Graphs in L A TEX. Robert A. Beeler. January 8, 2017

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1 Graphs in L A TEX Robert A. Beeler January 8, Introdution This doument is to provide a quik and dirty guide for building graphs in L A TEX. Muh of the doument is devoted to examples of things that you an do with graphs in L A TEX. No doubt that there are a number of things that I have negleted to inlude in this doument. Mainly, this is beause there are things that I have never had reason to do (yet) and haven t figured out. This being said, if you figure something out that I haven t figured out, then I would be honored if you would let me know. This way, I an add these doument next time I update it. In most ases, I have simply inluded output in this doument. However, as I am also inluding the orresponding Tex ode, you an generate it yourself. First of all, you will need to add several pakages: pstriks, pst-node, and pst-plot. These an be added in the preamble using the ommand \usepakage{pstriks,pst-node,pst-plot}. Next, a word about ompiling your ode. I use the WinEdt ompiler (MiKTeX). When ompiling, I get the best result if I use the L A TEXompiler (this reates a dvi file). I then onvert the dvi file to a ps (postsript) file. Finally, I onvert the postsript to a pdf. Department of Mathematis and Statistis, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN USA beelerr@etsu.edu 1

2 2 2 Basi ommands First of all, you need to reate an environment for your graph. To begin this, use the ommand \pspiture(a,b). You end this environment with the ommand \endpspiture. In the \pspiture(a,b), you fill in speifi numbers for a and b. This reates a box for you to work in. This box is bounded by the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0, and y = b. NOTE: L A TEXis so powerful that you an break the rules of L A TEXwithin L A TEX. So you an plae points outside of the box that you reated. However, you may get unexpeted results. Next, you want to populate the box with verties. This is done with the ommand \node[](x,y){size}{label}. The brakets an be filled with options, whih we will talk about later. By default, you have a hollow vertex. The (x, y) gives the Cartesian oordinate where you will plae the vertex. Instead of size, you will plae a numeri value whih determines the size of the vertex. Finally, you replae label with a mnemoni that you an refer to later. So, \node[](1.5,0){.3}{ne} reates a hollow vertex of size.3 at point (1.5,0) with label ne. After you have plaed several verties in your box, you an onnet them. This is done with the ommand\nline[]{vertex1}{vertex2}. The brakets an be filled with options that we will disuss later. vertex1 you will replae with the mnemoni of the first endpoint of the edge. Likewise, vertex2 will be replaed with the label of the seond endpoint of the edge. Now, let s pull it all together. Suppose that we want a box of width 2 and height. There are two verties. The first is size.1 and is at (1,1) (label v1). The seond is at (2,3) and is size.3 (label v2). They are onneted by an edge. Here is the required ode: \pspiture(2,) \node[](1,1){.1}{v1} \node[](2,3){.3}{v2} \nline[]{v1}{v2} \endpspiture Here is the result:

3 3 Notie that the assigned labels don t atually appear in your graph. For this reason, you may also want to add labels to your graph. This is aomplished with the ommand \rput(x,y){text}. Again, (x, y) gives the oordinates where you will plae the label. Replae text with your desired label. Suppose that we want to modify the above graph to plae label Q above the vertex at (1,1), label X inside of the vertex at (2,3), and label 7 below and to the right of the edge. This is aomplished with the ode: \pspiture(2,) \node[](1,1){.1}{v1} \node[](2,3){.3}{v2} \rput(1,1.){$q$} \rput(2,3){$x$} \nline[]{v1}{v2} \rput(1.8,1.7){7} \endpspiture Here is the result: X Q 7 NOTE: When using \rput it sometimes takes a bit of trial and error to get your labels right where you want them. This is espeially true when labeling edges or graphs with a lot of verties or edges.

4 3 Options and variations One option that you may want to take advantage of is olor. Color an be added to be added to both edges and verties. There are various olors available, inluding blue, red, yellow, orange, purple, green, blak, and gray. For verties, add the line fillolor=olor, fillstyle=solid inside the braes. Likewise, we an add olor to edges using the ommand lineolor=olor inside of the braes. As usual, you replae olor with your hosen olor. Often, journals want to print in blak and white, but you still want to distinguish types of verties. One way is to use dotted and dashed lines. This is done by adding the lines linestyle=dotted and linestyle=dashed, respetively, within the braes of \nline. A sample output that mixes the different options is below. Another way to distinguish verties is with the \nbox ommand. Two example outputs are below.

5 5 Another option is to use multiple edges or direted edges. Normally, L A TEXreates straight lines between verties. To give it a bit of urve, use the ommand \nar[arangle=a]{v1}{v2}. Here, a is the angle of ar, relative to the straight between the verties labeled v1 and v2. Note that you an add the various olor and style options to the \nar ommand. To reate a direted edge, we an modify either the \nline or the \nar ommand by inluding {->,arrowsize=size} after the braes. Note that you need to replae size with how big you want the arrow to be (say 6pt). A sample output is below. a b s d t e f Making loops an be triky. One option is to use the \nar ommand along with an invisible vertex. To reate an invisible vertex, use the ommand\node*(x,y){0}{label}. This is useful if you need a loop or to make an edge go around a group of verties. An example output is given below.

6 6 x 1, x 1,5 x 1,6 x 2,1 x 3,3 x 3, x,2 x,3 x 1 x 2 x 3 x x 1,1 x 1,2 x 1,3 x 3,1 x 3,2 x,1 Figure 1: The aterpillar P (6,1,,3) Figures and tables Usually, when we inlude a graph in either a paper or a thesis, we plae it in a figure environment. This allows us to aption it and refer to it later. To enter into the figure environment, use \begin{figure}. To end the figure environment, use \end{figure}. You an add aptions and labels as usual. For best results, I usually plae the graph itself in the enter environment. To enter this environment, use \begin{enter}. To end it, use \end{enter}. By default, figures are plaed on the next available page, as we see with Figure 1 (whih appears immediately after this paragraph in the ode). Other options for the figure environment are \begin{figure}[t] (plaes the figure at the top of the urrent page), \begin{figure}[h] (plaes the figure HERE in the text), and \begin{figure}[b] (plaes the figure at the bottom of the urrent page). In my experiene, it is usually best to avoid these qualifiers and let L A TEXdetermine the best plae to put your figure. Often times, we want multiple graphs to appear next to eah other or on top of eah other in the same figure. This is aomplished using the tabular environment. An example output is given below in Figure 2.

7 7 u 1 u 1 u 1 u u 2 u u 2 u 5 u 2 u 3 u 3 u u 3 K 1, B 1 B 2 v 0 v 0 v 0 v 1 v 2 v 3 v v P 5 v Figure 2: A tabular example 5 Additional examples We end this manual by providing several templates for graphs of various sizes. As usual,i simply provide the output in this doument and refer you to the assoiated tex ode. a b d e f g h i

8 g i n a 3 f h 7 1 k 5 8 m 3 b d j l 0 1 a b 2 5 3

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