An Introduction to Laboratory Automation
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1 An to Laboratory Automation VICTOR CERDÄ Department of Chemistry University of the Balearic Islands Palma de Mallorca, Spain GUILLERMO RAMIS Department of Analytical Chemistry University of Valencia Burjassot, Valencia, Spain A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION John Wiley & Sons, Inc. NEW YORK / CHICHESTER / BRISBANE / TORONTO / SINGAPORE
2 CHAPTER 1 AUTOMATION AND CHEMISTRY Automation of the Different Steps of an Analytical Control Process Computer Operation Modes Setting Out an Automation Problem 6 CHAPTER 2 BASIC CONCEPTS AND ELEMENTS OF ANALOG ELECTRONICS Simplified Representation of Circuits Resistors Voltage Divider Signals and Noise Logic Levels Capacitors, RC Circuits, and Applications Capacitors RC Circuits Differentiators and Integrators Ramp Generators Diodes, LEDs, and Zeners Rectification and Filtering Integrated Circuits Regulators Three-Terminal Regulators Four-Terminal Regulators 24 vn
3 viii Voltage Regulation of Large Load Currents Transistors Phototransistors and Isolation Techniques Transistor Switching Emitter Follower Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) Operational Amplifiers Comparators The Response of an OA Inverting Amplifier Noninverting Amplifier OA-Based Voltage Follower OA-Based Current Sources Current-to-Voltage Conversion Summing Amplifier OA-Based Integrators and Differentiators Voltage Regulators Based on the 723 IC Single Power Supply and Multiple OAs BIFET and BIMOS Amplifiers The Shmitt Trigger A Window Comparator Differential Amplifiers Instrumentation Amplifiers Isolation Amplifiers Oscillators CHAPTER 3 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
4 Bits, Bytes, Words, and Digital Signals The Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Codes Other Digital Codes Gates Latches The AND and NAND Gates Inverters and Separators The OR, NOR, and XOR Gates Combinations of Gates Gates of the TTL Family Timing Diagrams Description of Some Common Latches Encoder-Decoders Counters The 7490 IC Decade Counter Other Counters Monostable Multivibrators Buses The Monostable Multivibrator The Monostable Multivibrator The 555 Timing Circuit Use of the 555 as a Monostable Multivibrator Use of the 555 as an Astable Multivibrator Devices with a Three-State Logic Multiplexers and Demultiplexers Analog Multiplexers Digital Multiplexers IX
5 x CHAPTER 4 MICROPROCESSORS Hardware, Software, and Firmware Memory Architecture of the Intel 8085 jmp The 8085 up Parts Bus Structure and ALU Operation Mode The Register of States Internal Registers Instruction Register, Decoder, and Control Units ip Instructions up-based Systems The RAM Memory The ROM Memories I/O Techniques I/O Devices Polling Interruption Direct Memory Access The UART to Parallel I/O Interfaces The Intel 8355 ROM with Programmable I/O Facilities The Motorola 6522 Versatile Interface Adapter The Complex Interface Adapters (CIAs) The Intel SDK-85 Kit Monitor Routines CHAPTER 5 TRANSDUCTION, SIGNAL CONDITIONING, DATA ACQUISITION, AND CONTROL
6 Transducers Temperature Transducers Light Transducers Pressure Transducers Other Transducers Signal Conditioning The Wheatstone Bridge Signal-to-Frequency Converters A/D and D/A Converters Precision in A/D and D/A Converters D/A Converters A/D Converters Use of Analog Multiplexers with A/D and D/A Converters Programming Interface Cards in BASIC Device Addresses Programming Interface Cards in Interpreted BASIC Programming Interface Cards in Compiled BASIC Other BASIC Instructions that Are Useful in Automation Description of Some Commercial Interface Cards The MetraByte DASH-8 Card The Data Translation DT2811 Board Series The Fischertechnik Interface A Homemade Interface for Control of Injection Valves [MUN ICATIONS XI
7 Xll The RS232C Serial Communication Standard Specifications of the RS232C Protocol Transmission Method Programming Serial Communications with the Commodore VIC-20 and 64 Microcomputers Programming Serial Communications with the Amstrad CPC-6128 Microcomputer Programming Serial Communications with the IBM PC and Compatible Personal Computers The IEEE488 Interface Controllers, Listeners, and Talkers Device Addresses The IEEE488 Bus Interface Functions Programming of IEEE488 Commercial Cards Assembly Language Subroutines of the CEC PC< = >488 Card CHAPTER 7 INSTRUMENTS AND APPARATUS FOR LABORATORY AUTOMATION The Keithley 175 Multimeter Potentiometers Spectrophotometers Spectrofluorimeters Automatic Balances Burettes and Dosifiers Samp lers
8 xiii The Crison MicroSAMPLER A Homemade Sampler Based on a Fischertechnik Kit 252 CHAPTER 8 AUTOMATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS Automation of Potentiometrie Titrimetry Automation of Potentiometrie Titrations Using a Commodore VIC-20 Microcomputer Automation of Potentiometrie Titrations Using an IBM PC Automatic Determination of Boric Acid An Automatic System for Ion-Selective Potentiometry Automatic Potentiometrie Titrimetry with Electrogenerated Reagents Automation of Potentiometrie Stripping Analysis Automatic System for PSA Based on a VIC-20 Microcomputer Automatic System for PSA with Galvanostatic Oxidation Option Based on an IBM PC An Automatic System for Conductimetric Titrimetry Automation of Spectrophotometric Methods Automation of Photometrie Titrations An Automatic System for Spectrophotometric-Potentiometric Titrations Data Acquisition System for Spectrophotometric-Kinetic Methods 274
9 xiv 8.6. Automation of Fluorimetric Methods Automation of Calorimetric Methods A System for Automatic Thermometric Titrations Automation of a Batch Calorimeter Automation of Flow Injection Analysis (FIA) An Automatic FIA System for the Simultaneous Determination of Nitrates and Nitrites in Waters 284 CHAPTER 9 LABORATORY ROBOTICS Motors Synchronous Motors Direct Current Motors Servo Motors Stepper Motors Position Detectors Mechanical Switch Closures Noncontact Position Detectors Potentiometers Shaft Encoders Tachometers Articulated Arms Features of Articulated Arms The Training Program of the Fischertechnik Prototype Robot Laboratory Unit Operations RECOMMENDED BIBLIOGRAPHY 307 INDEX 311
CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: NUMBER SYSTEM. Foreword...(vii) Preface... (ix) Acknowledgement... (xi) About the Author...(xxiii)
CONTENTS Foreword...(vii) Preface... (ix) Acknowledgement... (xi) About the Author...(xxiii) CHAPTER 1: NUMBER SYSTEM 1.1 Digital Electronics... 1 1.1.1 Introduction... 1 1.1.2 Advantages of Digital Systems...
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