARROW x UP ARROW x OPTION UP ARROW x OPTION O RETURN or ENTER Selects the ext item alphabetically (except i the Chooser). Selects the first item whose ame begis with the that character (or the character followig closest to it i the alphabet) Opes the selected ico. Opes the selected ico ad closes the curret folder. Opes the folder that cotais the curret folder. Opes the folder that cotais the curret folder, ad closes the curret folder. Opes the selected folder ad closes the curret folder. I the Fider: Selects the selected ico s ame for editig, or saves the edited ame. I a dialog box: Has the same effect as clickig the butto with the bold outlie aroud it.. Usig the Trash Whe you o loger eed or wat a file or folder, you throw it away by draggig its ico to the Trash (a ico of a trash ca i the lower-right corer of the desktop). Whe you put a file or folder i the Trash, the Trash ico bulges to idicate that it is o loger empty. At this poit, you ca ope the Trash (by double-clickig its ico or by selectig it ad choosig the Ope commad from the File meu) ad examie its cotets. Whe you wat to permaetly remove the cotets of the Trash, choose Empty Trash from the Special meu. The Trash ico o loger bulges, idicatig that it is empty. Oce you empty the Trash, the items are permaetly removed from your system. Util you choose Empty Trash, you do ot free ay space o your hard disk. 14 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

30 Workig with programs This sectio provides geeral iformatio about workig with programs. For specific iformatio about a particular program, see the mauals that came with the program. To practice usig a program to create a documet ad save your work, you ca use TextEditor, a simple word-processig program that comes with your computer. Opeig a program The easiest way to ope a program is by double-clickig its ico. Positio the poiter o the program s ico ad the press ad release the mouse butto twice i quick successio without movig the mouse. You ca also ope a program by usig the File meu. For example, you would follow these steps to ope the TextEditor program: 1 Click the program ico oce to select it. 2 Poit to the File meu ame i the meu bar. 3 Press to pull dow the File meu. 4 Drag to the Ope item (the secod item i the File meu) so that it is highlighted, ad the release the mouse butto. Whe you choose the Ope commad, the selected ico opes ito a widow. The ico itself becomes filled i with a patter of dots, idicatig that it has bee opeed. Whe you ope the TextEditor program, the followig evets occur: A utitled widow opes. The TextEditor meu ames appear i the meu bar. The Applicatio meu ico at the right ed of the meu bar becomes the TextEditor ico. Workig with programs 15

31 Creatig a documet The utitled TextEditor widow you just opeed is like a blak sheet of paper, a documet waitig to be created. I the upper-left corer of the empty documet is a blikig vertical lie. The lie is called the isertio poit because it marks the place where the text you type will be iserted. As you type text, you ca use the mouse to move the isertio poit to ay place i your documet. Selectig text You ca select text i your documet i several ways. You ca select a sigle word by double-clickig it. To select a block of text: 1 Move the poiter over the text. Notice that the poiter chages shape from a arrow to a I-beam. 2 Positio the I-beam just to the left of the first word of the text you wat to select. 3 Press ad hold dow the mouse butto, ad drag across the text util all the text you wat is highlighted. 4 Release the mouse butto. The selected text remais highlighted. With this text selected, you ca modify it i ay way you like. With the mouse butto dow, drag from here to here. 16 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

32 Chagig text Whe you are creatig or modifyig a documet, you ca delete, duplicate, or move text i your documet ad betwee several documets. To do this, you use the Cut., Copy, ad Paste commads i the Edit meu To delete text, select the text ad choose Cut from the Edit meu or press COMMAND-X. To duplicate text, select the text ad choose Copy from the Edit meu or press COMMAND-C. Oce you have cut or copied text, it is stored o the Clipboard a temporary locatio i memory ad you ca place it i other parts of your documet or i other documets. To move text, first cut or copy the desired text ad the place the isertio poit where you wat the text to be added (that is, move the I-beam to the ew locatio ad click). The choose Paste from the Edit meu or press COMMAND-V. Chapter 5, Workig With TextEditor, discusses these operatios i detail ad provides examples. Savig your work Util you save your work, it exists oly o the scree ad i the computer s temporary memory. Uless you tell the computer that you wat to save your chages, they are lost whe you tur off your computer or quit the program. To save your work: Choose Save from the File meu, or press COMMAND-S. If you have ot already amed the file i which to save your work, a directory dialog box appears, askig you for a ame for your file. Eter a ame ad click Save. A directory dialog box allows you to view cotets of disks ad folders so that you ca save a documet i a particular folder or disk, or ope a documet that s i a particular folder or disk. A directory dialog box appears whe you choose Save for the first time or wheever you choose Save As or Ope from a program s File meu. Workig with programs 17

33 Switchig programs You ca have several programs ope at oe time. The umber of programs depeds o how much memory your computer has. However, oly oe program at a time ca be the active program the active program is the oe whose widow is i frot of the other ope program widows. For example, whe you ope TextEditor, that program is the active program ad the TextEditor widow is the active widow. But TextEditor is ot the oly program ruig. The Fider (the program that displays the desktop) is also ope, but right ow it is ot active. Use either of these methods to switch betwee programs that are ope: Click aywhere i a widow to make it the active widow ad its program the active program. Choose the ame of the program from the Applicatio meu. The Applicatio meu lists all of the programs that are curretly ruig ad allows you to switch betwee them. This meu is located i the right corer of the meu bar. Closig a documet Whe you close a documet, you do ot close the program that you used to create it. (Closig a program is called quittig.) The program remais ope ad remais the active program util you quit the program or make aother program the active program. To close a documet: 1 Make the documet s widow active by clickig aywhere i the widow. 2 Click the widow s close box (ear the left ed of the title bar) or choose Close from the File meu. Respod to ay messages that appear by clickig the appropriate buttos. 18 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

34 Quittig a program Quittig a program closes the program as well as ay documets you may have ope that were created with that program. Quittig a program is ot the same as closig a documet. Closig a documet leaves the program ope ad active. To quit a program: 1 Esure that the program is the active program. Click i a widow belogig to the program, or, if o such widows are ope, choose the program from the Applicatio meu. 2 Choose Quit from the File meu, or press COMMAND-Q. Respod to ay messages that appear by clickig the appropriate buttos. Makig a copy of a documet It is ofte coveiet to make a copy of a documet so you ca preserve the origial while makig chages to the copy. You ca copy a documet while usig the Fider, without havig to ope the program that created it. To copy a documet: 1 Click the documet s ico to select it. 2 Choose Duplicate from the File meu, or press COMMAND-D. Makig a copy of a documet 19

35 Chagig the ame of a ico You ca chage the ame of a ico to aythig you like. A ico ame ca cotai ay combiatio of characters icludig spaces, uppercase ad lowercase letters, ad umbers except the colo (:) character. Whe you ope a reamed ico, the ew ame appears as the title of the widow. To reame a ico: 1 Click the ame (ot the ico itself) that you wat to chage. Whe the ame is selected, it is highlighted ad a box appears aroud it. The arrow poiter becomes a I-beam poiter. 2 To replace the etire ame, simply type the ew ame. To chage part of the ame, use the I-beam poiter to select the characters you wat to chage, ad the type your chages. The text that you type replaces the selected text. Usig Balloo Help The Apple Workgroup Server 95 comes with a o-scree help system called Balloo Help. You ca display Balloo Help iformatio ay time you do t uderstad the istructios i this guide or if you see a widow, butto, meu, meu item, or ico that you wat to kow more about. To use Balloo Help: 1 Choose Show Balloos from the Help meu. 20 Chapter 1 / Workig o the Desktop

36 2 Positio the poiter over the item you wat to kow more about. A balloo appears with a explaatio of that item. You ca tur off Balloo Help at ay time by choosig Hide Balloos from the Help meu. Usig Balloo Help 21

37 2 Gettig Started With A/UX This chapter itroduces A/UX ad covers the followig topics: startig a work sessio loggig i to A/UX chagig your password workig i a commad-lie eviromet with the CommadShell applicatio viewig alert ad error messages i the A/UX System Cosole widow loggig out of A/UX shuttig dow A/UX

38 Itroductio to A/UX A/UX, the operatig system for the Apple Workgroup Server 95, jois two systems that have differet histories ad differet styles of operatio. They are the UNIX operatig system ad the Macitosh Operatig System. I practical terms, this meas that with A/UX you use the UNIX operatig system through the Macitosh user iterface. You use Macitosh icos ad mouse operatios to maipulate the commads ad utilities that give UNIX its flexibility ad power. While you are ruig A/UX, the Fider allows you to ope files ad folders, close them, copy them, ad move them, ad to perform a variety of other fuctios as well. You ca use the Fider to maipulate files ad folders. This is true whether they are stored i a UNIX file system or i a Macitosh file system. Startig A/UX Whe you press the POWER ON key to start up the computer, the A/UX Startup program begis to ru A/UX. A series of screes appear, each scree cotaiig a progress bar to iform you of the progress of the startup sequece. Oe of these screes is show here. The A/UX Startup program checks the coditio of the UNIX file systems each time you start A/UX ad fixes problems idetified durig the check. For example, problems ca be caused if the system was shut dow improperly the last time it was used. This check ca last for several miutes. Note: While the A/UX Startup program is startig A/UX, the scree might flicker or eve become blak for a momet. However, the progress bar should reappear quickly ad the process should cotiue. 24 Chapter 2 / Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1

39 While A/UX is startig, a Cacel butto appears at the right ed of the progress bar. You ca halt the Startup program by clickig the Cacel butto. The Cacel butto chages to a Messages butto after a few secods. If you click the Messages butto, a small widow appears that displays status messages describig the progress of the startup process. IMPORTANT A/UX might display advisory messages durig the startup sequece. I some cases, you must supply iformatio i respose to the message. If this happes, a alert box appears ad tells you that there is a message for you. Whe you click the OK butto i the alert box, the A/UX System Cosole widow opes. I this widow, you ca see the messages ad eter ay iformatio that the program requests. For further iformatio o the A/UX System Cosole widow, see Usig the A/UX System Cosole Widow later i this chapter ad Server Admiistratio With A/UX By default, the Apple Workgroup Server 95 starts up i the Fider eviromet for the root accout. (See the ext sectio, Loggig I to a Accout, to lear how to chage the default.) The Fider eviromet that appears after startup cotais several importat elemets. The file hierarchy ico, labeled with a slash (/) character, represets the disk area for file systems ad importat applicatios. The MacPartitio ico represets the A/UX Startup program ad importat startup files. If you log i to a user accout, the system also displays a folder that allows you to quickly access your home directory. File hierarchy ico MacPartitio ico Home directory folder Startig A/UX 25

40 Loggig i to a accout Whe it is shipped, the Apple Workgroup Server 95 is set up so that you do ot eed to log i to A/UX. Whe the server starts up, you are automatically placed i the Fider eviromet for the accout whose ame is foud i the Autologi file. The Autologi file ca cotai o more tha oe etry. By default, this etry is root. This etry tells the system to automatically log you i to the root accout at startup. You ca chage the accout ame i this file to the ame of aother accout if you prefer the system to log you ito aother accout at startup. You ca also require users to log i to the system by deletig the etry i the Autologi file, leavig the file empty. (For iformatio about editig text files such as the Autologi file, see Chapter 5, Workig With TextEditor. ) The Autologi file is located i the Prefereces folder of the Logi System Folder. (The Logi System Folder is foud i the sys folder of the mac folder o the hard disk labeled with a slash.) As shipped, A/UX cotais a Guest accout, to which ayoe ca log i, ad a start accout, that is used for tutorial purposes. I additio, your system admiistrator may have created a user accout that is meat for your persoal use. The start accout ad the Guest accout ca be used by several users, although your system admiistrator may require use of a password for loggig i to those accouts i order to limit the umber of people who have access to them. As shipped, the password for the start accout is my.password ad the guest accout has o password. (For iformatio o creatig accouts, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX ) If your system is cofigured for loggig i, the Logi dialog box, show i the followig figure, appears as soo as A/UX Startup has started A/UX. You ca log i wheever the Logi dialog box is o the scree. 26 Chapter 2 / Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1

41 To log i to a accout: 1 Click the Registered User butto i the Logi dialog box, uless it is already selected. 2 Type your logi ame i the Name text box. If you are loggig i to the root accout, type root. If you are loggig i to a user accout, type the logi ame. Remember to eter the logi ame exactly as specified, usig lowercase letters uless uppercase letters are idicated. 3 Press RETURN. The text isertio poit moves to the Password text box. You ca also move the isertio poit by pressig the TAB key or by clickig i the Password text box. Each user accout has its ow password to esure system security. (For iformatio o chagig your accout password, see Chagig Your Password later i this chapter.) If your user accout was created without a password, you may be asked to assig your ow password by typig it i the space provided. 4 Type your password i the Password text box. A gray rectagle expads through the Password text box as you eter each character. The characters are hidde from view to prevet others from readig your password. IMPORTANT Like UNIX, A/UX is case sesitive that is, it distiguishes betwee uppercase ad lowercase letters. Therefore, if your password cosists of all lowercase letters, the system wo t recogize it if you type it with ay uppercase letters. Loggig i to a accout 27

42 5 Click the Logi butto or press RETURN. If you make a mistake while typig your logi ame or password, doubleclick the Name or Password text box to select the text; the press the DELETE key. Type the logi ame or password agai, ad click Logi or press RETURN. If the password ad the logi ame are correct, the system logs you i ad the desktop appears after a few momets. Chagig your password If your system is set up for loggig i, you ca chage your password. Use a password that you ca remember without writig it dow. Do t use a password that is easy to deduce, such as your ame spelled backward, your computer logi ame i uppercase letters, or the ame of a family member. You should chage your password from time to time for additioal security. To chage your password: 1 Display the Logi dialog box. If you are already logged i, choose Logout from the Fider s Special meu to display the Logi dialog box. 2 Choose Chage Password from the Optios meu. The Chage Password dialog box appears. 28 Chapter 2 / Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1

43 This dialog box lists the special restrictios that apply to the characters you ca use i a password. If your system admiistrator overrides these requiremets, a descriptio of them does ot appear i the dialog box. 3 Eter your logi ame. 4 Eter your old password. 5 Eter your ew password. Aother dialog box appears, askig you to cofirm your ew password. 6 Eter your ew password agai. The Logi dialog box reappears with the Name ad Password text boxes filled i. You ca use the Optios meu agai before completig the logi process, if ecessary. 7 Click the Logi butto i the Logi dialog box. The system logs you i to A/UX, ad your ew password takes effect. You must eter it the ext time you log i. Usig CommadShell CommadShell is a program that allows you to display oe or more widows i which you ca commuicate with A/UX by eterig commads o a commad lie, as is traditioally doe o most UNIX systems. Whe you use CommadShell, you commuicate with A/UX through a utility call a shell. Like the Fider, a shell establishes a iterface betwee you ad the operatig system. It accepts the commads that you eter ad passes them o to the operatig system, which executes them. It also displays the operatig system s resposes. There are several stadard shells, each of which iterprets your commads ad the operatig system s resposes somewhat differetly tha the others. For more iformatio o CommadShell, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Usig CommadShell 29

44 Makig CommadShell active Before you start CommadShell, the Fider should be the active program. (Its meu bar should appear at the top of the scree.) To make CommadShell active: Choose CommadShell from the Applicatio meu, which is at the right side of the meu bar. A widow labeled CommadShell 1 appears ad becomes the active widow. Whe the CommadShell widow becomes active, the CommadShell meu bar appears. It cotais commads that allow you to maipulate the CommadShell widows ad their cotets. 30 Chapter 2 / Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1

45 Switchig betwee CommadShell ad the Fider You ca retur to the Fider by clickig o ay portio of a Fider widow or by choosig Fider from the Applicatio meu. Whe you make the Fider the active applicatio i this maer, CommadShell remais ope. You ca make CommadShell active agai by clickig o ay portio of a CommadShell widow or by choosig CommadShell from the Applicatio meu. IMPORTANT The folder that you are usig i the Fider does ot determie the directory i which your CommadShell widows are workig. Usig the A/UX System Cosole widow Whe you are workig i the A/UX eviromet, the system may geerate messages regardig its status. I a traditioal UNIX eviromet, these messages appear o a cosole termial. Typically, the system admiistrator moitors these messages, which alert the admiistrator to take actio to avert or remedy a problem. I A/UX, the system messages appear i the A/UX System Cosole widow, a CommadShell widow that you display by choosig its ame from the Widow meu whe CommadShell is active. Displayig the A/UX System Cosole widow To view the cotets of the A/UX System Cosole widow: 1 Choose CommadShell from the Applicatio meu. A CommadShell widow becomes active ad the CommadShell meu items become available. 2 Choose A/UX System Cosole from the Widows meu, or press OMMAND-0 C (that is, the umber zero). The A/UX System Cosole widow opes. For iformatio o the messages that may appear i the widow, or for iformatio o how to respod to a request for iformatio, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Usig the A/UX System Cosole widow 31

46 Clearig the A/UX System Cosole widow You should clear the messages from the A/UX System Cosole widow periodically so that you ca tell whe ew messages appear. To clear the A/UX System Cosole widow: Choose Clear Lies Off Top from the Commads meu. All the iformatio i the widow disappears. Closig the A/UX System Cosole widow You use the close box to close the A/UX System Cosole widow, just as you would to close ay other widow. Note that whe you close the A/UX System Cosole widow, oe of the iformatio i the widow is lost. Closig the System Cosole widow is equivalet to hidig it. How A/UX otifies you of a alert message If A/UX eeds to brig a alert message to your attetio, a ico flashes i the meu bar ad a alert box appears. If CommadShell is ot the active program, a diamod-shaped symbol also appears alogside the CommadShell item i the Applicatio meu. Choose this item to activate CommadShell; the choose A/UX System Cosole from the Widows meu to display the alert message. You ca chage this default behavior to suppress the alert box, the flashig meu-bar ico, or both. To chage how A/UX otifies you of a alert message: 1 I CommadShell, choose Notificatio Levels from the Prefereces meu. A dialog box like this oe appears. 32 Chapter 2 / Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1

47 2 Click the appropriate buttos ad the click OK. Usig CommadShell to moitor errors If you are usig your Apple Workgroup Server 95 as a AppleShare server, the reportig of may system problems is more comprehesive. By storig system messages i a scrollig widow available o the server oly, A/UX preserves system errors for future referece. A example of a system message is the message that a disk is full. Such a message would be geerated after each failed attempt to place data o a server volume by ay cliet aywhere o the etwork. As i ay other type of AppleShare server cofiguratio, the cliet would also receive a alert box i the evet of a disk-full error. The system admiistrator receives the added value of beig directly iformed of such errors at the server locatio because the A/UX System Cosole widow is updated with a correspodig but brief A/UX error message. The previous sectio tells you how to display these messages. For more detailed iformatio o CommadShell, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX IMPORTANT The error otificatio feature will be disabled if you quit CommadShell. The program must be ruig i order for error messages to be properly routed to the System Cosole widow. To leave CommadShell ruig while you use the desktop for other work, choose Hide CommadShell from the Applicatio meu. Do ot choose the Quit commad. Usig CommadShell to moitor errors 33

48 Loggig out Loggig out is a simple way of edig your work sessio o the Apple Workgroup Server 95 without shuttig dow the computer. Loggig out allows you to leave the server i a secure state requirig the ext user to log i. If you have deleted the accout ame from the Autologi file, the Logi dialog box will appear whe you log out. If you have ot deleted the etry i the Autologi file, you are immediately logged back i to the system. Settig up your system this way provides a coveiet way to restart the Fider without shuttig dow A/UX. To log out of your accout: 1 Choose Fider from the Applicatio meu to be sure that the Fider is the active program. The Applicatio meu appears whe you click the ico at the right ed of the meu bar. 2 Choose Logout from the Special meu. The system remids you to save all your usaved work. After you log out, the Logi dialog box reappears, idicatig that you have logged out successfully. The computer remais o ad A/UX is still ruig. Note: If you are usig AppleShare Pro, loggig out cacels your active programs. Shuttig dow A/UX Sometimes you eed to shut dow the server to do system maiteace, such as addig peripheral devices or repairig a file system. You must have root privileges to shut dow the computer. WARNING Do t maually tur off the computer while A/UX is ruig. Doig so may corrupt the file system ad cause loss of data. Always use the correct shutdow proceduire to tur off the computer. 34 Chapter 2 / Gettig Started With A/UX 3.0.1

49 To shut dow A/UX: 1 With either the Logi dialog box or the desktop displayed, choose Shut Dow from the Special meu. If you wat to shut dow ad start up agai immediately, choose Restart istead of Shut Dow. The Restart dialog box appears. If you are ot logged i to the root accout, you will be prompted for the password for that accout. If you are the sole user of your system, the system shuts dow. If other users are usig your server, the Shut Dow dialog box appears. 2 If others are usig the system or its services, type a warig message i the text box of the dialog box. Your message will be set to other users to war them that the system is shuttig dow. 3 Type a umber specifyig the delay, i miutes, betwee the time the message is trasmitted ad the time at which the other users must fiish loggig out. Give the other users a reasoable amout of time to save their work ad to log out. 4 Click the Shut Dow butto. After the delay you have specified, the system shuts dow. (If you are workig i the Restart dialog box, click the Restart butto; after the specified delay, the system restarts.) Shuttig dow A/UX 35

50 3 Usig Files ad Folders This chapter helps you work with the files ad folders o your Apple Workgroup Server 95. It itroduces you to the various icos that appear o the Fider desktop ad the tells you how to create, ame, ad save files ad folders orgaize files o the desktop search for files work with aliases obtai special iformatio about a file, such as whe it was created ad whether it is locked cotrol the way files are listed i a widow

51 The Fider icos i A/UX This sectio idetifies the various objects that appear o the desktop whe you use the Fider i the A/UX eviromet ad explais how you use them. The A/UX operatig system cotais may files, folders, ad applicatio programs, each of which is represeted by a ico i the Fider. Folder icos This sectio illustrates the differet folder icos that may appear i the desktop eviromet. Folder A ico that resembles either of these two icos represets a folder for which you have read permissio that is, the ability to ope the folder ad see what files or folders are i it. You may or may ot have write permissio for the folder that is, the ability to add, reame, or remove items. A marked tab like the oe o the folder labeled start.bak idicates that you ow the folder, which meas that you created it or that owership has bee trasferred to you. Locked folder This ico idicates that you caot ope this folder, or ca you chage ay of its cotets. Drop box This ico represets a folder for which you have write permissio oly. You caot ope the folder or read the files i the folder, but you ca place files i it. Active System Folder This ico represets the System Folder that the system is curretly usig. 38 Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

52 File, program, ad utility icos Home directory folder This ico represets the alias of your home directory folder. If you are i a accout other tha root, this ico appears automatically at the right edge of the desktop. The ame of the folder is ormally your logi ame ad the word alias. (Aliases are discussed later i this chapter.) The followig icos represet various kids of files i A/UX. They iclude files that are commads, scripts, programs, ad text documets. A/UX text files A ico that resembles oe of those show here represets a text file for which you have read permissio (top) or oe for which you do ot have read permissio (bottom). Whe you double-click a ico that resembles the ico labeled passwd, the file opes, alog with the default text editor. You caot ope a file represeted by a ico like the oe labeled joh, because you do ot have read permissio. Biary data file This ico represets a file that is ot a text file; it cotais code that ca be read oly by the computer or by a program. You ca either read or execute this file. A/UX commad This ico represets a UNIX commad. UNIX commads are described i Server Admiistratio With A/UX The Fider icos i A/UX 39

53 Shell script This ico represets a shell script, ofte called simply a script. A script is a executable text file that cotais a series of commads for the computer to carry out. May scripts are created by system admiistrators ad by users o site ad are ot a itegral part of the A/UX operatig system. Note the similarity betwee this ico ad the A/UX commad ico show earlier. For iformatio o creatig scripts, see A/UX Shells ad Shell Programmig, available with the A/UX 3.0 documetatio suite. Executable file (without read permissio) This ico represets a applicatio program that you ca ru, but for which you do ot have read permissio. May programs (such as those supplied by other maufacturers) are represeted by custom-desiged icos, which appear i place of this ico. HyperCard program ico This ico is a example of a Macitosh program (the HyperCard program). O A/UX, you ca start a Macitosh program such as HyperCard by double-clickig the ico. File-system icos This sectio describes icos that represet UNIX ad Macitosh file systems. Server Admiistratio With A/UX discusses UNIX file systems i more detail. UNIX file system (or / folder) ico This ico represets the root level of the UNIX file system. For a discussio of the traditioal represetatio of the UNIX file system as a iverted tree, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

54 Macitosh file system This ico represets a partitio or a hard disk that cotais a Macitosh file system. Macitosh floppy disk This ico represets a floppy disk formatted with the Macitosh file system. The system does ot display a ico for a floppy disk that is formatted with a UNIX file system or that cotais UNIX data. You have access to such a floppy disk oly by eterig UNIX commads i CommadShell. For more iformatio o UNIX commads ad CommadShell, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Usig files ad folders i the Fider I traditioal UNIX termiology, the term directory is used for the object that is called a folder i the Macitosh eviromet. Cosequetly, i traditioal UNIX terms, a file system cotais directories, which, i tur, ca cotai files ad other directories. The UNIX file systems supported by A/UX follow the same structural paradigm. Although people workig i the CommadShell eviromet fid it useful to thik i traditioal UNIX terms, ad refer to directories rather tha folders, those who are usig the Fider prefer to thik i terms of folder ad file icos. Because the Fider is discussed i this sectio, the term folder is used cosistetly here. The Fider has a few rules ad limitatios. Whe you ame or reame files ad folders, observe the followig restrictios: Names ca cotai o more tha 31 characters. Names caot cotai colos (:). I the Fider, colos idicate the ext item i a pathame. If you try to use a colo, the Fider coverts it to a hyphe. Usig files ad folders i the Fider 41

55 Creatig ad amig folders Most programs let you create ad ame a ew folder i the directory dialog box that appears whe you first save a documet or whe you choose Save As from the File meu. To create ad ame a ew folder whe the Fider is active: 1 Choose New Folder from the File meu. A ew folder ico amed utitled folder appears i the active widow (or o the desktop if o widow is active). The ame is already selected. 2 Type a ame for the folder ad press RETURN. You ope, move, copy, ad remove folder icos i the same way that you do ay other icos. Savig your files i differet locatios The first time you save a documet that you re creatig with a applicatio program, a directory dialog box appears. You use the directory dialog box to ame your documet ad specify where to store it. Directory dialog boxes vary slightly from program to program, but every directory dialog box has certai commo features. Pop-up meu for movig upward i the file levels. The curret directory is show. Directory list Double-click a folder ico or disk ico to ope it ad view its directory. Name of the curret hard disk or floppy disk Use this butto to move to the desktop level ad chage the curret disk. Text box for amig a file or chagig its ame 42 Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

56 The dialog box always cotais a pop-up meu that allows you to view the directory path for the file ad determie where to store the file. The pop-up meu has a small, solid triagle, poitig dow, ext to its ame. The meu ame idicates the folder i which to save the file. I the precedig figure, the folder is Status Reports. You ca chage folders by selectig a folder from the list below the pop-up meu or by choosig a differet folder from the pop-up meu. Rearragig icos o the desktop Choose the Clea Up item from the Special meu to straighte up the icos i the active widow or o the desktop. (The wordig of the Clea Up item chages depedig o which icos are active or selected.) To arrage icos alphabetically by ame or accordig to the list view displayed most recetly i that widow, hold dow the OPTION key while choosig Clea Up Widow. Holdig dow the OPTION key also moves the icos toward the upper-left portio of the widow. Whe the item is Clea Up All, you ca lie up all of the icos ear the right edge of the scree by holdig dow the OPTION key while choosig Clea Up All. If oe or more icos are selected, holdig dow the SHIFT key while choosig the Clea Up item rearrages the selected items oly. Fidig a file or a folder Whe the Fider is the active program, you ca use the Fid item i the File meu to fid a file or folder o ay disk whose ico is o the desktop. (The Fid item caot locate files iside the System file, such as fots ad souds. You must ope the System file to see its cotets.) Fidig a file or folder 43

57 Fidig a item by ame To fid a file or folder by ame: 1 Choose Fid from the File meu, or press COMMAND-F. A Fid dialog box appears. 2 I the text box, type the ame (or part of the ame) of the file or folder you wat to fid. It does t matter whether you type uppercase or lowercase letters, as log as the letters that you type are i the ame of the item you re lookig for. 3 Click the Fid butto. The first item that matches the ame (or partial ame) that you typed appears, highlighted, i a Fider widow. If o match is foud, your computer emits a the alert soud. 4 To see the ext matchig item, choose Fid Agai from the File meu, or press COMMAND-G. If o more matches are foud, your computer emits a alert soud. Fidig a file or folder by characteristics other tha ame You ca use the Fid commad to fid a file or a folder by searchig for its size, its label, the date it was created or modified, or other characteristics. To Fid a item by a feature other tha ame: 1 Choose Fid from the File meu. A Fid dialog box appears. 2 Click the More Choices butto. The dialog box that appears lets you set differet search characteristics through pop-up meus; together, these characteristics form a search order. The cotets of the middle pop-up meu ad the text area vary accordig to the item selected i the left pop-up meu. 3 Press the pop-up meu o the left to ope it, drag to choose a item, ad the release the mouse butto. 4 Press the pop-up meu i the middle to ope it, drag to choose a item, ad the release the mouse butto. 5 Adjust the date, choose a item, or type text i the upper-right area of the dialog box. 44 Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

58 6 Choose a search locatio from the pop-up meu labeled Search. You ca choose to search all disks, a specific disk, or the active Fider widow. 7 If you wat all foud items displayed at oce, click the checkbox labeled all at oce so that a X appears. 8 Click the Fid butto whe you have fiished settig your search characteristics. The first item that matches your search characteristics is show highlighted i a Fider widow. To see the ext item foud, choose Fid Agai from the File meu (or press COMMAND-G). Whe the items foud are displayed all at oce, they are show highlighted i oe or more Fider widows. Fidig files ad folders through a two-stage search You ca use two sets of characteristics ad locate the files ad folders that meet both sets of characteristics. To fid items matchig two search requiremets: 1 Choose the first set of characteristics that you wat to search for. 2 Click the all at oce checkbox so that a X appears. Whe this optio is selected, the items that are foud will be displayed (highlighted) i a list. 3 Click the Fid butto. The items foud are show highlighted i a Fider widow. 4 Choose Fid from the File meu agai, before you click or take ay other actio. You choose Fid before takig ay other actio so that the items located i the first stage of the search remai highlighted. 5 Choose the secod set of characteristics that you wat to search for. 6 Choose the selected items i the Search pop-up meu. 7 Click Fid to begi the secod stage of your search. The search is limited to the items foud i the first stage, ad oly those matchig both sets of characteristics are highlighted. Fidig a file or folder 45

59 Uses of the Fid meu item The Fid meu item ca help you locate files quickly, orgaize large quatities of documets, ad develop a efficiet system for backig up ad archivig your work. The followig table shows examples of how you might use the Fid meu item. Search characteristic Name Kid Size Label Lock Modificatio date Creatio date What ca be located Files whose ames you ca t recall exactly. All files ad folders for which you use a stadard ame, such as status reports or expese reports. Files whose locatios you have forgotte. All applicatio programs. All aliases. (Aliases are described i the ext sectio.) Large files, to make space available o a disk. All files to which you added the same label (such as top secret ). See Chapter 7, Customizig the Fider Eviromet, for iformatio about labelig. Locked files, to ulock them for editig. All files chaged sice a certai date, for regular backup of ew ad chaged files. All files created before a certai date, for archivig or erasig outdated material. 46 Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

60 Usig a alias A alias is a poiter that you ca place i ay folder to represet a program or documet. Whe you place a alias i a folder, you are ot copyig the actual program or documet ito the folder; you are simply placig a ico i the folder as a sigpost. A alias poits to the origial file that it represets, so whe you ope a alias, you re actually opeig the origial file. Ay chages you make to the file ad save are stored with the origial file. A alias ca serve as a sigpost to a file, a folder, a disk, ad other kids of items eve a shared item that you use over a etwork. You ca make as may aliases for a item as you wat. Creatig a alias To create a alias: 1 Select the item for which you wat to make a alias. 2 Choose Make Alias from the File meu. The alias ico appears o top of the origial. Its ame is i italics ad eds with the word alias. The ame is already selected. 3 Chage the ame of the alias if you wat to, ad the move it to wherever you wat to put it i a differet folder, for example, or o the desktop. You may wat to place the alias i the Apple Meu Items folder i the System Folder. Placig a alias i this folder allows you to ope the origial file by usig the Apple meu at the left ed of the meu bar. Usig a alias 47

61 Locatig the item to which a alias poits You ca locate the item that a alias represets by opeig the alias s Ifo widow. To fid the item to which a alias poits: 1 Select the ico of the alias for which you wat to fid the origial item. 2 Choose Get Ifo from the File meu. The alias s Ifo widow appears. 3 Click the Fid Origial butto. The widow cotaiig the origial item opes, with the item s ico highlighted. If you have deleted the item that the alias represets, a message appears, reportig that the origial ca t be foud. Aliases are ot deleted whe the origial files are deleted. Movig a item oto the desktop You ca make a item easy to fid by draggig its ico to the desktop from ay widow. The ico stays o the desktop util you remove the disk o which the item is actually stored. If you ve placed a ico o the desktop, you ca put it back i its origial locatio by selectig it ad the choosig the Put Away item from the File meu. Gettig iformatio about a file Whe you re workig o the desktop, you ca choose the Get Ifo item from the File meu to display iformatio about a file, such as whe a documet was created or how much memory a program eeds. To get iformatio about a file: 1 Select the item for which you wat iformatio. 48 Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

62 2 Choose Get Ifo from the File meu, or press COMMAND-I. A widow appears, displayig descriptive iformatio. You ca use the Ifo widow for several purposes i additio to obtaiig iformatio. You ca use it to lock a file (so it ca t be chaged or throw away), tur a documet ito a statioery pad, chage a program s memory allocatio, ad chage the file s ico. (See Chapter 7, Customizig the Fider Eviromet, for iformatio o the last procedure.) You ca type commets i the Ifo widow ad later search for them with the Fid item. You ca also use the View meu, described later i this chapter, to see certai types of iformatio about the files listed i a Fider widow. Lockig a file You use the Get Ifo item to lock a documet or program. Lockig a program may affect its operatio. Lockig a file prevets it from beig throw away or beig altered. Lockig a file 49

63 To lock a file: 1 Select the item ad choose Get Ifo from the File meu. The file s Ifo widow appears, as show i the previous sectio. 2 Click the Locked checkbox i the lower-left corer so that a X appears. Note: You ca t lock a folder, but you ca lock the items i a folder, icludig the cotets of folders that you re sharig o a etwork. You ca lock a alias, but doig so does ot lock the origial file. Lockig a alias merely protects it from beig throw away. Usig the View meu You ca use the View meu to display the cotets of a widow by ico or by small ico, or accordig to ame, size, kid, date, or label. (See Chapter 7, Customizig the Fider Eviromet, for iformatio o usig the Views cotrol pael to chage how files are listed ad what iformatio is icluded.) Widows are set iitially to show items by ico. Oe of the other views (small ico, ame, size, kid, label, or date) ca be useful whe you have too may files to see easily as icos, or if you wat your files arraged accordig to a particular attribute. For example, listig documets by the date ad time of their most recet modificatio makes backig up files a orderly task. Whe the cotets of a widow are displayed as a list ad you wat them arraged i aother list view, you do t have to use the View meu. As a shortcut, you ca click a colum headig (such as Size or Last Modified) to rearrage the list accordig to that headig. The type of list displayed is uderlied. 50 Chapter 3 / Usig Files ad Folders

64 4 Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes This chapter describes how to work with floppy disks ad tape drives. It tells you how to format, lock, copy, ad eject floppy disks back up files from your hard disk to a floppy disk restore files oto your hard disk work with ad maitai your tape-backup uit

65 Workig with disks This sectio tells you how to use floppy disks ad hard disks with your Apple Workgroup Server 95, how to make backup copies of critical files o floppy disks, ad how to restore the files to your hard disk. It is importat that you make backup copies of idividual files as you create ad revise them, ad that you back up the etire system periodically. Makig backups prevets you from losig data or programs should your disk or your system fail. For iformatio o backig up your etire system, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Formattig floppy disks for a Macitosh file system Before you ca use a brad-ew floppy disk, you must perform a procedure kow as formattig. Durig formattig, the computer writes iformatio oto the disk, eablig it to accept either a Macitosh or a UNIX file system. For iformatio about formattig floppy disks for a UNIX file system, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX If you isert a floppy disk that has already bee formatted for a Macitosh file system, its ico appears ear the right edge of the scree. The ico will resemble the oe show here. If the floppy disk has ot bee formatted for a Macitosh file system, your server displays a series of alert boxes to guide you through the formattig process. 52 Chapter 4 / Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes

66 To format a floppy disk for a Macitosh file system: 1 Isert the disk. A alert box appears, tellig you that the disk is ureadable. For highdesity disks, the followig alert box appears. For 800K disks, this alert box appears. You ca cacel the formattig process ad eject the disk by clickig the Eject butto. 2 For high-desity disks, click the butto labeled Iitialize i the alert box. For 800K disks, click the butto labeled Two-Sided i the alert box. The ext alert box appears. 3 Click the Erase butto. Click Cacel if the disk cotais data that you do t wat to erase. Workig with disks 53

67 Lockig a floppy disk You ca protect the cotets of a floppy disk by lockig it. Whe a floppy disk is locked, you ca examie the cotets but caot iitialize the disk or remove ay of the iformatio o it. To lock a floppy disk, use your thumbail or a push-pi to slide the tab o the back of the disk so that the square hole is ope. To ulock the disk, slide the tab back so that it covers the square hole. Locked Ulocked Copyig a file from a hard disk to a floppy disk Oe way to trasport or back up files is to copy them to floppy disks. Whe you are workig o the desktop, you ca copy a file from your hard disk to a floppy disk by draggig its ico. To copy a file or folder to a floppy disk: 1 Isert a floppy disk (formatted for a Macitosh file system) ito the disk drive. A ico represetig the disk appears o the desktop. 2 Drag the ico of the file or folder that you wat to copy to the floppy disk ico. Release the mouse butto whe the disk ico is highlighted. A alert box appears, describig the progress of the copy operatio. You ca SHIFT-click to select multiple files or folders to copy. 54 Chapter 4 / Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes

68 You ca back up the work you store o a hard disk by copyig idividual files to aother disk i the usual way (draggig their icos to the ico of the other disk). You ca back up the cotets of a etire floppy disk by draggig its ico to aother floppy disk ico or to a hard disk ico. You ca also use a commercial backup program, such as Retrospect Remote, to copy some or all files from a hard disk to aother hard disk, to a tape drive, or to a series of floppy disks. If your server is equipped with the optioal tape-backup uit, see the sectio Workig With Tape Cassettes later i this chapter. Restorig a file from a floppy disk to a hard disk A/UX provides a easy way to restore files or folders that were backed up by draggig their icos to a disk. To restore a backed-up file: 1 Isert i the drive the floppy disk cotaiig the file you wat to restore. A ico represetig the disk appears o the desktop. 2 Double-click the disk ico to display a widow that shows the cotets of the disk. 3 Select the ico of the file or folder that you wat to restore ad drag it to the folder o the hard disk o which you wat it to reside. A alert box appears, describig the progress of the copy operatio. You ca SHIFT-click to select multiple files or folders to restore. If you have a problem copyig files to a floppy disk If you ca t save files o a floppy disk, the the disk is damaged or locked, it s too full to store more iformatio, or the disk drive is ot workig properly. These actios ca help you idetify the problem: Make sure that the tab o the back of the disk is i the ulocked positio (that is, make sure the square hole is closed). If a alert box reports that the disk is ot iitialized, ad you kow that it has bee iitialized, eject the disk ad carefully isert it agai. If the same message appears, the disk is probably damaged. Workig with disks 55

69 If a alert box reports that the disk is full, eject that disk ad isert aother that has adequate space for your documet, or remove ueeded files from the disk. Check the disk for obvious damage to the plastic case or the slidig metal shutter. Isert a differet disk ad try savig agai. If you ca t save your files o the secod disk, the problem may be with the disk drive. Before cocludig that the disk drive is the problem, save your files o a disk i a differet drive, if you have oe, ad the restart the server. I the drive that you thik may be malfuctioig, isert a disk that you kow is ot damaged, ad try the same operatio agai. If you still ca t use that drive to save files, see your authorized Apple service provider. Ejectig a floppy disk You ca eject a floppy disk by usig ay of the followig methods: Click the disk ico to select it, ad choose Put Away from the File meu. The ico disappears from the desktop ad the disk is ejected. Drag the disk ico to the Trash. The disk ico disappears from the desktop ad the disk is ejected. (Draggig a disk to the Trash does ot erase the disk s cotets.) Click the disk ico to select it, ad choose Eject Disk i the Special meu. The disk s ico remais o the desktop, but it s dimmed. You ca use the first two methods to remove a hard disk ico from the desktop (or to remove a ico for a disk that you re coected to over a etwork). All three methods also work with CD-ROM discs. If you have problems ejectig a floppy disk If the drive wo t eject a floppy disk whe you perform oe of the eject operatios, either the sigal to eject the disk is ot reachig the computer or the disk or drive is damaged. 56 Chapter 4 / Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes

70 To eject a disk whe stadard operatios do t work: 1 To eject a disk i the iteral drive, hold dow the OMMAND C ( ) ad SHIFT keys, ad press the umber 1 key i the top row of the keyboard. To eject a disk i a exteral floppy disk drive or the secod iteral drive, press COMMAND-SHIFT ad the umber 2 key at the same time. 2 If step 1 does t work, shut dow the server by choosig Shut Dow from the Special meu. If the disk is t ejected, hold dow the mouse butto while you tur the computer o agai. 3 If step 2 does t work, carefully isert the ed of a large straighteed paper clip ito the small hole to the right of the disk drive s opeig. Push getly util the disk is ejected. ot Do use excessive force. 4 If step 3 does t work, take the computer or disk drive to your authorized Apple service provider to have the disk removed. Never try to force or pry a disk from a drive. Workig with tape cassettes You eed to read this sectio oly if your server icludes the iteral tapebackup uit. The iteral 3.5-ich DDS-DC DAT drive ad accompayig software ca perform full or partial backup ad restore procedures for all of the data o your hard disks. I additio, the drive automatically performs error correctio ad data compressio of the files that you back up ad restore. The error-correctio feature helps esure a high level of data itegrity. The data-compressio feature allows more data to fit o a cassette tha do covetioal backup mechaisms. Whe you first supply power to your system, the tape drive performs a selftest. Both tape-drive status lights o the frot of the server flash amber durig the test. If for some reaso the self-test fails, the light o the right becomes solid amber. Workig with tape cassettes 57

71 Your server comes with the Retrospect Remote software from Datz, which provides a easy-to-use iterface for backig up ad restorig data. You ca also use stadard UNIX utilities such as tar or cpio to back up your data. For more iformatio about how to use the Retrospect Remote software, see the Retrospect Remote documetatio. For more iformatio about A/UX backup utilities, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Compatible tapes Your iteral DAT drive is compatible with MRS-quality DDS tape cassettes. MRS (Media Recogitio System) cassettes are the highest quality digital data tape available. Your iteral tape drive requires this level of quality to perform backup operatios successfully. See your authorized Apple service provider for more MRS-quality DDS tape cassettes or their compatible substitutes. Compatible cassettes are typically stamped Digital Data Storage. If you use cassettes ot approved by your authorized Apple service provider, you void the warraty o your tape drive. Note: Some vedors of computer products may refer to DDS cassettes as digital audio tape (DAT) cassettes. However, DAT cassettes have a differet mechaical specificatio from DDS cassettes. Certai DAT cassettes may work with your tape drive; your authorized Apple service provider ca tell you which oes will work. Tapes supplied with the server Two cassettes are supplied with your Apple Workgroup Server 95. The first is a blak DDS cassette for backup ad restore operatios. (The blak tape icluded with your system ca record up to eight gigabytes of data i about three hours.) The secod is a cleaig cassette; its operatio is discussed later i this chapter. 58 Chapter 4 / Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes

72 Isertig tape cassettes To use a cassette, you isert it ito the tape slot i the frot pael of the server, as show i this figure. As you isert the cassette, the drive pulls it ito place ad performs a loadig sequece, which icludes threadig ad rewidig the tape ad checkig for error coditios. The loadig procedure takes about 30 secods. Whe the procedure is completed, a status light o the frot of the server glows a steady gree. The other light alterates betwee gree ad amber to let you kow that the tape is beig accepted by the drive. The ext sectio explais the status lights more fully. Status lights Located ext to the tape drive opeig are two lights that iform you of the status of tape operatios. The light o the left is the cassette light, ad the light o the right is the drive light. A solid gree light idicates ormal operatio; a solid amber light idicates a warig coditio. Alteratig, flashig lights idicate activity betwee the tape drive ad the SCSI bus. Workig with tape cassettes 59

73 If the cassette light is solid amber, the cassette is write-protected. If the drive light is solid amber, a fault coditio exists. The followig table lists all the possible meaigs of the status lights. Cassette light Drive light (left side) (right side) Meaig Read/write states Flashig gree Flashig gree Cassette loadig or uloadig Gree Gree Cassette loadig/o lie Gree Flashig gree Cassette loaded/activity Gree Off Cassette loaded/off lie Write-protect states Flashig amber Gree Cassette loadig or uloadig Amber Gree Cassette loaded/o lie Amber Flashig gree Cassette loaded/activity Amber Off Cassette loaded/off lie Error states Gree Gree/amber Media wear (cautio) Amber Amber High humidity/o termiatio o SCSI bus Flashig amber Flashig amber Self-test (ormal) Flashig amber Amber Self-test (failure) The cautio sigal If your tape drive detects problems, it displays a cautio sigal. The cassette light is solid gree ad the drive light switches betwee gree ad amber. You ca clear the cautio sigal by ejectig the cassette. The cautio sigal may be caused by dirty tape-drive heads, so if this sigal appears, clea the heads ad isert the tape agai. (Head-cleaig istructios are give i Cleaig the Tape-Drive Heads, later i this sectio.) The cautio sigal may also idicate a wor-out tape. If the tape is old or wor, you should replace the cassette. If you re tryig to restore data from a wor tape ad the cautio sigal appears, clea the tape-drive heads, the try the restore operatio agai. 60 Chapter 4 / Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes

74 Removig tape cassettes You ca remove a tape cassette at ay time by pressig the eject butto located uder the tape slot o the right side. You should ot press the eject butto while the tape is i use. The documetatio for Retrospect Remote cotais additioal methods for ejectig cassettes whe usig the Retrospect Remote software. Note: Stadard UNIX eject commads will ot release a cassette from the tape drive. Lockig a cassette You ca lock a DDS cassette by slidig the tab o the back of the cassette so that the hole is visible. Oce a tape cassette is locked, data ca be read from the cassette but ot writte to it. A solid amber cassette light idicates a locked cassette. Avoidig high humidity Wheever your tape drive detects water codesatio, both status lights glow solid amber. This warig sigal cacels ay commads i progress. Furthermore, ay commads that access the tape are rejected. The tape drive the uthreads the tape to prevet tape ad tape-head damage. To miimize the chace of codesatio, adhere to the evirometal requiremets i Settig Up ad Maagig Your Server, ad follow these geeral cassette guidelies: Use tape cassettes at temperatures betwee 5 C (40 F) ad 40 C (113 F). If you expose the tape cassettes to temperatures outside the operatig limits, you ca stabilize them by leavig them i the proper operatig temperature for a miimum of two hours. Follow these guidelies to avoid temperature problems: Avoid exposig cassettes to severe temperature coditios. For example, do t store a cassette i a car i bright sulight. Avoid trasferrig data to or from a tape cassette whe the temperature is chagig by more tha 10 F per hour (roughly 5 C per hour). Workig with tape cassettes 61

75 Cleaig the tape-drive heads The most commo reaso for the display of a cautio sigal o the frot pael is that the tape-drive heads are dirty. Although your tape drive has a built-i roller for cleaig the heads durig ormal operatio, you still eed to perform a separate cleaig step as part of prevetive maiteace. Your system comes with a cleaig cassette that you should use to clea the tape-drive heads after every 25 hours of ruig time. Use oly a DDS cleaig cassette. Whe you isert the cleaig cassette ito the drive, the drive automatically loads it ad cleas the heads. Whe the cleaig process is completed, the drive automatically ejects the cassette. Keep a record of how may times you use the cleaig cassette. After 25 uses, replace it. The iterval at which you clea the tape drive depeds o how ofte you use it. I geeral, if you back up daily, you should clea the drive weekly. If you back up weekly, you should clea the tape drive oce a moth. For more iformatio about usig the cleaig cartridge, refer to the istructios provided with the cleaig cartridge. For additioal cleaig cassettes, see your authorized Apple service provider. 62 Chapter 4 / Backig Up Your Work With Disks or Tape Cassettes

76 5 Workig With TextEditor This chapter describes how to use the TextEditor applicatio program to create ad edit text files. It presets tutorials with step-by-step istructios that show you how to accomplish simple writig ad editig tasks. This chapter discusses the followig topics: startig ad quittig the TextEditor program creatig ad savig documets editig ad formattig text pritig documets with TextEditor If you are ot familiar with Macitosh text-editig tools, you should read this etire chapter. Otherwise, you ca start with Formattig ad Other Features, ad read other sectios as eeded.

77 Itroductio to TextEditor The TextEditor applicatio program allows you to create ad edit text files by usig the mouse ad meu items i the traditioal Macitosh maer. TextEditor creates a file that cotais oly the text characters that you type at your keyboard (icludig tab ad retur characters). This kid of file is called a text-oly file (or a ASCII text file), which meas that the file does ot cotai ay formattig commads (such as fot settigs) that might cofuse other programs that try to use your file. A text-oly file ca be read by ay text-editig or word-processig program. Moreover, you ca use TextEditor to write programs or shell scripts, which should ever cotai hidde formattig characters. To preserve the text-oly ature of its text files ad still allow you certai formattig choices, TextEditor gives you the optio of savig the file s formattig iformatio. It saves this iformatio i a separate file called a resource fork while it saves the text characters i a text-oly file. These formattig choices iclude adjustig the tab settigs ad choosig fots. These features are described later i this chapter. The resource fork has the same fileame as the text file, but it is preceded by a percet sig (%). Because TextEditor reads ad writes text-oly files, you ca use it to work with files created with ay other text-oly text editor. Thus, you ca edit MacWrite files saved with the Text-Oly optio. Whe you choose the Ope item, TextEditor s directory dialog box displays a list of all text files i the folder, regardless of the program used to create the file. A/UX also comes with a commoly used UNIX text editor called vi (which stads for visual editor). This text editor is available o the A/UX CD-ROM; however, it is ot istalled automatically. To lear how to istall this editor, cosult Settig Up ad Maagig Your Server. TextEditor ca read ad edit text files created with vi, ad vice versa. For iformatio about workig with vi, cosult A/UX Text-Editig Tools i the A/UX 3.0 documetatio suite. 64 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

78 To work through the tutorial i this chapter, you must work i the /users/start folder or log i to the start accout. Whe the server is shipped, the password for the start accout is my.password. (For iformatio about the start accout ad loggig i, see Chapter 2, Gettig Started With A/UX ) Startig TextEditor You ca start TextEditor from the Fider by double-clickig the TextEditor ico, a alias of the TextEditor ico, or a text-file ico. This tutorial shows you how to start TextEditor by creatig a alias of the TextEditor ico ad the double-clickig the alias. TextEditor is located i the Applicatios folder. To create a TextEditor alias: 1 Ope the Applicatios folder ad select the TextEditor ico. 2 Choose Make Alias from the File meu. A ew ico amed TextEditor alias appears i the Applicatios widow. If a alert box appears, askig whether you wat the alias ico to appear o the desktop, click Yes. Startrig TextEditor 65

79 3 If o alert box appears, drag the TextEditor alias ico to the desktop. You ca ow use the TextEditor alias ico without havig to ope folders. TextEditor alias Creatig a documet To create a ew documet with the TextEditor alias ico: Double-click the TextEditor alias ico. A TextEditor widow amed Utitled appears. You ca ow begi to create your text file. Eterig text Begi by creatig a office memo: 1 Type the followig text. Dear Phil: The widow o your scree should look like the oe show here. 66 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

80 2 Press the RETURN key twice ad type the followig text: I received your letter about the purchase of lad for a ew office buildig. You have probably typed past the edge of the widow. Ulike may word processors, TextEditor does ot automatically move to the ext lie whe you type past the right edge of the widow. This is a feature that programmers fid useful. 3 Move the I-beam poiter to where you wat the lie break to be; the click. This actio repositios the isertio poit o the lie. You ca also move the isertio poit to the left by pressig ad holdig dow the LEFT ARROW key. 4 Press RETURN to move the rest of the setece to the ext lie. 5 Move the isertio poit to the ed of the text, ad press RETURN twice to start a ew paragraph. 6 Type the followig text. Remember to press RETURN to go to the ext lie before you reach the edge of the scree agai. It's true that the fiacial reports for the last quarter are ot i yet, but there is a geeral feelig that the umbers look good. This might be the perfect time to submit your pla. 7 Press RETURN twice to create a ew paragraph, ad the type the followig text: I do't wat to rush you, but perhaps you should get ready to take advatage of a real opportuity. Creatig a documet 67

81 Cuttig ad pastig text The setece that you typed i step 7 i the precedig sectio might look better right before the material you typed i step 6. The two paragraphs would the read as follows: I do't wat to rush you, but perhaps you should get ready to take advatage of a real opportuity. It's true that the fiacial reports for the last quarter are ot i yet, but there is a geeral feelig that the umbers look good. This might be the perfect time to submit your pla. To rearrage the text: 1 Place the I-beam just before the first letter of the setece begiig I do t wat. 2 Hold dow the mouse butto ad drag the I-beam past the period after the words real opportuity. Release the mouse butto. The text is ow selected. You ca perform various operatios with a block of selected text. I this case, you are goig to cut ad paste the text. 68 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

82 3 Choose Cut from the Edit meu. The selected text disappears. The passage that you cut is saved o the Clipboard. (If you choose the Show Clipboard item from the Edit meu, a widow appears, showig the selected text saved i the Clipboard.) 4 Move the I-beam poiter to the ed of the first paragraph ad click. The press RETURN twice to create a ew paragraph. This places the isertio poit where you are goig to paste the text that you just cut. 5 Choose Paste from the Edit meu. The selected text appears i its ew locatio. The selected text remais o the Clipboard util you replace it with aother block of selected text. If you wated to, you could paste copies of it i ay umber of other places i the documet. To save this memo, go to the ext sectio. Creatig a documet 69

83 Savig a ew documet If you wish to keep a file you have created, you must save the file ad give it a ame. To save the memo: 1 Display the File meu. Poit to the meu ame, ad press ad hold dow the mouse butto. The first three of the followig four items allow you to save a file: Save Save As Save a Copy Revert to Saved (The actios of all four commads are described at the ed of this exercise, after step 5.) 2 Choose Save As. A Save As dialog box appears, askig you to specify a ame for the file. 3 Type the ame memo2 i the Save documet as field. 70 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

84 4 Be sure that the Save Text Oly butto is selected. If you had used ay of the formattig optios (described later i this chapter), you could have saved them i a separate file by selectig Save Format Ifo. The documet would the be saved i two files, memo2 ad %memo2. The secod of these, the resource fork, would preserve the formattig iformatio. However, sice you have t used the formattig optios, it is t ecessary to create a extra file. 5 Click Save. The memo is saved as a file with the fileame memo2. Here is a summary of the four File meu items that deal with chages to a file: Save: If the file i the active widow already has a fileame, the Save item automatically saves it uder its curret ame, without closig it. The origial versio of the file of that ame is overwritte i the process. This meu item is dimmed (ad therefore caot be used) if the file has t bee modified sice it was last saved. Save As: I additio to usig this meu item to ame a ew file (as you have just doe), you ca use it while workig o a file that already has a ame. This lets you save a edited file uder a ew ame, leavig the origial itact. The file that you origially opeed remais uchaged, just as it was whe last saved. Save a Copy: This meu item saves the file, i its curret state, uder a ew fileame. You ca the cotiue editig the origial file. Revert to Saved: Use the Revert to Saved item to throw away ay chages you have made sice you last saved the documet. This item is dimmed if the documet has ot bee modified sice it was last saved. Savig a ew documet 71

85 Editig a existig documet The tutorials i this sectio show how to edit or rewrite a documet that you have created. Opeig a file If TextEditor is ruig, you ca ope a file for editig by choosig Ope from the File meu. This item allows you to ope ay text-oly file, regardless of what applicatio was used to create the file. To ope a documet: 1 Choose Ope from the File meu. A directory dialog box appears. 2 Double-click the ame memo1. The documet appears i a widow ad is ready for editig. Alterately, to ope a documet: Double-click the ico of the file to be edited. TextEditor starts ruig ad the file that you clicked is opeed for editig. 72 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

86 To fid the file to use with this tutorial: 1 Ope the start folder. This folder is cotaied i the users folder o the slash (/) hard disk. If you have ot quit TextEditor sice workig through the last tutorial, you are already workig i the start folder. 2 Double-click the memo1 file ico. The memo1 file is opeed ad the documet is displayed. Now you ca alter this documet ad save it uder a ew ame. Opeig read-oly files You ca ope a file for which you have read permissio but ot write permissio. To do this, be sure that you have selected the Ope read oly checkbox at the bottom of the Ope dialog box. If you ope a documet for which you do ot have write permissio, a ico idicatig that you do t have write permissio appears at the lower-left corer of the widow. You ca read the documet, but you caot chage it. Ico represetig o write permissio Editig a existig documet 73

87 Deletig ad rewritig text Examie the begiig of memo1 o your scree. Notice the setece that begis halfway through the secod lie of the first paragraph of memo1 ( Every salesperso who s... ). To delete or alter text: 1 Select the phrase Every salesperso who's. Drag the I-beam across the phrase to just past the word who's; the release the mouse butto. 2 With the phrase selected, type the followig text: The salespeople who have The selected text disappears as soo as you begi to type. This is the fastest way to replace a block of text. It saves you the trouble of first deletig text ad the typig the ew text. 3 Select the letter s at the ed of the word kows i the ext lie; the press DELETE to delete the letter. Copyig ad pastig betwee documets Next, you will add the etire memo you have just edited to the bottom of a busiess letter. The letter is i the start folder, i the file letter1. To select the material to be copied: 1 With the widow that cotais memo1 displayed, choose Select All from the Edit meu. This meu item selects the etire documet. 2 Choose Copy from the Edit meu. The selected text (i this case, the etire memo) is saved o the Clipboard. 74 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

88 To ope the documet to which you ll copy the text: 1 Choose Ope from the File meu. This displays a list of all the files i the start folder. 2 Double-click letter1. 3 Scroll to the ed of the letter by usig the scroll bar at the right edge of the widow. 4 Place the isertio poit at the ed of the sigature ad press RETURN twice to start a ew paragraph; the choose Shift Left from the Edit meu to move the isertio poit to the left margi. 5 Type the followig postscript: PS: To give you a clear idea of our level of commitmet to customer support, I'm appedig a memo I recetly set to my staff. 6 Press RETURN twice to skip two lies; the choose Paste from the Edit meu. All of the copied text appears at the isertio poit. Normally you would ow save the chaged file, but because other users use these tutorials, do t save the chages. To close a documet without savig your chages: 1 Choose Revert to Saved from the File meu. The Revert to Saved item causes all chages to the documet to be removed. A alert box appears. 2 Click OK. The alert box disappears. Editig a existig documet 75

89 3 Click the close box of the letter1 widow (the small square at the upper-left corer of the widow). The widow that cotais memo1 is still displayed. 4 Close the memo1 widow without savig the chages by clickig its close box or by choosig Close from the File meu. Fidig ad chagig text Oe of the most importat time-savig features of a text editor is its ability to search through a documet for a specific word, phrase, or strig of characters ad to chage it automatically. Fidig text TextEditor lets you fid a word, phrase, or character strig. To fid a specific block of text: 1 Ope the start folder ad double-click the memo1 ico to ope the documet. 2 Choose Fid from the Fid meu. A dialog box like this oe appears. 76 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

90 3 Click the Etire Word butto ad the Case Sesitive checkbox. You click the Etire Word butto to fid the item oly whe it is a idepedet word (that is, whe it is ot part of aother word). You would click Literal istead of Etire Word if you wated to fid all istaces of a strig of characters, eve whe the strig is embedded i aother word. Thus, if you clicked Literal ad searched for the word it, the system would fid bit, split, flit, ad so o. You select the Case Sesitive checkbox to tell the system to search oly for words with the same uppercase ad lowercase letters as the word you idicate. 4 Type good i the Fid what strig? text box. 5 Click the Fid butto. The word good i the last lie of the documet becomes highlighted. The dialog box displayed by the Fid commad gives you the followig optios as well: Search Backwards: Searches backward from the curret selectio to the begiig of the file. (Normally, the search moves forward ad stops at the ed of the file.) Wrap-Aroud Search: Searches forward from the locatio of the isertio poit to the ed of the file, the starts agai at the begiig of the file ad cotiues the search up to the startig isertio-poit positio. Note: You ca reverse the directio of a search operatio by pressig SHIFT as you select the meu item or by pressig SHIFT while you click OK. For example, if you are i the middle of a file ad you wat to fid a strig that occurs earlier i the documet, hold dow the SHIFT key while you click Fid. The search the proceeds backward through the first part of the file. The directio is chaged for the curret search oly. Editig a existig documet 77

91 Replacig text TextEditor lets you fid a word, phrase, or text strig ad replace it automatically with a differet word, phrase, or text strig. To replace a text strig: 1 Ope the start folder (i the users folder), ad double-click to ope memo1. 2 Choose Replace from the Fid meu. A dialog box like this oe appears. 3 Select Etire Word ad Case Sesitive. You click the Etire Word butto to fid the item oly whe it is a idepedet word (that is, whe it is ot part of aother word). You would click Literal istead of Etire Word if you wated to fid all istaces of a strig of characters eve whe the strig is embedded i aother word. Thus, if you clicked Literal ad searched for the word it, the system would fid bit, split, flit, ad so o. You select the Case Sesitive checkbox to tell the system to search oly for words with the same uppercase ad lowercase letters as the word you idicate. 4 Type good i the Fid what strig? text box. 5 Type excellet i the field labeled Replace with what strig? 6 Click Replace (or press RETURN). The word good is replaced by the word excellet. 78 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

92 The dialog box displayed by the Replace commad gives you the followig optios as well: Replace All: Chages all occurreces of the word good (or whatever strig you idicate) automatically. Cacel: Removes the dialog box. No further actio is take. Search Backwards: Searches backward from the curret selectio to the begiig of the file. (Normally, the search moves forward ad stops at the ed of the file.) Wrap-Aroud Search: Searches forward from the locatio of the isertio poit to the ed of the file, the starts agai at the begiig of the file ad cotiues the search up to the startig isertio-poit positio. Formattig ad other features If you use ay formattig features, you ca save the formattig iformatio by selectig Save Formattig Iformatio i the Save As dialog box. This causes a extra file, called the resource fork, to be saved. The resource fork cotais the formattig iformatio. The Edit meu ad the Widow meu make the followig features available to you: selectig fots selectig tab settigs automatically aligig text with the previous lie (Auto Idet) showig ivisible characters, such as tabs, spaces, ad returs shiftig a block of text left or right by oe tab stop aligig selected text with the top lie of the selectio arragig multiple widows to be stacked oe over the other or tiled (placed alogside oe aother) markig a place i the file The followig sectios explai how to use these features. Formattig ad other features 79

93 Formattig text You ca use the Format item to chage the fot ad size of text, set tabs, automatically alig text, ad display or hide ivisible characters. To use the Format item: 1 Choose Format from the Edit meu. A dialog box like this oe appears. Selectig fot ad size Select the desired fot ad size. Automatically aligig text Click this checkbox to select Auto Idet. You ca click it agai to deselect it, thus turig off Auto Idet. Selectig tab settigs Type the desired umber of spaces i this text box. 2 Whe you have fiished formattig the text, click OK. Shiftig a block of text left or right Showig ivisible characters Click this checkbox to display spaces, tabs, returs, ad cotrol characters. You ca click it agai to deselect it, thus hidig the ivisible characters. To shift a etire block of text oe tab stop to the left or to the right: 1 Select the block of text. 2 Choose Shift Left (or Shift Right) from the Edit meu. 80 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

94 Arragig multiple widows If you are editig several documets at the same time, you have a choice of stackig or tilig the widows. To rearrage widows o the scree: 1 Choose Ope from the File meu. 2 Double-click the memo1 file i the start folder. The documet appears i a widow ad is ready for editig. 3 Choose Ope from the File meu agai. 4 Double-click the letter1 file. The widows are stacked by default, as show here. Formattig ad other features 81

95 5 Choose Tile Widows from the Widow meu. The widows are laid out alogside oe aother. Notice that the sizes of the widows chage so that they ca fit o the scree. Tilig makes it easy to work with several widows at oce. To use this feature most effectively, however, it s best to have a large moitor. O a small moitor, the widows might become too small. IMPORTANT Whe a widow becomes too small because of tilig, the text i the widow becomes too small to work with. To make the text easier to work with, you must reope the file i a larger widow. 82 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

96 6 Choose Stack Widows from the Widow meu. The widows chage to a stacked layout. Markig a place i the file If you eed to retur periodically to specific locatios i a log or complex documet, you ca place ivisible, amed markers at those poits. You ca the jump istatly to ay of the marked places i the documet. This saves you the time ad trouble of havig to scroll through the documet to fid those places. The tutorial i this sectio teaches you how to mark ad umark a documet. The tutorial uses letter1 (i the start folder) as a sample documet, although markers are most useful i log, complex files. Formattig ad other features 83

97 To place two amed markers i letter1: 1 Highlight the word We at the begiig of the secod paragraph. 2 Choose Mark from the Mark meu. A dialog box like this oe appears. The text box cotais the highlighted word, which you will use as the ame of the marker. If you wated to give the marker a differet ame, you would type the ame i the text box. 84 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

98 3 Click OK. The first marker, We, is placed at the begiig of the setece. The dialog box disappears. 4 Click at the begiig of the third paragraph of letter1. The isertio poit appears there. 5 Choose Mark from the Mark meu agai. 6 Type the umeral 2. That is the ame of the secod marker. 7 Click OK. 8 Now display the Mark meu. The meu ow cotais a list of the markers that you have placed i the documet. 9 Choose We from the Mark meu. The isertio poit moves to the We marker. If you choose 2, the isertio poit moves to the third paragraph. Formattig ad other features 85

99 To remove these markers: 1 Choose Umark from the Mark meu. A dialog box like this oe appears. 2 Select the ame of the marker that you wat to remove (i this case, 2). 3 Click Delete. If you look at the Mark meu, you ca see that the marker you have deleted is o loger o the list. 4 Repeat steps 1 through 3 to delete the We marker. Pritig TextEditor allows you to prit either a etire documet or a selectio from a documet. Be sure that your computer is properly coected to a priter ad that you use the Chooser (i the Apple meu) to choose a priter. For iformatio o priter coectios, see Chapter 6, Pritig From the Desktop. Pritig a etire documet To prit a etire documet: 1 Ope the documet i TextEditor. 86 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

100 2 Choose Prit Widow from the File meu. The prit-file dialog box appears. 3 Click Prit to begi pritig. Pritig a selected part of a documet To prit a block of text: 1 Place the isertio poit at the begiig of the text to be selected. 2 Drag the I-beam poiter to the ed of the desired selectio ad release the mouse butto. The selected text is highlighted. 3 Choose Prit Selectio from the File meu. The prit-file dialog box appears. 4 Click Prit to start pritig. Pritig 87

101 Quittig TextEditor To quit TextEditor: 1 Choose Quit from the File meu. If you have made chages to a file, a alert box appears, askig whether you wat to save those chages. 2 Click Save or Do t Save, or click Cacel if you chage your mid about quittig. To leave the tutorial files uchaged for later use, click Do t Save. 88 Chapter 5 / Workig With TextEditor

102 6 Pritig From the Desktop This chapter discusses pritig with the Macitosh iterface. It covers the followig topics: how priters may be coected to your system how to choose a priter Macitosh pritig techiques For iformatio about pritig usig UNIX commads, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX

103 Priter coectios Before you ca prit a documet, you must have a priter properly coected to your system or to the etwork. See Settig Up ad Maagig Your Server for iformatio o coectig a priter to the computer. For basic iformatio o coectig a priter to a etwork, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX To prit from Macitosh applicatios, you ca reach a priter i two basic ways: Use a priter that is coected directly to a priter port o the computer. Priter coected directly to server. Text documets from CommadShell or Macitosh documets A/UX does ot support the LaserWriter SC or the Persoal LaserWriter SC priter. Note: A LaserWriter IISC priter that is directly coected to the SCSI port wo t work with the Apple Workgroup Server 95. Use a priter that is coected to a AppleTalk etwork through the priter port to a LocalTalk cable system or through the built-i Etheret card to a Etheret cable system. Ay computer o the etwork ca sed files created with a text editor or a Macitosh program to the priter. The files are prited i the order i which they are received. 90 Chapter 6 / Pritig From the Desktop

104 Priter coected by meas of a AppleTalk etwork. Text documets from CommadShell or Macitosh documets. AppleTalk router LocalTalk coectio EtherTalk coectios to router Priter with Etheret coectors coected by meas of a AppleTalk etwork. Priter coectios 91

105 People who use CommadShell ad UNIX commads for pritig use the Trasmissio Cotrol Protocol/Iteret Protocol (TCP/IP) over the type of etwork show i the precedig figure. They ca prit o the same priter used by Macitosh programs. TCP/IP ad AppleTalk coexist o the same etwork cable. CommadShell users ca also prit o a priter that is directly coected to aother workstatio o the TCP/IP etwork as log as the computer is aother A/UX system or a computer that supports the priter daemo, lpd. For detailed iformatio about pritig from CommadShell, see Server Admiistratio With A/UX Choosig a priter Before you ca prit a file i the Apple Workgroup Server 95 eviromet, you must specify which priter you wat to use. Use the Chooser (i the Apple meu) to select a priter. Some programs direct you to choose Page Setup after usig the Chooser. For further iformatio, see the guide that came with the program you are usig. You ca choose ay priter that is coected to your computer or your etwork through AppleTalk software, LocalTalk (or LocalTalk-compatible) cables, ad EtherTalk cables. To choose a priter that is coected directly to your computer or is o your AppleTalk etwork: 92 Chapter 6 / Pritig From the Desktop

106 1 Choose Chooser from the Apple meu. The Chooser widow opes. A ico appears i the upper-left part of the widow, represetig each of the priter types for which you have priter resources istalled i the curretly active System file. The AppleShare ico appears if you have access to oe or more file servers. Priter ad server icos List of available priters 2 Click the ico represetig the type of priter you wat to use. 3 Select the appropriate zoe from the AppleTalk Zoes list, if applicable. 4 Select the appropriate priter ame i the LaserWriter priter list. 5 Click the close box. The Chooser widow closes; you are ready to prit. AppleTalk zoes available (if o a etwork) Backgroud pritig optio; whe o, allows you to cotiue workig while your files prit Choosig a priter 93

107 Usig Macitosh pritig techiques You ca use the Fider to prit a Macitosh file (for example, oe created by a Macitosh program). You must have chose a priter as described i the previous sectio. To prit a Macitosh file from the Fider: 1 Select the documet you wat to prit by clickig its ico. 2 Choose Prit from the File meu. The prit-file dialog box appears. Chage settigs i the dialog box as ecessary. 3 Click Prit. You ca also prit from withi a Macitosh program. Cosult the maual that came with the program for more iformatio o pritig. The PritMoitor program The PritMoitor program keeps track of the status of your pritig operatio. If the system has messages for you regardig a file that you are tryig to prit for example, that the priter has ru out of paper a flashig PritMoitor ico appears over the Applicatio meu ico. You ca read the message ad respod as ecessary by opeig the Applicatio meu ad choosig PritMoitor. 94 Chapter 6 / Pritig From the Desktop

108 Trasferrig fots to a LaserWriter priter If you re usig a LaserWriter priter that s equipped to hadle the PostScriptTM programmig laguage ad you wat to prit usig PostScript outlie fots that are ot built ito your priter, you ca trasfer, or dowload, outlie fots from your System Folder to the priter. ( The PostScript programmig laguage describes the characters, symbols, ad images appearig o each page of a documet.) Dowloadig fots saves you pritig time if you pla to prit a batch of documets that use those fots. Whe you dowload a fot, it s stored i the priter s memory or o a hard disk attached to the priter. You ca dowload as may outlie fots as the priter s memory ad hard-disk space allow. You dowload a fot by usig the LaserWriter Fot Utility, which is supplied o the system software disks. To trasfer fots to a priter: 1 Locate ad ope the LaserWriter Fot Utility ico. 2 Choose Display Available Fots from the File meu. A dialog box appears, showig you what fots are already loaded ito the priter. 3 Choose Dowload Fots from the File meu to add ew fots. A dialog box like this oe appears. Usig Macitosh pritig techiques 95

109 4 If the fot that you wat to dowload is ot listed, click the Add butto to add fots to the list. A directory dialog box appears. You use this dialog box to locate the fots you wat. 5 Click the ame of the fot you wat, the click Add. You ca press the SHIFT key while you click to select more tha oe fot. 6 Whe you ve added all the fots you wat to dowload, click Doe. The directory dialog box disappears, ad the fots you added are listed i the Fot Utility dialog box. 7 Click the Dowload butto to sed all the fots i the list to the priter or its hard disk. A status box appears. The status box cotais a Cacel butto that you ca click to stop the process. 8 Click OK whe the status box reports the results of dowloadig. 9 Choose Quit from the File meu. 96 Chapter 6 / Pritig From the Desktop

110 7 Customizig the Fider Eviromet You ca customize your workig eviromet to suit your eeds ad prefereces. This chapter tells you how to perform a umber of alteratios to your eviromet, icludig istallig items ad removig items from the System Folder arragig items so that they are opeed at startup or available through the Apple meu addig ad removig fots adjustig the way your mouse ad keyboard work chagig your computer s alert soud alterig your scree s appearace settig up more tha oe moitor istallig applicatio programs

111 Istallig files i the System Folder Certai types of programs ad other files eed to be istalled i the System Folder so that your server ca use them as part of the system software. Your server has three System Folders that cotrol differet aspects of operatio. The Startup System Folder cotrols the startup process, the Logi System Folder determies your eviromet whe you log i, ad the System Folder cotrols your eviromet while you are logged i ad usig your accout. You oly eed to make chages to the System Folder, ad you should ot alter the cotets of the Startup System Folder or the Logi System Folder. Oly oe System Folder i A/UX is active at a time. It is the oe with a picture of a computer o its folder ico. All three System Folders are foud i the sys folder, which is located i the mac folder. The types of files you ca istall i the System Folder iclude system extesios ad cotrol paels (also called INITs ad cdevs) files of prefereces for applicatio programs drivers for priters, scaers, ad other devices souds fots Sometimes these files are istalled by meas of a istaller program that comes with the files. Check the istructios that came with the files for ay specific istallatio procedures. To istall a file that does ot require special treatmet: Drag the file s ico to the System Folder ico (ot the System Folder widow). The file is stored i a specific folder iside the System Folder. Whe you drag a file s ico to the System Folder ico, the Fider recogizes which type of file it is ad stores it i the appropriate folder. 98 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

112 If you drag oe of these files to the System Folder widow rather tha to the System Folder ico, the file is ot stored i the appropriate folder automatically. Items that you wat to put i the Apple Meu Items folder or the Startup Items folder iside the System Folder eed to be dragged to that specific folder. (See the istructios later i this chapter for istallig Apple meu items ad for specifyig the files you wat opeed at startup.) Removig files from the System Folder Depedig o the exteral devices you use, whether you re part of a etwork, ad how you use your server, you ca remove the followig types of files from your System Folder if you wat to coserve space: Apple meu items that you do t use. (You eed the cotrol paels, but you may ot eed the Calculator or the Puzzle, for example.) Extra fots, souds, or keyboard files that you have istalled. To remove a file from the System Folder: Drag its ico out of the System Folder or out of ay folder iside of the System Folder. If you drag the files to the Trash, but thik you might have future use for them, be sure you have backup copies of the files o floppy disks. Specifyig which items you wat opeed at startup To have a file (a program or a documet) ope automatically whe you start up your server: 1 Ope the System Folder. 2 Drag the file s ico or its alias to the Startup Items folder. Ay programs or documets (or their aliases) that you put i the Startup Items folder are opeed whe you start up your server. You ca have as may files ope automatically as your computer s memory allows. If you o loger wat a file to ope automatically whe you start up your server, remove the file s ico (or its alias) from the Startup Items folder. Specifyig which items you wat opeed at startup 99

113 Istallig a item i the Apple meu To have a program, documet, or other item appear i the Apple meu: 1 Ope the System Folder. 2 Drag the item s ico or its alias to the Apple Meu Items folder. You remove a item from the Apple meu by opeig the Apple Meu Items folder ad draggig the item s ico (or its alias) out of the folder. Usig fots A fot is a collectio of letters, umbers, ad symbols i a distictive typographic desig. Several fots are istalled i the System file with your Apple Workgroup Server 95. You ca istall additioal fots ad remove fots. Additioal fots are supplied with the system software. Fots are also available from idepedet maufacturers, user groups, ad computer bulleti board services. Outlie fots ad bitmapped fots Your computer uses two types of fots: outlie ad bitmapped. Both types of fots are istalled i the System file i the System Folder. Outlie fots (also called scalable or variable-size fots) describe each letter, umber, or symbol as a mathematical formula that defies the character s shape ad adjusts itself to make the character s size larger or smaller. You eed, therefore, oly a sigle outlie fot i a particular typeface (such as Times ) to be able to prit or display that typeface i differet sizes. The outlie fots supplied with your Apple Workgroup Server 95 are called TrueType fots. By cotrast, bitmapped fots (also called fixed-size fots) describe each character as a grid of black ad white dots (called a bitmap), which is a rederig of the character s shape i a specific size. Your computer eeds a separate bitmapped fot of a typeface i each size it prits or displays, such as 12-poit Times or 10-poit Helvetica. 100 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

114 Istallig fots To istall a fot: 1 Quit all programs that are ope. Pull dow the Applicatio meu to make sure that the Fider is the oly ope program. Choose ay other ope program from the Applicatio meu, ad the choose Quit from the File meu. 2 Locate the ico of the fot that you wat to istall, ad drag it to the System Folder ico (ot the System Folder widow). To select multiple icos, hold dow the SHIFT key while you click the ico for each fot. A dialog box appears, lettig you kow that the fots will be stored i the System file, where they belog. 3 Click OK. Removig fots To remove a fot: 1 Ope the System Folder. 2 Locate the System file ico ad ope it. 3 Locate the ico of the fot that you wat to remove, ad drag it out of the System widow ad out of the System Folder widow. (SHIFT-click to select more tha oe ico.) 4 Close the System widow ad the System Folder widow. Settig the time, date, ad alarm Your computer has a clock that keeps track of the time ad date. (A battery keeps it ruig whe the computer is tured off.) A alarm clock feature is also available. Settig the time, date, ad alarm 101

115 Chagig the time ad date May programs rely o the clock to automatically eter times ad dates i documets that you create or prit, so at some poit you will eed to set the clock to the curret time ad date. To chage the time ad date: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. The Cotrol Paels widow opes, showig you the differet cotrol paels that are istalled i your System Folder. 2 Ope the Geeral Cotrols pael. The time ad date adjustmets are i the lower-right corer of the Geeral Cotrols widow. 3 If you wat to chage the way the time is displayed (12-hour or 24-hour), click the appropriate butto. The 12-hour format uses A.M. ad P.M.; the 24-hour format does ot. (1:30 P.M. is displayed as 13:30.) 4 Click the hours, miutes, or secods i the time display to select them. Up ad dow arrows appear to the right of the time display. 5 Click the up or dow arrow repeatedly util the curret hour, miute, or secod appears. 6 Repeat steps 4 ad 5 as ecessary to set the etire time display. 102 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

116 7 I the date display, click the moth, day, or year to select it. Up ad dow arrows appear to the right of the date display. 8 Click the up or dow arrow repeatedly util the curret moth, day, or year appears. 9 Repeat steps 7 ad 8 as ecessary to set the etire date display. 10 Close the Geeral Cotrols widow. You ca also set the time ad date i the Alarm Clock, which you ope by choosig Alarm Clock from the Apple meu. Settig a time for the Alarm Clock to go off You ca set the Alarm Clock to alert you whe it s time for a appoitmet or a meetig. To set the Alarm Clock: 1 Choose Alarm Clock from the Apple meu. The Alarm Clock opes. 2 Click the upward-poitig lever ear the upper-right corer to expad the Alarm Clock. The lever poits dowward, ad the Alarm Clock expads to its full size. 3 Click the Alarm Clock ico i the lower-right corer to select it. The Alarm Clock ico is highlighted whe you select it. The time that appears i the middle row is the curret Alarm Clock settig. Settig the time, date, ad alarm 103

117 4 Click the hours, miutes, or secods i the Alarm Clock settig to select them. Up ad dow arrows appear to the right of the time display. 5 Click the up or dow arrow repeatedly util the hour, miute, or secod at which you wat the alarm to go off appears. 6 Repeat steps 4 ad 5 as ecessary. 7 Click the butto to the left of the Alarm Clock settig to tur o the alarm. Whe you click, the butto moves up, ad the Alarm Clock ico chages to idicate that the alarm is tured o. (Clickig agai turs the alarm off.) 8 Click the close box to close the Alarm Clock. The alarm will ot go off uless you close the Alarm Clock, click the lever to make the Alarm Clock smaller, click elsewhere i the cotrols, or make aother widow active. Turig off the alarm Whe the system clock reaches the time set for the alarm, the alert soud plays twice (or the meu bar flashes oce, if the speaker volume is set to zero) ad a alarm clock ico bliks over the Apple ico at the left ed of the meu bar. To tur off the alarm: 1 Choose Alarm Clock from the Apple meu. 2 Click the lever to expad the Alarm Clock. 3 Click the butto to the left of the Alarm Clock settig so that the butto moves dow. 4 Close the Alarm Clock. 104 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

118 Adjustig the way the mouse works You ca adjust two aspects of mouse operatio i the Mouse cotrol pael: trackig, which is the relatio betwee mouse movemet o your desk ad poiter movemet o the scree, ad the rate of double-clickig recogitio. To adjust mouse trackig: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. The Cotrol Paels widow appears. 2 Ope the Mouse cotrol pael. The Mouse cotrol pael widow appears. 3 Click the trackig speed that you wat to specify for the mouse poiter. If you click Fast, the poiter moves more tha twice as fast as you move the mouse. The Very Slow optio is useful for drawig with the mouse or a graphics tablet, because the poiter moves at a costat speed relative to mouse movemet. Your selectio takes effect immediately ad remais i effect util you select a differet trackig optio. 4 Close the Mouse cotrol pael. Adjustig the way the mouse works 105

119 To adjust double-clickig speed: 1 Ope the Mouse cotrol pael. 2 Click the double-clickig speed you wat to use. You may have to adjust the double-clickig speed if your computer ofte misiterprets two clicks as a double click, or a double click as two sigle clicks. Your selectio remais i effect util you select a differet double-clickig speed. 3 Close the Mouse cotrol pael. Adjustig the way the keyboard works This sectio tells you how to customize various keyboard fuctios, icludig the character repeat rate ad cotrol of the poiter with the keyboard. Character repeat ad layout You ca adjust the rate at which a character repeats whe you hold dow its key, as well as the legth of the delay before the character begis repeatig. You ca also chage the layout that is, the arragemet of the keys o the keyboard. To adjust the rate at which a key repeats whe it is held dow: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. The Cotrol Paels widow opes. 106 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

120 2 Ope the Keyboard cotrol pael. 3 Click the butto for the rate you wat. The buttos for this optio are i the upper-left corer of the cotrol pael. After you close the cotrol pael, your selectio remais i effect util you chage it. To adjust the delay before keys repeat: 1 Ope the Keyboard cotrol pael. 2 Click the butto for the delay you wat. If the keys repeat whe you do t wat them to, adjust the keyboard s sesitivity to your touch by settig a loger delay before a character begis repeatig. (If you click the Off butto, the keys do t repeat at all.) After you close the cotrol pael, your selectio remais i effect util you chage it. Adjustig the way the keyboard works 107

121 To chage the keyboard layout: 1 Click the ame of the keyboard layout you wat to use. Depedig o the coutry i which you bought your server, you may have a choice of more tha oe keyboard layout. (Additioal keyboard layouts are available from various sources, ad you istall them i the System Folder as you would fots or souds.) After you close the cotrol pael, your selectio remais i effect util you chage it. 2 Close the Keyboard cotrol pael. Cotrollig the poiter from the keyboard With a software feature called Mouse Keys, you ca use the umeric keypad o the right side of the keyboard (istead of the mouse) to cotrol the movemet of the poiter o the scree. To tur o Mouse Keys, press COMMAND-SHIFT-CLEAR. (The CLEAR key is o the umeric keypad.) To tur off Mouse Keys, press CLEAR. With Mouse Keys tured o, you ca click, drag, ad perform all of the usual mouse actios from the umeric keypad. The 5 key serves as the mouse butto: Press oce to click; press twice to double-click. The 0 key locks the mouse butto dow for draggig. Pressig the decimal poit key (to the right of 0) or the 5 key ulocks the mouse butto. You ca adjust the speed at which the poiter moves o the scree ad the legth of the delay before the poiter starts movig whe you press a mouse key. You make these adjustmets i the Easy Access cotrol pael. (Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu, ad ope Easy Access.) Settig the alert soud May programs cause the computer to make a soud, called the alert soud, whe your attetio is required or whe you re givig a commad or attemptig a actio that the computer caot recogize or perform at that time. 108 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

122 Chagig the soud ad volume You ca choose amog several souds that you wat the computer to make. You ca also set the soud s volume. To chose a alert soud: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. 2 Ope the Soud cotrol pael. The Soud cotrol pael opes. The alert soud that your computer is curretly usig is already selected. 3 Click the ame of the alert soud that you wat the computer to use. Whe you select a soud, the computer plays the soud at the curret volume settig. 4 Drag the slide cotrol up or dow to set the volume level. If you wat to be alerted siletly: Drag the slide cotrol to 0. The computer will ot emit a alert soud; istead, the meu bar will flash. 5 Close the Soud cotrol pael. Settig the alert soud 109

123 Istallig a soud The Apple Workgroup Server 95 comes with a stadard set of alert souds. You ca obtai additioal souds from idepedet maufacturers, user groups, ad computer bulleti board services. To istall a soud: Drag its ico to the System Folder ico (ot the System Folder widow). The soud is automatically istalled i the System file, where it belogs. Oce you add a soud to the System file, it is listed i the Soud cotrol pael. Recordig souds Your Apple Workgroup Server 95 ca accept ad process soud iput. These computers come with a soud iput port, to which you ca coect either a microphoe (which must be purchased separately) or a phoo jack adapter (to record souds from aother audio source, such as a compact disc or a audio cassette). You ca record a soud ad add it to your available alert souds i the Soud cotrol pael. Make sure you ve coected a microphoe to your computer as described i the setup book that came with your microphoe. To record a alert soud: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. 2 Ope the Soud cotrol pael. The Soud cotrol pael appears. Icos represetig the available soud iput devices appear ear the bottom of the widow. 3 Click the ico that represets the soud iput device you wat to use. 4 Click the Add butto. A dialog box that looks like the cotrols of a tape recorder appears. 110 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

124 5 To record your ew soud, click the Record butto. Recordig begis immediately; you have te secods to record your soud. There is o recordig volume cotrol. 6 Click Stop to stop recordig. 7 To liste to the soud you recorded, click Play. 8 To save the soud you recorded, click Save. A dialog box appears i which you ame your ew soud. 9 Type a ame for the soud. 10 Click OK. The ew soud appears i the Alert Souds list i the Soud cotrol pael. Whe you ve fiished recordig ew souds, close the Soud cotrol pael. Removig a soud IMPORTANT Make sure you have backup copies of the souds before you remove them from your system. To remove souds from the Soud cotrol pael: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. 2 Ope the Soud cotrol pael. 3 Click the ame of the soud you wat to remove. Make sure you select the correct soud. You caot udo the ext step. 4 Click the Remove butto ad the click OK. 5 Close the Soud cotrol pael. You ca also remove a soud by selectig it ad the choosig Cut or Clear from the Edit meu or by draggig its ico out of the System file ad out of the System Folder. Settig the alert soud 111

125 Chagig the scree s appearace You ca customize the appearace of your scree by chagig the desktop patter, alterig the blikig of meu items ad the isertio poit, chagig the appearace of widows ad icos, ad usig differet colors ad shades. This sectio tells you how to make these modificatios. Chagig the desktop patter You use the Geeral Cotrols pael to chage the patter that appears o the desktop. To chage the desktop patter: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. 2 Ope the Geeral Cotrols pael. You ca choose from a variety of patters or you ca create your ow desig by editig oe of the patters supplied. If your computer ca display colors or shades of gray, you ca also select your ow colors to use i the patter. To display the available patters, click either of the small triagles at the top of the miiature desktop i the Desktop Patter area. The patter chages each time you click. To see how a ew patter looks, click the miiature desktop. The ew patter appears o the desktop ad remais i effect util you chage it. 112 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

126 To edit a patter, click i the square to the left of the miiature desktop. Each dot i the square chages color whe you click it. Your chages are displayed i the miiature desktop. To use aother color, click the color i the color bar (below the words Desktop Patter) to select it, the click the dots you wat to chage i the square to the left of the miiature desktop. To make a ew color available i the color bar, double-click a color i the color bar ad the choose a ew color from the color wheel i the dialog box that appears. For more iformatio about chagig colors, see the sectios Chagig the Highlight Color ad Chagig the Color of Widows later i this chapter. 3 Whe you ve fiished creatig your ew patter, click i the miiature desktop to display the patter o your desktop. 4 Double-click the miiature desktop to save the ew patter. Otherwise, it is lost whe you display aother patter i the miiature desktop. Adjustig the blikig of a meu item You ca chage the umber of times a meu item bliks whe it s chose. To adjust meu blikig: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. 2 Ope the Geeral Cotrols pael. You adjust the blikig of a meu item with the cotrols i the lower-left corer. 3 Click the butto for the umber of times you wat the meu item to blik. Clickig the Off butto prevets a meu item from blikig. Chagig the scree s appearace 113

127 The optio you selected remais i effect util you chage it. Adjustig the blikig of the isertio poit You ca adjust how quickly the isertio poit bliks. (The isertio poit idicates where ay text you type appears.) To adjust the blikig of the isertio poit: 1 Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu. 2 Ope the Geeral Cotrols pael. You adjust the blikig of the isertio poit with the cotrols i the upperright corer. 3 Click the butto for the blikig rate you wat. Whe you click, the isertio poit i the cotrol pael shows the rate of blikig you selected. The optio you selected remais i effect util you chage it. Chagig the items i the Label meu You ca chage the labels (ad colors, if your moitor displays colors or shades of gray) available i the Label meu. You make these chages i the Labels cotrol pael. 114 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

128 To chage a label i the Label meu: Drag across the text to select it, ad the type your ew label. To chage a color i the label meu: 1 Click the color you wat to chage i the Label cotrol pael. The color wheel dialog box appears. 2 Click a color o the color wheel to select it. The ew color is displayed i the upper half of the color square. The curret color remais i the lower half of the square for compariso. 3 To experimet with other colors or shades, drag the poiter aroud the wheel, or click at aother poit o the wheel. The ew color is displayed i the upper half of the color square as you drag or click. 4 Click OK whe you have selected the color you wat. The color wheel dialog box disappears. 5 Close the Labels cotrol pael. The labels ad colors you selected remai i effect util you chage them. Chagig the scree s appearace 115

129 Chagig the way the cotets of widows appear You ca chage the way the cotets of Fider widows are displayed i the differet views available from the View meu (the ico view, the small-ico view, ad the list views by ame, size, kid, label, ad date). To chage the appearace of widows: Choose Cotrol Paels from the Apple meu, ad ope the Views cotrol pael. Optios for layout of icos Optios for the size of icos displayed i list views Chage ay of these optios: Pop-up meu of fots for ico ames ad list views Pop-up meu of fot sizes for ico ames ad list views Optio to sap icos to a ivisible grid wheever they are moved Optios for iformatio displayed i list views the fot ad fot size used i all views (press to ope the pop-up meu, the drag to choose a fot or a size) the arragemet of icos i ico ad small-ico views the size of icos used i list views what iformatio is icluded i list views, icludig folder sizes ad the amout of available space o the disk The optios you select remai i effect util you chage them. Chagig the appearace of icos You ca customize icos by chagig the icos themselves. If your computer displays colors or shades of gray, you ca have icos appear i a specific color that s associated with a label from the Label meu. 116 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

130 Chagig a ico Usig a graphics program, you ca create or copy the picture you wat to use as a ico, ad the paste it ito a ico s Ifo widow. Some icos ca t be chaged, icludig those for cotrol paels ad other parts of the system software. Every ico fits iside a 32-pixel square. (A pixel, or picture elemet, is the smallest dot you ca draw o the scree.) To chage a ico: 1 I a graphics program, select the picture that you wat to use for the ico. A movig dashed lie idicates the selected area i may graphics programs. 2 Copy the picture by choosig Copy from the Edit meu. 3 Switch to the Fider, the click the ico you wat to chage. Do t double-click. 4 Choose Get Ifo from the File meu. The ico s Ifo widow opes. 5 Click the ico at the upper-left corer of the Ifo widow to select it. A box appears aroud the ico whe it s selected. If o box appears whe you click, the ico ca t be chaged. A box aroud the ico idicates that it s selected. Chagig the scree s appearace 117

131 6 Choose Paste from the Edit meu. The picture you copied replaces the selected ico i the Ifo widow. If the picture is bigger tha the ico, it automatically shriks to fit. 7 Click the close box to close the Ifo widow. You ca chage a ico back to its origial form by clickig the picture i the upper-left corer of the Ifo widow ad choosig Cut from the Edit meu. Assigig a label ad a color to a ico You ca add a label ad its associated color to each ico. A label is differet from the ico s ame. The label is visible oly whe the cotets of a widow are displayed as a list. The associated color is visible wheever the computer is set to display colors or grays. Labels provide a way to group related files. You ca choose By Label from the View meu, ad all files with the same label will be grouped together. If you have a color moitor, you ca idetify related icos by assigig a label ad its color to each group. To assig a label ad color to a ico: 1 Click the ico to select it. 2 Choose the label (ad color) that you wat from the Label meu. See the sectio Chagig the Items i the Label Meu, earlier i this chapter, for iformatio o chagig the labels ad colors. Chagig the highlight color If your computer displays colors or shades of gray, you ca use the Color cotrol pael to chage the color your computer uses for highlightig selected text o the scree. 118 Chapter 7 / Customizig the Fider Eviromet

132 To chage the highlight color: 1 Ope the Color cotrol pael. Pop-up meu of choices for highlight color Pop-up meu of choices for widow color You ca also use the Color cotrol pael to chage the color of widow borders, as described i the ext sectio. 2 Press the Highlight color pop-up meu to display it, ad drag to choose a color or choose Other. If you choose a color, it appears i the Sample text box whe you release the mouse butto. If you choose Other, the color wheel dialog box appears. Numbers correspodig to the selected color or gray o the wheel New color or gray is i upper half, curret color or gray i lower half Circle idicates selected color Brightess cotrol Wheel shows colors or grays available. (Whe four colors or grays are selected, letters appear i the wheel idicatig color values.) Chagig the scree s appearace 119