Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling Companion Guide

Transcription

1 Cisco SYSTEMS Cisco Networking Academy Program Fundamentals of Voice and Data Cabling Companion Guide Cisco Systems, Inc. Cisco Networking Academy Program Cisco Press 201 West 103 rd Street Indianapolis, Indiana USA

2 VIM Table of Contents Foreword Introduction xxviii xxix Part I Industry and Networking Overview 3 Chapter 1 Cabling and Safety Overview 5 Introduction to Cabling 6 History of Communications 6 Concepts of Analog Telephony 9 Analog Telephony Cabling 9 Computer Cabling History 11 Emerging Cabling Technologies 12 The Relationship Between High-Quality Cabling and Cabling Costs 14 The Cabling Job Market 16 Entry-Level Positions 16 Management Opportunities 18 Specialized Positions 20 Licensed Electricians 21 Education to Benefit Career Goals 22 Americans with Disabilities Act 23 Safety Codes and Standards for the United States 24 Occupational Safety 25 OSHA Rules 25 Underwriters Laboratories Inc 26 National Electrical Code 27 Environmental Safety 29 Local, State, and National Building Codes 29 International Safety Codes and Standards 29 Occupational Safety 30 Other Safety Standards and Organizations 30 Safety Around Electricity 30 High Voltage 31 Lightning and High-Voltage Danger 32 High-Voltage Safety Test 33 Grounding 34 What Is Bonding? 36

3 IX Grounding and Bonding Standards 37 Wire Separations 38 Cutting and Drilling 39 Electrostatic Discharge 39 Lab and Workplace Safety Practices 40 General Safety Tips 41 Workplace Safety 42 Hazardous Environments 43 Proper Use of Ladders 43 Fiber-Optic Cable Safety Considerations 45 First-Aid Kit Supplies 46 Fire Extinguisher Use 46 Injury Prevention 48 Personal Safety Equipment 48 Work Clothes 49 Eye Protection 49 Hearing Protection 50 Respiratory Protection 51 Hand Protection 52 Hard Hat Use 52 Back Support Belts 53 Summary 53 Key Terms 54 Check Your Understanding 55 Chapter 2 Introduction to Networking 61 What Is a Network? 61 Where Did Networks Come From? 63 Goals of Networking 64 Benefits of Networking 64 The Role of Cabling in Networking 66 Server Location Issues 67 Types of Networks 68 Other Characteristics of Networking 71 Network Topologies 72 What Are Topologies? 72 OSI Model Overview 81 Advantages and Use of the OSI Model 82 The Seven Layers of the OSI Model 82

4 Physical Layer Functions 84 Repeaters 85 Hubs 86 The Effect of Wiring Errors 87 Data Link Layer Functions 88 Bridges 89 Switches 90 Network Layer Functions 92 Transport Layer Functions 94 Session Layer Functions 95 Presentation Layer Functions 96 Application Layer Functions 97 Summary 98 Key Terms 100 Check Your Understanding 100 Part II Media and Transmission Practices 105 Chapter 3 Signals and Wires 107 Signal Transmission 107 Electrical Signals 108 Optical Signals 109 Wireless Signals 110 Signal Distortion and Degradation 112 Other Losses 119 The Basics of Electrical Signals 120 What Causes Current? 121 Static Electricity 122 Wires Conduct Current 123 Direct Current 123 Ohm's Law 124 Power Equals Capacity for Work 126 Decibels 126 Current and Magnetism 127 Power and Other Electrical Considerations 128

5 XI Alternating Current 129 Alternating Current and Magnetism 131 Transformers and Other Electrical Considerations 131 Inductance 132 Capacitance 132 Impedance Matching 133 AC Skin Effect 134 Electronic Characteristics of Cables 134 Analog Versus Digital 135 Cable Construction 136 Grounding and Bonding 137 Grounding Techniques 139 Safety Ground Connection Problems 140 The Telecommunications Grounding System 140 Grounding Problems in Large Structures 142 Service Entrance Protection Equipment 142 Avoiding Dangerous Circuits Between Buildings 145 Optical Theory 146 Photons and Light Waves 146 Refraction 147 Free-Space Optical Communication 148 Wireless Systems Theory 149 Antennas 149 Signals on Networks 152 Bandwidth 152 Telephony-Based Communications 154 Baseband 155 X-Base Notation 156 Broadband 157 Cable TV and Broadband Networking 157 DOCSIS 158 Telephony and Broadband Networking 159 Digital Subscriber Line Systems 160 The Asymmetrical Nature of DSL 162 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers 163 The Future of DSL 164

6 XII High-Bandwidth and Backbone Signals 165 ISDN 165 B-ISDN 166 T-Carrier and E-Carrier Systems 168 FDDI 169 SONET 170 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 171 Summary 171 Key Terms 173 Check Your Understanding 175 Chapter 4 Copper Media 179 Copper Cable Basics 180 Solid Versus Stranded Wire 181 Cable Insulation 183 How Cables Are Made 183 Codes and Standards 185 Cable Plant 187 Twisted-Pair Cables and Terminations 187 Wire Grades 189 Underwriters Laboratories' Ratings Systems 194 IBM Wire Ratings, IBM Cabling System Technical Summary 195 The Anixter System 196 Twisted-Pair Cable Fundamentals 196 Cancellation Effect 197 Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cable 198 Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable 199 Color Codes 201 ANSI/TIA/EIA T568A and T568B Standards 202 Other Twisted-Pair Configurations 203 Multipair Cables 204 Color Codes for 25-Pair Cables 205 Color Code Binders for High-Pair-Count Cables 206 Coaxial Cable 207 How Coaxial Cable Works 209 Balanced Versus Unbalanced Circuits 210 ThickNet Cable 211 ThinNet Cable 212

7 XIII Video 213 Radio Frequencies 214 Baseband Versus Broadband 216 Outside Plant Cables 217 Exterior Cabling Concerns 218 Bonding and Grounding 218 Filling Compounds 220 Summary 221 Key Terms 222 Check Your Understanding 223 Chapter 5 Fiber-Optic Media 227 Fiber-Optic Cables 227 How Fiber Optics Work 228 Single-Mode Versus Multimode Cable 230 Fiber-Optic Enclosures 233 Advantages and Disadvantages 235 Electromagnetic Immunity 235 Security Considerations 236 Decreased Attenuation and Increased Transmission Distance 236 Increased Bandwidth Potential 237 Size and Weight Considerations 238 Cost Considerations 238 Disadvantages 239 Construction 240 How Fiber Is Created 240 Fiber Types 242 Loose-Tube and Tight-Buffered Designs 242 Common Cable Configurations 245 Transmission 251 Light Waves 251 Reflection 252 Critical Angle 253 Refraction 254 Refractive Index 255 Transmitter 256 Optical Receiver 256 Multiplexing 257

8 XIV Connectors 260 ST Connectors 263 SC Connectors 263 Testing Fiber-Optic Cables 264 Preinstallation Testing 264 Installation Testing 266 Optical Time Domain Reflectometers 267 Optical Cable Certification 268 Optical Fiber Maintenance 268 Summary 269 Key Terms 270 Check Your Understanding 271 Part III Installation Theory 275 Chapter 6 Cabling Standards 277 Introduction to Cabling Standards and Codes 277 What Are Codes? 278 The Role of Codes 278 What Are Standards? 279 Adhering to Standards 280 Evolution of Cabling Standards 280 History of Transition from Vendor to Industry Standards What Are International, National, and Local Standards? Worldwide Standards Organizations 283 International Organization for Standardization 283 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 285 ATM Forum 290 Other Organizations 291 U.S. Codes 293 National Fire Protection Agency 293 National Electrical Code 294 Underwriters Laboratories 300 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 304 Environmental Protection Agency 305 Network Equipment Building System 305 Building Codes 306 State Codes 308 Local Codes 308

9 XV U.S. Standards 310 American National Standards Institute 310 Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronic Industries Alliance 311 ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards 313 Other ANSI/TIA/EIA Standards 316 Canadian Standards 316 Canadian Electrical Code 316 Canadian Standards Association 317 Australian and New Zealand Standards 318 AS/ACIF S AS/ACIF S National Standards from Around the World 320 Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 321 European Standards 321 European Commission Standards 322 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization Evolution of Standards 323 Standards Changes 324 Cable Changes 325 Category 6 and 7 Cable 327 Summary 328 Key Terms 329 Check Your Understanding 330 Chapter 7 Structured Cabling 335 Structured Cabling Systems 335 The Need for Structured Cabling Systems 336 Rules of Structured Cabling 337 Subsystems of Structured Cabling 338 Scalability 338 Labeling Cable 342 Removal of Cable 345 TIA/EIA Standards 346 Demarcation Point 346 Demarcation Point Space 348

10 XVI Telecommunications and Equipment Rooms 349 Locating Telecommunications Rooms 350 Work Areas 351 Wiring Densities 352 Mounting Equipment 353 Telecommunications Grounding Busbars 354 Doors and Locks 355 Wall, Floor, and Ceiling Specifications 355 Lighting 356 Temperature and Humidity 357 Telecommunications Room Equipment 357 Cable Management 358 Equipment Racks 360 Alternative Floor and Ceiling Options 362 Wall Field 363 Cross-Connect Cables 364 Patch Cords 364 Crossover Cables 365 Straight-Through Cables 366 Rollover Cables 367 MCs, ICs, and HCs 367 Main Cross-Connects 368 Intermediate Cross-Connects 370 Horizontal Cross-Connects 371 Connecting the MC to the ICs and HCs 371 Backbone Cabling Systems 373 Fiber-Optic Backbone 375 Multipair Copper Cables 375 Bundled 4-Pair Backbone Cables 376 Work-Area Cabling 376 Work Areas 377 Multiuser Telecommunications Outlet Assemblies 378 Consolidation Points 378 Work-Area Outlets 379 Summary 380 Key Terms 381 Check Your Understanding 382

11 Chapter 8 Tools of the Trade 385 Tools of the Trade 385 Cable Casters and Fish Tape 386 Labeling Systems 387 Stripping and Cutting Tools 388 Termination Tools 390 Splicing Tools 391 Crimping Tools 393 Diagnostic Tools Cable Testers 394 Diagnostic Tools Certification Meters 395 Diagnostic Tools Multimeters 396 Diagnostic Tools Voltage Sensors 396 Diagnostic Tools Tone-and-Probe Sets 396 Diagnostic Tools Telephone Test Set 398 Diagnostic Tools Metal and Wood Sensors 399 Diagnostic Tools Wire Finders 399 Other Tools 400 Tools Usage and Material Handling 401 Safe and Effective Use of Tools 402 Hazardous Materials and Material Safety Data Sheets 402 Repetitive Strain Injury 403 Professionalism 404 Professional Appearance and Demeanor 405 Customer Relations and Communication Skills 405 Working Effectively in a Group Environment 405 Ethics 406 Summary 406 Key Terms 407 Check Your Understanding 408 Part IV Practical Installation 413 Chapter 9 Cable Installation Process 415 The Installation Process 415 Requests for Proposals 417 Finding Requests for Proposals 417 RFPs Versus Requests for Quotes 419 Responding to Requests for Proposals 419

12 XVIII Prebid Meeting and Bid Creation 420 Prebid Meeting 421 Writing the Bid 421 Bid Elements 422 Customer Review 422 Follow-Up 423 Requirements Gathering 423 Site Survey 423 Requirements Documents 425 Preliminary Bill of Materials 426 Notice to Proceed 427 Labor Cost Calculation 427 Planning Labor Costs 427 Time Line 429 Checklist 430 Business Costs 430 Subcontractors 431 Suppliers 431 Material and Labor Issues 432 Cost of Materials 432 Common-Practice Estimating 433 Material Shortages 434 Alternate Suppliers 434 Labor Situations 435 Insurance 435 Contractors' Licenses 436 Contract Development, Negotiations, and Planning 436 Writing a Contract 437 Contract Elements 437 Customer Review and Negotiations 440 Contract Revision and Signing 440 Project Planning 441 Ordering Materials 442 Communication and Conflict Resolution 442 Coping with Changing Conditions 443 Change Orders and Punch Lists 443 Issuing Liens 444 Software Tools 446 Cost Calculation Tools 446

13 Design Document Tools 44~ Installation Software 44S Project Management Software 44S Design Documents 450 Design Documents and Construction Specifications 450 Installation Icons and Symbols 45 1 Blueprints 452 Rough Sketches and Floor Plans 453 Schematic Diagrams and Equipment Diagrams 453 Construction Specifications 454 As-Built Drawings 455 Summary 456 Key Terms 457 Check Your Understanding 457 Chapter 10 Cabling Rough-In 461 Rough-In Phase Basics 461 Installing Cable in Buildings 462 Cable Installation Team 464 Securing the Work Area 465 The Staging Area 466 Rough-In Support Tools 467 Cable Reels 467 Cable Trees, Jack Stands, and Rollers 468 Bullwheels and Quadrant Blocks 469 Pulleys and Swivels 470 Wire Mesh or Kellem Grips 471 Raceways 4~2 Horizontal Cable Installation 473 Network Distribution Cable Installation Without Using Raceways 4~3 Backbone Cable Installation Without Using Raceways 476 Horizontal Cable Installation in Conduits 477 Pulling Cable to the Jacks 4 ""8 Pulling Cable to the Telecommunications Room 4~~9 Fastening Cable 4S0 Horizontal Cabling Precautions 481

14 XX Vertical Cable Installation 482 Pulling Cable from an Upper to a Lower Floor 482 Pulling Cable from a Lower to an Upper Floor 483 Fastening Vertical Cables 484 Vertical Cabling Precautions 486 Cable Installation Tips 487 Roughing In Other Cable Types 488 Aerial Cable 488 Direct-Burial Cable 490 Underground Cabling (In Conduit) 491 Tunnels 491 Special Considerations for Fiber-Optic Cable 491 Firestops 492 How Fire Kills 493 Cable Rating 494 Firewalls 495 Types of Firestop Systems 497 Backfilling 498 Blankets 499 The Firestop Numbering System 499 Upgrades and Retrofits 500 Identifying Active Circuits 501 Floating Backboards 502 Cutting Over 502 Removing Abandoned Cable 502 Summary 503 Key Terms 504 Check Your Understanding 505 Chapter 11 Trim-Out Phase 511 The Installation Process 511 Cutting Cable to Length 512 Splicing Copper Cable 513 Termination or Punchdown 516 Cable Dressing 517 Labeling Systems 517 Wire Management 518 Consolidation Points and MUTOAs 519

15 XXI Cable Management 520 Raceways 521 Cable Trays 522 Baskets 522 Ladder Systems 524 J-Hooks and Bridle Rings 524 Cable Ties 525 Terminating Copper Media 526 Tip and Ring Pair Color Code Pair Color Code 529 Other Color Codes for Cables 529 RJ-11 Jacks and Plugs 530 RJ-45 Jacks and Plugs 530 RJ-48 Jacks 531 STP-A Plugs and Jacks 531 Coaxial Cable Connectors 533 Crimp-Style Connections and D-Series Connectors Blocks Blocks 536 BIX and Krone Blocks 536 Terminating Fiber-Optic Cable 537 Color Code for Fiber Optic 537 Jumpers and Patch Cables 538 Connectors 539 SC Connectors 540 ST Connectors 540 FC Connectors 541 Other Fiber-Optic Connectors 541 Fiber-Optic Splicing 543 Patch Panels 545 Types of Patch Cables 546 Special Considerations for Cross-Connects 547 Supporting Cables 547 Summary 548 Key Terms 549 Check Your Understanding 552

16 XXII Chapter 12 Finish Phase 555 Testing and Troubleshooting Cable 555 Conducting Performance Testing (Certification) 557 Testing Before You Certify: Common Testers and Multimeters 558 Using a Time Domain Reflectometer 559 Using Tone-and-Trace Tools 560 Conducting Link and Channel Testing 561 Testing Fiber-Optic Cable 566 Testing the Ground System 567 Interpreting Test Results 567 Troubleshooting Copper Cable 567 Troubleshooting Fiber-Optic Cable 568 Cable Certification and Documentation 569 Final Dressing Wall Plates 573 Cable Documentation 574 As-Built Documentation 576 Summary 578 Key Terms 579 Check Your Understanding 580 Chapter 13 Customer Support Phase 585 Cabling Project Completion 585 Customer Final Walk-Through 586 Final Acceptance and Sign-Off 586 Warranty 586 Customer Support 587 Troubleshooting 588 Telephone-Based Support 589 Web-Based Support 590 Contact Information 591 Frequently Asked Questions 592 Glossary 592 Electronic Forms 592 Determining Upgrade Opportunities 593 Planning for Growth 594 Taking Advantage of Upgrade Opportunities 595 Summary 595

17 Key Terms 596 Check Your Understanding 596 Part V Future of Cabling 601 Chapter 14 The Future of Cabling 603 Demand for Bandwidth 603 Growing Bandwidth Requirements 604 Tornado Technologies 605 Storage Area Networks 606 Content Networking 607 Voice Over IP 609 MANs and BANs 610 Virtual Private Networks 610 Security 611 Vertical Market Drivers and Applications 612 Growth Sectors 612 Service Providers 614 Emerging Network Technologies 616 Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet 616 Wireless LANs 617 Infrared 618 Cellular Technology 618 Converging Voice, Data, and Video 619 Emerging Cabling Technologies 619 Advanced Copper 620 Fiber to the Desktop 621 Active Cable Management 622 Scanning for Changes 622 Security 624 Market Opportunities 624 Commercial 625 Institutional 625 Residential 626 Summary 626 Key Terms 627 Check Your Understanding 628

18 XXIV Chapter 15 Localization 633 What Is Localization? 633 Local Differences 634 Regional Differences 634 Weather-Related Issues 635 Seismic Issues 635 Different Construction Techniques 636 Masonry Walls 638 Surface Mounting 638 Terminology Differences 639 Units of Measurement 641 Employment 643 Education and Training 644 Union Membership 645 Different Building Codes 646 Regulation 647 Customs 647 Localization Research 648 Internet Search Engines 648 Trade Magazines 650 Standards Organizations 651 Australian and New Zealand Standards 652 Australian Communications Authority 652 Australian Communications Industry Forum 653 National Electrical and Communications Association 655 Information Industries Training Advisory Board 656 Standards Australia 656 Australian/New Zealand Standard 657 SAA HB 29:2000 Communications Cabling Handbook 658 Japanese Standards 658 Japanese Industrial Standards Committee 658 JIS X5150 and ISO/IEC Japanese Standards Association 660 European Standards 661 European Commission Standards 661 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization..661 Summary 662 Key Terms 663 Check Your Understanding 663

19 XXV Part VI Appendixes 667 Appendix A BICSI Installer, Level 1 Exam FAQs 669 Appendix B Basics of Electrical Theory 681 Appendix C Answers to Check Your Understanding Review Questions Glossary of Key Terms 715 Index 741