Trading hardware overhead for communication performance in mesh-type topologies
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1 Trading hardware overhead for communication performance in mesh-type topologies Claas Cornelius, Philipp Gorski, Stephan Kubisch, Dirk Timmermann 13th EUROMICRO Conference on Digital System Design (DSD) - Architectures, Methods and Tools University of Rostock
2 Outline Introduction Setup Scenarios BEAM Border-Enhanced Mesh Discussion Results Open issues Conclusion 2
3 Introduction Development of technology Continuous scaling of physical dimensions Smaller devices Higher integration density Higher performance >2000: Functional integration 1958: First IC 1981: Personal Computer (PC) 3
4 Introduction Development of technology Continuous scaling of physical dimensions Smaller devices Main challenges Higher integration density Productivity Power dissipation Reliability and robustness Higher performance To To cope with these challenges requires extensive research and development >2000: Functional integration 1958: First IC 1981: Personal Computer (PC) 4
5 Introduction What shines brighter than a bulb? Two bulbs Key characteristics: Parallelism Modularity 5
6 Introduction What shines brighter than a bulb? Two bulbs Crucial change Determining for for efficiency becomes Communication and Coordination Network-On-Chip (NOC) seems Key characteristics: an an appropriate design paradigm Parallelismto to cope with current concerns Modularity 6
7 Setup Selection of underlying platform 1. FPGA = Xilinx Virtex-4 Concerned with area usage 2. ASIC = STMicroelectronics 65 nm Concerned with power consumption Application scenarios 1. Application-specific Few heterogeneous resources Known requirements 2. Domain-specific 3. General purpose: Many homogeneous resources Unknown requirements 7
8 Setup Starting point: Mesh-type topologies Standard mesh Concentrated mesh J. Balfour and W. Dally, Design tradeoffs for tiled CMP on-chip networks, In Proc. of ICS,
9 Setup Starting point: Mesh-type topologies BEAM Clustered mesh S. Bourduas and Z. Zilic, A hybrid ring/mesh interconnect for network-onchip using hierarchical rings for global routing, In Proc. of NOCS,
10 Setup BEAM Border-Enhanced Mesh (BEAM) Key objectives: Reduced overall overhead Maintaining regularity Use of only low-radix routers * Cartesian addressing Dimension-ordered routing * A. Ferrante, S. Medardoni, and D. Bertozzi, Network interface sharing techniques for area optimized NoC architectures, In Proc. of DSD,
11 Setup BEAM Topology and its addressing 11
12 Setup BEAM Routing in BEAM 12
13 Results Analytical comparison 13
14 Results Communication characteristics I Saturation points 14
15 Results Communication characteristics II 15
16 Results Synthesis Number of routers only a first measure Higher radix hurts the frequency 16
17 Open issues Benchmarking Setup influences results drastically, consider Packet lengths, traffic patterns Presented metrics Necessary benchmark suites have to be platform-dependent and domain-specific. Comparison of of solutions and results becomes questionable without accepted measures. C. Grecu, et al., Towards open network-on-chip benchmarks, In Proc. of NOCS, E. Salminen, et al., Requirements for network-on-chip benchmarking, In Proc. of NORCHIP,
18 Open issues Reliability and robustness Complex systems will exhibit failures But most contributions on NOC assume faultless operation To be answered (an extract): Physical = Which causes to consider? Models = How to integrate models into the design process? Metrics = How to evaluate reliability and robustness? Suggestion: Energy-Reliability Ratio (ERR) ERR = Ptot t d Reliability = Energy Reliability 18
19 Conclusion Mesh-type topologies are beneficial for the use in complex Networks-On-Chip (NOC) Comparison of different mesh-type topologies Selection of best suited topology highly depends on given requirements Characteristics have to be traded off Open concerns that restrain further research on NOC Accepted benchmark suites are required Reliability has to be considered as a key design quality 19
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