Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration. Transactive Node Framework and Toolkit Library Functions

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1 PNWD-4449 Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demostratio Trasactive Node Framework ad Toolkit Library Fuctios Versios Versio Date Chages Author 2.0 8/14/15 Completed PNNL Erica review (reviewer T Carlo) ad respoded to correctios ad commets that resulted from the review. DJ Hammerstrom 1.3 4/18/13 Added the subscript C i P C wherever eeded throughout this documet. T Esram 1.2 6/21/12 Added details about Load Toolkit Fuctio 3.7 to Table D2. T Esram 1.1 6/6/12 List of Resource/Icetive ad Load Toolkit Fuctios moved from Toolkit Fuctios to Appedix D. T Esram 1.0 3/13/12 First major revisio published. Review commets ad correctios have bee icorporated. Iterval Start Time Series Defiitio documet has bee moved ito Appedix A of this documet ad o loger is supported as a stad-aloe documet by the PNWSGD. Appedix B ad Appedix C DJ Hammerstrom material has bee moved ito this documet from Toolkit Fuctios, which will o loger be supported by the project as a stad-aloe documet /9/11 Mior chage to iclude fial IST that makes last trasactive sigal iterval uambiguous. DJ Hammerstrom 0.7 8/12/11 Icremetal improvemets, icludig addressig storage cotets ad fuctio tables. DJ Hammerstrom 0.6 8/4/11 Most of framework complete with useful process diagrams. Needs buffer descriptios, toolkit fuctio lists, ad toolkit fuctio applicability. DJ Hammerstrom 0.5 7/29/11 Preview made available with about 75% of basic framework completed DJ Hammerstrom 0.4 6/28/11 Reamed ad retargeted to defie Toolkit Fuctios DJ Hammerstrom 0.3 3/17/11 Icorporated suggestios received from Lida Raki, QualityLogic DJ Hammerstrom 0.2 3/9/11 May chages DJ Hammerstrom 0.1 2/8/11 Mior improvemets DJ Hammerstrom 0.0 2/7/11 Origial draft T Esram

2 Terms Demostratio elastic load Electricity Ifrastructure Operatios Ceter ielastic load Iteratioal Busiess Machies iteret-scale cotrol system iput trasactive feedback sigal iput trasactive icetive sigal EIOC IBM ics iput TFS iput TIS The Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demostratio Project. A Departmet of Eergy Smart Grid Demostratio project led by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Divisio. Withi the toolkit framework, the chage i electrical load that is expected as resposive asset systems respod to the trasactive icetive sigal (TIS). Withi the toolkit framework, iformatio about elastic load will be stored ito ad available from the Toolkit Respose Fuctio Output Parameter Buffer. Physical locatio at Battelle, Pacific Northwest Divisio, where may trasactive odes of the Demostratio reside. From the subprojects perspective, the remote locatio from where most system maagemet commads origiate. Electrical load that is ot resposive to the trasactive icetive sigal (TIS) at a trasactive ode. This documet will advise that ielastic load should also iclude the predicted load from resposive asset systems if they were to ot respod to the TIS. Withi the toolkit framework, iformatio about ielastic load will be stored ito ad available from the Ielastic Load Predictio Buffer. Compay active i the desig ad implemetatio of the trasactive cotrol system for the Demostratio. Iteret-scale cotrol system software product ow beig developed by IBM, based o stadard IEC A trasactive feedback sigal (TFS) that has bee received from a trasactive eighbor as i iput to the set of calculatios that is to be coducted at a trasactive ode every 5 miutes. A trasactive icetive sigal (TIS) that has bee received from a trasactive eighbor as i iput to the set of calculatios that is to be coducted at a trasactive ode every 5 miutes. iterval start time IST A attribute of trasactive sigals. The series of future times that defie the startig times of members of set of future time itervals. The duratio of each iterval is defied by the time betwee two cosecutive iterval start times. For the Demostratio, iterval start times must be assiged from the 12 major ticks i a clock hour. other local coditios OLC A broad set of iformatio ad data that will be iputs ito the may fuctios ad processes that is to be performed at trasactive odes. This set excludes trasactive sigals. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 2 of 113

3 output trasactive feedback sigal output trasactive icetive sigal resposive asset system toolkit toolkit framework toolkit fuctio toolkit fuctio library toolkit load fuctio toolkit resource ad icetive fuctio output TFS output TIS A trasactive feedback sigal (TFS) object output from the calculatios that are to be coducted at a trasactive ode every 5 miutes. A trasactive ode prepares a output TFS that predicts the average power to be exchaged with a trasactive eighbor ito the future. A trasactive icetive sigal (TIS) object output from the calculatios that are to be coducted at a trasactive ode every 5 miutes. A system withi the cotrol of a trasactive ode that will chage its cosumptio or geeratio i respose to the trasactive ode s trasactive icetive sigal (TIS) ad other local coditios. The toolkit framework, toolkit fuctio libraries, the set of toolkit fuctios, ad all associated documetatio. The geeral fuctioality ad resposibilities at ay trasactive ode. The flow i which high-level ad more specific toolkit fuctios are coordiated ad accomplished. A idividual fuctioal capability that may be implemeted at a trasactive ode. There are two mai types of toolkit fuctios icetive ad respose. A set of toolkit fuctios available to implemeters. Implemeters select toolkit fuctios from this library that ca be istatiated ad iteroperably 1 applied at their trasactive ode. A toolkit fuctio iserted ito the toolkit framework process 8. Calculate Toolkit Resource ad Icetive Fuctio that calculates eergy ad eergy cost for a resource ad other cost compoets ad icetives that will be used i the formulatio of the trasactive icetive sigal. A toolkit fuctio iserted ito the toolkit framework process 6. Calculate Toolkit Load Fuctio that calculates the predicted ielastic load ad chages i elastic load compoets of the etire load at a trasactive ode. trasactive cotrol TC A egotiated form of power grid cotrol that uses price-like icetive ad feedback sigals. 2 1 A questio arose from L. Raki whether the word iteroperability is correct here. The iputs to toolkit fuctios are to be defied but are ot ecessarily to be stadardized; the outputs from toolkit fuctios are ideed stadardized at sematic ad format levels so that they may be uderstood by the commo framework. 2 Presetly, recommedatios have bee made that the term trasactive eergy be used i place of trasactive cotrol. The word cotrol cootes for some a far too cetralized ad directed approach tha is iteded. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 3 of 113

4 trasactive cotrol system trasactive feedback sigal trasactive icetive sigal TCS A distributed system that employs trasactive cotrol. 3 TFS TIS Oe of the two major trasactive sigals employed by the Demostratio s trasactive cotrol system. A trasactive ode s reportig of the expected average power to be trasferred betwee two trasactive eighbors durig itervals over the ext several days (PNWSGD 2010a). Oe of the two major trasactive sigals employed by the Demostratio s trasactive cotrol system. A trasactive ode s reportig of the aticipated delivered cost of electrical power at its locatio at itervals over the ext several days (PNWSGD 2010a). trasactive sigal TS Either the trasactive icetive sigal (TIS) or trasactive feedback sigal (TFS). trasactive eighbors Trasactive odes that exchage electrical eergy betwee them ad therefore also exchage trasactive sigals. trasactive ode TN A defied locatio of the trasactive cotrol system that has agreed to exchage trasactive icetive sigals (TIS) ad trasactive feedback sigals (TFS) with its trasactive eighbors (PNWSGD 2010a). trasactive ode model algorithm trasactive ode object Trasactive ode object model update frequecy TNMA TNOM A module of ics software where the fuctioality of trasactive cotrol is created for a trasactive ode. The Demostratio chooses to apply this term to software modules that serve this fuctio regardless of whether ics is beig used. A formal costruct possessig attributes that may be used to defie the state of a trasactive ode ad the trasitio betwee those states. The trasactive ode object was defied i the Demostratio s Fuctioal Requiremets Specificatio (PNWSGD 2010a). The model of the states of the trasactive ode object ad the fuctios by which it moves from oe state to aother. The TNOM icludes the model of a trasactive ode object s cofiguratio. A very basic TNOM was developed by the Demostratio to itroduce the basic states ad state trasitios that apply to every trasactive ode object (PNWSGD 2011f). Specific vedor implemetatios might require expaded versios of the TNOM. Reciprocal of the update iterval. The Demostratio has elected to use a update frequecy of oce per 5 miutes. The update frequecy must be made cofigurable to support future implemetatios ad testig. 4 3 The Demostratio has called the highest level of its system-of-systems the Project-Level Ifrastructure (PLI) (PNWSGD 2010a). Hammerstrom has advocated usig geeric trasactive cotrol system to describe busiessuit subset system withi the larger system-of-systems ad miimum implemetatio to describe the resposibilities of the smallest subsystem, the trasactive ode. This documet addresses fuctioal resposibilities to be addressed at every trasactive ode ad therefore addresses a miimum implemetatio level. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 4 of 113

5 update iterval Relatively short time iterval betwee cosecutive updates of the TIS ad TFS at each trasactive ode. The Demostratio will use a 5-miute update time iterval. 4 As of documet versio 1.0, the implemetatio for the PNWSGD allows for the cofiguratio of the update frequecy while i test mode. This is accomplished via a cofigurable watchdog timer. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 5 of 113

6 Itroductio A trasactive ode (TN) represets a predetermied compoet or regio withi a electric power grid at which electrical eergy may be geerated, cosumed, imported, or exported. I priciple, the trasactive ode costruct will be scalable ad similarly applicable to small, ed-use equipmet (e.g., a distributio trasformer, residetial thermostats) ad large regios (e.g., the boudary of a electric utility). A trasactive ode icludes a aget of sorts (i.e., a computer ad its software applicatios) 5 that orchestrates each trasactive ode s resposibilities to 1. ecoomically balace eergy 2. icetivize eergy cosumptio or geeratio 3. activate its ow resposive geeratio ad load resources 4. exchage both trasactive icetive sigals (TIS) ad trasactive feedback sigals (TFS) with each of its eighborig trasactive odes. The two trasactive sigals the trasactive icetive sigal (TIS) ad trasactive feedback sigal (TFS) reveal the predicted local delivered cost of electric eergy ad the predicted eed of a TN to exchage electrical eergy with its eighbors, give the value of the TIS ad other predicted local coditios. 6 These fuctioal behaviors were desiged ito the trasactive cotrol system durig Phase 2 of the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demostratio. Depedig o its complexity, memberships, ad locatio i its power grid, a trasactive ode may assume all, some, or practically oe of the resposibilities to be described i this documet. 7 The toolkit fuctio library costruct has bee proposed as a way to orgaize ad teach the resposibilities of a TN to those who would wish to defie a trasactive ode ad have their trasactive ode eter ito a existig trasactive cotrol system. The toolkit library should ot oly haste the adoptio ad implemetatio of trasactive cotrol, but it should also stadardize implemetatios of trasactive cotrol so that the buildig blocks compoets will be more iteroperable. The toolkit library should be available to implemeters who may choose from ad lear from others experieces ad practices. The template for toolkit library fuctios aticipates providig referece implemetatio code with which implemeters may jump start their istatiatio of similar fuctios. The fuctioal resposibilities of a trasactive ode will be described at two levels of the toolkit: 5 The trasactive ode model algorithm (TNMA) module has bee itroduced by IBM ad refers to the part of its ics model that has these aget-like resposibilities toward trasactive cotrol fuctioality. The term TNMA will be applied by this documet to this fuctioal module, regardless of whether ics is beig employed. 6 While this documet refers ofte to pairs of TIS ad TFS sigals, the two sigals eed ot ecessarily always be received ad set together ad simultaeously. The curret implemetatio by the PNWSGD as of documet Versio 1.0 has decoupled the sigals so that they may be set ad received separately. 7 The PNWSG project has aticipated that the toolkit fuctios beig used ad their impacts must be kow by the project. This eed is beig addressed ad defied as part of trasactive data collectio so that cofiguratio iformatio ad toolkit calculatio outputs will have bee collected ito a database. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 6 of 113

7 1. Toolkit framework the high-level computatioal structure that provides basic trasactive cotrol fuctioality of all trasactive odes ad that calls upo specific toolkit library fuctios to eact the fuctioality of specific icetives ad assets. 2. Toolkit library fuctios the specific fuctios that accout for resource, eact icetives ad pla asset resposes at trasactive odes where these specific fuctios have bee implemeted ad are relevat. Applicable toolkit library fuctios are called upo ad acted upo withi the toolkit framework. Toolkit Framework The toolkit framework is a high-level structure for the iputs, fuctios, processes, ad outputs that defie trasactive cotrol fuctioality 8 at a trasactive ode. The toolkit framework will probably be foud to ecompass the high-level fuctioal resposibilities of the trasactive ode model algorithm (TNMA) module that IBM has provided i its ics architecture. Similar modules must appear i o-ics eviromets to carry out the fuctios of the toolkit framework, ad the Demostratio may also call them TNMA modules. Refer to Figure 1 that shows the flow of iformatio durig each 5-miute update iterval at the rate of the update frequecy. 9 This is a fuctioal flow, ot ecessarily a recommedatio for how a developer will costruct the software program. The blocks i this diagram represet fuctios ad processes. The distictio betwee fuctios ad processes may be somewhat subjective, but a process will have bee defied to have multiple sub-fuctios ad/or sub-processes. Blocks of Figure 1show with bold outlies are processes, kow to be composed of at least two sub-fuctios or processes. The flow of iformatio i Figure 1 is idicated by solid arrows. Iformatio is processed predomiatly dowward through the diagram, which makes the diagram useful for uderstadig fuctioal, sequetial iterdepedecies. Other logical flow cotrol ad depedecies are show by dashed arrows. Iformatio buffers appear i several of the iformatio flow paths. These buffers are available to be mied by data collectio processes ad might be made accessible to the system maagemet level. 10 The buffers also provide recet iformatio that may be used if ay prior fuctio or process should fail to promptly complete its resposibilities or provide its output iformatio. The flow i this diagram has bee greatly simplified by the assumptio that ay buffered historical iformatio is available to be used by ay other fuctio or process at this trasactive ode. Throughout the the diagrams to follow i this documet, gree shadig origially implied essetial fuctios, processes, iformatio flow, or data that were ecessary for, or expected to be implemeted at, 8 This documet really addresses oly the algorithmic fuctioality of a trasactive ode ad its resposibilities toward maagemet of electrical eergy. This documet may facilitate, but does ot ited to specify, fuctioality toward system maagemet, timig, ad data collectio that are better addressed withi the trasactive ode s object model. 9 There was at oe time fear that cofusio will be created i the Demostratio by two types of itervals. The Demostratio will employ a update frequecy, the iterval of which is 5 miutes. Iterval start times are attributes of trasactive sigals ad defie a set of 56 itervals ito the future. 10 [L. Raki] These buffers, if defied as part of a stadard trasactive ode defiitio, ca be used as a poit of observability for testig. I additio, the optio of preloadig the buffers may be useful for testig (especially if oly the 5-miute update frequecy is available). Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 7 of 113

8 almost every trasactive ode withi the computatioal toolkit framework. Compoets shaded yellow were to be implemeted via toolkit library fuctios. 11 U-shaded block compoets were special or optioal, expected to be implemeted ifrequetly or upo special circumstaces. These distictios did ot prove to be very useful ad will probably be abadoed i future versios of this documet as the diagrams become updated. As part of its data collectio desig for trasactive data, the PNWSGD has idetified five buffers of Figure 1 the cotets of which compose a sufficiet sapshot of the calculatios that have bee completed by the toolkit framework ad its toolkit fuctios at a trasactive ode. Refer to (PNWSGD 2012b) for details. The five buffers are those ito which importat calculatio products are to be set: Resource Schedule ad Cost Buffer, Output TIS Buffer, Output TFS Buffer, Ielastic Load Predictio Buffer, ad Elastic Load Predictio Buffer. The freshest, uique buffer records from these five buffers are specified to be collected after ay trasactive sigal has bee calculated ad set to a trasactive eighbor. The samplig of these five buffers is sufficiet i the sese that the outputs from each toolkit resource ad icetive fuctio ad each toolkit load fuctio are revealed, the TIS ad TFS trasactive sigals that have bee trasmitted from this trasactive ode are revealed, ad the magitudes of trasactive sigals that have bee received may be iferred, if ot perfectly kow A more useful distictio may be to idetify which processes ad fuctios have outputs that will have become stadardized by the trasactive cotrol system. 12 System architects are desigig some flexibility ad cofigurability ito the desig of sigal timig ad data collectio. The criteria may be later eased if the PNWSGD project fids that its data is too duplicative, ot rich eough to justify the dyamics of trasactive data collectio as it has bee specified. A iterestig alterative that is beig discussed is to have sigal timig ad data collectio iitiated by chages that have bee detected, ot by rigid timers. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 8 of 113

9 Figure 1. Toolkit Framework of Fuctios ad Processes at a Trasactive ode Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 9 of 113

10 The followig processes ad fuctios are refereced i Figure 1 ad will be described i the ext pages. Defied fuctios, processes, ad specially defied iputs ad outputs of the fuctios ad processes will be show i bold fot i this documet. 1. Receive Trasactive Sigals 1.1. Read TIS ad TFS from Trasactive eighbor 1.2. Check Autheticatio ad Security Iteract with System Maagemet (Security) 1.3. Check Validity of Trasactive Sigals Iteract with System Maagemet (Validity) 1.4. Update Iput Trasactive Sigal Buffer for this Trasactive eighbor 2. Calculate New Trasactive Sigal Itervals 2.1. Read Preset Time 2.2. Calculate First Iterval Start Time IST Calculate 5-Miute Iterval Start Times 2.4. Calculate 15-Mute Iterval Start Times 2.5. Calculate 1-Hour Iterval Start Times 2.6. Calculate 6-Hour Iterval Start Times 2.7. Calculate 1-Day Iterval Start Times 2.8. Calculate Iterval Duratios from Iterval Start Times 3. Formulate TIS 3.1. Refresh Default Output TIS 3.2. Calculate Total Costs of No-Trasactive Eergy Geeratio ad Imports 3.3. Calculate Total Cost of Eergy Imported from Trasactive odes 3.4. Calculate Total Capacity Cost / Icetives 3.5. Calculate Total Ifrastructure Cost / Icetive 3.6. Calculate Total Other Cost / Icetive 3.7. Calculate Output TIS 3.8. Calibrate / Normalize TIS 3.9. Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios 4. Formulate TFS 4.1. Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios 4.2. Predict Net Resource Surplus or Shortage 4.3. Disaggregate Net Resource Surplus or Shortage 4.4. Refresh Default Output TFS 5. Sum Total Predicted Load 5.1. Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios 5.2. Sum Ielastic Load 5.3. Sum Chage i Elastic Load 5.4. Sum Total Ielastic ad Chage i Elastic Load 5.5. Refresh Predicted Total Ielastic ad Elastic Load 6. Calculate Applicable Toolkit Load Fuctios 6.1. Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios 6.2m Toolkit Load Fuctio 6.3 Refresh Predicted Ielastic ad Elastic Loads 7. Sed Trasactive Sigals (Defied oly fuctioally at a high level) 8. Calculate Applicable Toolkit Resource ad Icetive Fuctios Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 10 of 113

11 9. Cotrol Resposive Asset Systems (Defied oly fuctioally at a high level) 10. Sum Total Predicted Resources Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios Sum Total Predicted Resource Refresh Predicted Total Resource 11. Cotrol Resposive Resource The ext pages will defie the fuctios i the above list. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 11 of 113

12 1. Receive Trasactive Sigals Purpose: Trasactive sigals are the most importat sigals to be commuicated betwee trasactive odes i a trasactive cotrol system. It is through trasactive sigals that trasactive odes share their temporal ad locatioal costs ad thirsts for electrical eergy. Trasactive icetive sigals (TIS) ad trasactive feedback sigals (TFS) should be received from every trasactive ode eighbor at the update frequecy, which happes to be oce every 5 miutes for the Demostratio. This fuctio was first created ad tested durig Release Cycle 1, which required that trasactive odes could receive properly formed TIS ad TFS. Some details about the timig ad data bufferig will likely require refiemet durig Release Cycle 2. This fuctio icludes techical validatio of received sigals to esure that they were properly formed ad that their values are withi acceptable orms. Validatio is ot yet a high priority, ad validatio processes probably do ot eed to be stadardized across all trasactive odes. If a ivalid sigal is detected, it should be flagged. 13 Additioal actios may be take to otify or alert targeted system operators ad reduce the impacts from potetially misleadig sigals. Such alerts ad actios must be specified well for this fuctio durig Release Cycle 2, but the alerts ad actios should be addressed through the system maagemet layer. Applicability: This fuctio must be completed by every trasactive ode at least oce every update iterval. 14 If this fuctio fails, fuctios ad processes of the toolkit framework that require a iput trasactive sigal must revert to buffered historical sigals. Sub-Fuctios ad Sub-Processes: The followig sub-fuctios are iteratively completed util the iput trasactive sigals from every trasactive eighbor have bee received. 1.1 Read TIS ad TFS from a Trasactive eighbor Fuctio by which the TIS ad TFS from a trasactive eighbor is received. Most geerally, the implemetatio details by which this sub-fuctio is accomplished must be egotiated by pairs of trasactive eighbors that will exchage trasactive sigals. For the Demostratio, this sub-fuctio was developed ad tested durig Release Cycle 1 for the importat iterfaces betwee the Electricity Ifrastructure Operatios Ceter (EIOC) ad subprojects. 1.2 Check Autheticatio ad Security Fuctioal block (or blocks) allocated to requiremets that are placed upo sigals like trasactive sigals that are coveyed through the trasactive cotrol system. Cyber security requiremets have bee addressed i the Iteroperability ad Cyber Security Pla - Versio 3.0 (PNWSGD 2011b). These fuctioal blocks were first implemeted durig Release Cycle 1. The actual fuctioal implemetatio details for security fuctios may differ from oe implemetatio to aother, but geeral requiremets for this block should be documeted if they are applicable to ay trasactive ode Iteract with System Maagemet (Security) Actios that are take if Check Autheticatio ad Security fuctio fails to autheticate a trasactive sigal or detects a isecurity. The iput trasactive sigals are termiated if they caot be autheticated or if security violatios are suspected. Actios may iclude otificatios ad alerts that are coveyed by the system maagemet layer. Specific actios of this fuctio may differ by implemetatio. 1.3 Check Validity of Trasactive Sigals Fuctioal block (or blocks) by which the structure or cotets of a trasactive sigal may be tested agaist expected ad reasoable structure ad cotet. Examples of checks o the structure of the sigals could iclude verificatio of adherece to a XML schema, a expected umber of 13 Validatio of the XML usig parsers is fairly stadardized. I order to be testable, oe or more errors must be defied ad implemeted across all trasactive odes. 14 The Demostratio has elected to us a update iterval of every 5 miutes. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 12 of 113

13 future itervals, or the orderig of a series withi the sigal. A example of a cotet check would be verificatio that a sigal s values are betwee stated maximum ad miimum values Iteract with System Maagemet (Validity) Actios that are take if the Check Validity fuctio fails to validate trasactive sigals. The iput trasactive sigals are termiated ad ot used or stored if they caot be validated. Actios may iclude otificatios ad alerts that are coveyed by the system maagemet layer. Specific actios of this fuctio may differ by implemetatio. Geeral fuctioal requiremets for this fuctio that must apply to every trasactive ode should be documeted ad implemeted durig Release Cycle 2. Certaily, more sophisticated actios may be take, icludig reducig the Quality attribute of sigals that have questioable validity, but such complexity is ot advisable for the Demostratio. 1.4 Update Iput Trasactive Sigal Buffer for this Trasactive eighbor Received trasactive sigals are saved ito the Iput Trasactive Sigal Buffer. The buffer may be as simple as a ruig (or circular) list of trasactive sigal pairs that have bee received from trasactive eighbors. 15 The most recetly received pairs or trasactive sigals from each trasactive eighbor are most relevat withi this buffered data. A much loger buffered history may be eeded at trasactive odes that use tredig to predict trasactive eighbors resposes (e.g., elasticity) or to improve the accuracy of their trasactive sigal predictios over time. Iputs: Iput TIS from a trasactive eighbor Iput TFS from a trasactive eighbor List of trasactive eighbors from which trasactive sigals are expected to be received as should be kow by the trasactive ode object ad available from the Node State ad Status Buffer. 16 Outputs: Buffered copies of Iput TIS ad TFS Copies of Iput TIS ad TFS pairs coveyed to the Demostratio s data archive by the data collectio system layer System maagemet otificatios ad alerts upo failed security or validatio checks, if such system maagemet fuctios have bee defied ad if this trasactive ode is obligated to iteract with a system maager. 17 Depedecies: Outputs of this fuctio are eeded by Resource Schedules ad Cost Buffer. Outputs of this fuctio are eeded by Formulate TIS. 15 Most buffers have bee specified to buffer the most recet two samples. However, it does ot seem ecessary to emphasize or eforce this as a strict requiremet because a trasactive ode will ot ordiarily iteract with aother etity i a way that would reveal a buffer s depth. 16 [L. Raki] This iformatio i the Node State ad Status Buffer is, i fact, part of the trasactive ode cofiguratio ad state available withi the trasactive ode object model, ot temporary buffer iformatio as the ame might imply. 17 Upo its review, this documet was criticized for ot fully specifyig system maagemet ad data collectio resposibilities of a trasactive ode. It is true that this documet emphasizes a trasactive ode s fuctioal resposibilities toward the maagemet of eergy. Details i other areas of resposibility must be deferred to the trasactive ode object model. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 13 of 113

14 Times at which this trasactive ode is eligible to receive trasactive sigals may be maaged or limited by the curret state of the trasactive ode object, which status is assumed to be kow ad available from a Node State ad Status Buffer. A set of trasactive eighbors must be available from attributes of the trasactive ode object, which are assumed to be kow ad available from a Node State ad Status Buffer. Notes: The TIS ad TFS are defied state objects of the Project-Level Ifrastructure (PLI) trasactive cotrol system. Refer to the project s Fuctioal Requiremets Specificatios (PNWSGD 2010a) for details about these sigals, icludig their structures ad cotets. This process expects ad checks that trasactive sigals are beig received with the specified cotet ad structure, which may be further eforced through the use of accepted XML schema (PNWSGD 2011d). Cosiderable tolerace must be built ito this fuctio to coordiate with eighborig trasactive odes ad their readiess to release their trasactive sigals. The fuctio should be tolerat for whe trasactive sigals are ot received, or are ot received early eough to ifluece the preset update iteratio. Whe a icomplete set of trasactive sigals is received by a trasactive ode, the trasactive ode must rely upo buffered historical iformatio from previous iteratios. Uless the power grid s predicted future has chaged dramatically, the buffered sigals will remai good predictios util iput trasactive sigals are received. A Node State ad Status Buffer has bee established withi the toolkit framework to esure that it has iformatio it may eed cocerig timig, trasactive eighbors, ad other status iformatio cocerig activities of the trasactive ode object. This fuctio iteracts with cyber security subsystems. It is assumed here that autheticatio ad other cybersecurity tests have bee coducted durig sigal trasport or upo sigal receipt. Cyber security requiremets ad processes have bee described i separate project documets. This fuctio potetially iteracts with system maagemet if ivalid sigals are detected or if otificatios or alerts must be coveyed through the system for ay reaso cocerig sigals that have bee, or should have bee, received. This fuctio potetially depeds upo assumptios ad fuctioality withi the state trasitio diagrams of the trasactive ode state, which desig is presetly icomplete. It has bee assumed that the trasactive ode state diagram has provided states where toolkit framework fuctioality may (or may ot) be coducted. Otherwise, it has bee assumed that that desig of the trasactive ode state trasitios does ot ecroach o the fuctioal resposibilities of the toolkit framework. This fuctio is thought to be cosistet with high-level architecture ad desig work completed for Release Cycle 1 ad documeted amog its desig documets. The objective of Release Cycle 1 had bee to complete the system plumbig, which icluded coveyace of trasactive sigals betwee trasactive odes. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 14 of 113

15 Figure 2. Receive Trasactive Icetive Sigal Process Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 15 of 113

16 2. Calculate New Trasactive Sigal Itervals Purpose: Calculate the ew iterval start time (IST) time series that are attributes of the two trasactive sigal object types that are to be formulated ad coveyed throughout the trasactive cotrol system. See Appedix A: Iterval Start Time Series Defiitio for details about how the PNWSGD has defied is IST time series ad how the series is calculated. Applicability: This fuctio must be completed by every trasactive ode at the update frequecy. 18 Sub-Fuctios ad Sub-Processes: The sub-fuctio steps that to be used durig the Demostratio are ot difficult ad will be defied alog with this itroductio to the sub-fuctios. Refer to Appedix A for additioal details ad examples. 2.1 Read Preset Time the preset time is locally maitaied at each trasactive ode ad should be read ear the begiig of each iteratio. The preset time ad all represetatios of time are to be maitaied usig the UTS stadard. 2.2 Calculate First Iterval Start Time IST 0 to calculate IST 0, roud the preset time up to the earest 5- miute iterval. 2.3 Calculate 5-Miute Itervals Start Times to calculate IST 2 through IST 11, add 5 miutes to the prior IST. 2.4 Calculate 15-Miute Iterval Start Times to calculate IST 12, add 15 miutes to the prior IST 11, ad roud dow to a 15-miute iterval. To calculate the remaiig 15-miute itervals IST 13 through IST 31, add 15 miutes to the prior IST. 2.5 Calculate 1-Hour Iterval Start Times to calculate IST 32, add 1 hour to the prior IST 31, ad roud dow to a 1-hour iterval. To calculate the remaiig 1-hour itervals IST 33 through IST 49, add 1 hour to the prior IST. 2.6 Calculate 6-Hour Iterval Start Times to calculate IST 50, add 6 hours to the prior IST 49, ad roud dow to a 6-hour iterval. To calculate the remaiig 6-hour itervals IST 51 through IST 53, add 6 hours to the prior IST. 2.7 Calculate 1-Day Iterval Start Times to calculate IST 54, add 1 day to the prior IST 53, ad roud dow to a 1-day iterval. To calculate the remaiig 1-day iterval IST 55, add 1 day to the prior IST 54. It was decided September 9, 2011 to additioally apped a fial IST 56 that will uambiguously defie the duratio of the fial iterval. (The fial IST does ot defie a ew iterval, it simply states the ed of the last iterval.) 2.8 Calculate Iterval Duratios from Iterval Start Times the fuctio by which IST iterval duratios may be discered from a IST time series is as follows: Calculate Δt 0 Subtract IST 1 IST 0 to lear the duratio of iterval Δt 0 that starts at IST 0. This iterval duratio will probably always be 5 miutes always durig the Demostratio Tetatively Assig Remaiig Δt successively subtract IST IST -1 to tetatively assig duratios Δt. The duratio of Δt 55 has bee made uambiguous by appedig IST 56, which is the ed of the last iterval Perform Checks certai checks will be possible o the structure of the tetative set of IST itervals accordig to the Demostratio s requiremets (PNWSGD 2010a) ad XML schema (PNWSGD 2011d). I this formulatio, both the IST times ad iterval duratios should always icrease or stay the same as oe progresses through the series. The tetative set of itervals should be corrected if it does ot pass these local checks. The system maagemet layer may be employed to flag, alert, or 18 The Demostratio has elected to employ a update frequecy of oce every 5 miutes. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 16 of 113

17 Iputs: aouce failed checks, but it is the each local ode s resposibility aloe to produce ad use a correct ad accurate set of IST itervals. Preset time (determies the first iterval start time IST 0 for the ew output trasactive sigals) Outputs: IST time series Series of iterval start times {IST 0, IST 1,, IST N} to be used i output TIS ad output TFS 19 stored ito ad available from the Curret IST Series Buffer Series of IST iterval duratios {Δt 0, Δt 1,, Δt N} that correspod to the N+1 members of the IST series 20 stored ito ad available from the Curret IST Series Buffer. Fuctio/Process: The process steps, as will be employed durig the Demostratio, were described above as the sub-fuctios were beig itroduced. Refer to Appedix A for further details, pseudo code, ad examples. Depedecies: The fuctio s output is eeded by process 3. Formulate TIS The fuctio s output is eeded by process 4. Formulate TFS Notes: The eed for sychroicity is low i a trasactive cotrol system. Therefore, local time must be accurate oly to withi several tes of secods. This requiremet should ot be particularly challegig to meet. Regardless, the PNWSGD has imposed requiremets for ad meas to achieve impressive sychroicity across its system. A geeral requiremet of the project (See PNWSGD 2010a) states that all times are to be represeted usig the UTC stadard. The IST series is a attribute of both the TIS ad TFS state objects. See also sectios about the TIS ad TFS state objects i the PLI Fuctioal Requiremets Documet (PNWSGD 2010a). While the curret iterval start time (IST) time ad iterval series are most relevat to the formulatio of trasactive sigals, may toolkit framework ad toolkit library fuctios may require access to the curret IST time ad iterval series. The Curret IST Series Buffer costruct was created to make this accessibility explicit withi the toolkit framework. 19 The project has a geeral requiremet that all times must be stated usig the UTC stadard. 20 This output is ot presetly available directly from the TIS ad TFS schema (PNWSGD 2011d). Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 17 of 113

18 Figure 3. Calculate New Trasactive Sigal Itervals Process Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 18 of 113

19 3. Formulate TIS Purpose: Process by which the TIS, oe of the two trasactive sigals, is to be formulated at a trasactive ode. From its predecessors, this process receives parametric iformatio that is eeded to determie how eergy, capacity, ifrastructure, ad other iflueces are to be valued durig formulatio of the output TIS at this trasactive ode. Applicability: This process must be completed at the update frequecy 21 by every trasactive ode. Some of the sub-fuctios ad sub-processes withi this process may be trivial or empty at trasactive odes where the subfuctios or sub-processes are ot eeded. Sub-Fuctios ad Sub-processes: 3.1 Refresh Default Output TIS simply retrieve the most recet output TIS from the Output TIS Buffer at this trasactive ode ad refresh its time itervals by submittig it to fuctio 3.10 Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios. The resultig output TIS the retured to the Output TIS Buffer to be used by default if for ay reaso this trasactive ode does ot compute a more curret output TIS by the time it is eeded. This subfuctio should be completed early durig each duratio Calculate Total Cost of No-trasactive Eergy Geeratio ad Imports for each IST iterval, sum the cost of imported ad geerated eergy from all sources that are ot trasactive eighbors at this trasactive ode. Examples iclude the costs of eergy that is imported ito the regio from Caada, Califoria, or other etities that are ot participatig i trasactive cotrol. Aother example would be bulk geeratio from a gas geerator that is dispatched i ways that are ot affected by the regio s trasactive cotrol system. The data that feed ito this fuctio will come from resource schedules ad Icetive Toolkit Fuctios that are employed at this trasactive ode. 23 This fuctio becomes trivial ad should ot be used at trasactive odes that have either o-trasactive imports or bulk geeratio. The output from this fuctio is the sum of products of pairs of eergy costs average geerated or imported power duratio t (uits: time). ˆ P G, a, A a =1 C C E a,, (uits: cost per eergy) ad (uits: average power), weighted by the correspodig IST iterval E, a, Pˆ t (Sub-Fuctio 3.2) G, a, 3.3 Calculate Total Cost of Eergy Imported from Trasactive odes for each IST iterval, sum the cost of eergy that is predicted to be imported from trasactive eighbors. At times whe eergy is to be imported from trasactive eighbors, the TIS & TFS from those trasactive eighbors should be treated as special cases of imported eergy ad treated similarly to o-trasactive imported eergy (i.e., they result i (C E, P G) pairs). The cost of eergy from a trasactive eighbor is that eighbor s TIS. The predicted eergy to be imported from that eighbor is the eighbor s TFS at the boudary betwee that ad this trasactive ode. Exported eergy to 21 The Demostratio has elected to employ a update frequecy of oce every 5 miutes. 22 [L. Raki] This potetially creates a race coditio i software uless the update status of the buffer is maitaied. It would probably be better just to state that this should be used as a default value. 23 Because the sources of iputs ito toolkit fuctios are diverse ad ot stadardized, toolkit fuctios will ot be tested for coformace by the PNWSGD. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 19 of 113

20 trasactive eighbors should be disregarded i the calculatio of the TIS. 24 It is coceivable that a trasactive ode could import o eergy from its trasactive eighbors, but the TFS shared with the eighbors should be checked oetheless. 25 As for sub-fuctio 3.2, the output from this fuctio will cotiue the sum of products of pairs of eergy costs C,, (TIS) (uits: cost per eergy) ad average geerated or imported power P ˆ G, a, (TFS) (uits: average E a power), weighted by the correspodig IST iterval duratio A a =1 C E, a, G, a, t (uits: time). Pˆ t (Sub-Fuctio 3.3) 3.4 Calculate Total Capacity Cost / Icetive for each IST iterval, sum the costs that are fuctios of a capacity. Costraits ad demad charges are examples. These are expected to be very o-liear, but they will oetheless be represeted by a capacity cost ad the capacity to which they apply. This fuctio may be trivial or empty at trasactive odes where o capacity costs or icetives are to be icluded i the output TIS. The output from this sub-fuctio is the sum of products of pairs of capacity costs C C b,, (uits: cost per power capacity) ad average power capacity ˆ (uits: average power) for each respective IST iterval. P C, b, B b= 1 C C b Pˆ,, C, b, (Sub-Fuctio 3.4) 3.5 Calculate Total Ifrastructure Cost / Icetive for each IST iterval, sum the ifrastructure (i.e., timebased) costs that should be applied durig the iterval. This fuctio may be trivial or empty at trasactive odes where o ifrastructure costs or icetives are to be icluded i the output TIS. The output from this sub-fuctio is the sum of products of pairs of ifrastructure costs time) ad the respective iterval duratio t C c=1 (uits: time). I c,. C I c,, (uits: cost per C, t (Sub-Fuctio 3.5) 3.6 Calculate Total Other Cost / Icetive for each IST iterval, sum those iflueces that caot be described by the eergy, capacity, ad ifrastructure fuctios. 26 This fuctio may be trivial or empty at trasactive odes where o other costs or icetives are to be icluded i the Output TIS. The output from this sub-fuctio is the sum of Other costs C O d,, (uits: cost). 24 Durig discussios about data collectio, the questio arose about whether iformatio about exported eergy should be foud i the Resource Schedules ad Cost Buffer. It should. Fuctios 3.2 ad 3.3 should filter the buffer cotets to address oly imported eergy. If this advice is followed, the the Resource Schedules ad Cost Buffer is a complete rich source of iformatio for data collectio cocerig the outputs of Toolkit Resource ad Icetive Fuctios that are beig employed at this trasactive ode. The first implemetatios of the PNWSGD filtered out records for exported eergy prior to the Resource Schedules ad Cost Buffer, but this will be fixed durig Release Cycle The predictio of eergy to be exchaged to or from a trasactive eighbor is presetly predicted by both eighbors. It remais to be resolved whether the eighbor s versio, this trasactive ode s versio, or a combiatio of both are to be used here. 26 Other Cost / Icetive fuctios should be used ifrequetly for iflueces that absolutely caot be described with the other fuctios. The represetatio of cost by this fuctio should still be a defesible cost of delivered eergy ad will be subject to compariso agaist other cost accoutigs over relatively log time periods. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 20 of 113

21 D C O d, d = 1, (Sub-Fuctio 3.6) 3.7 Calculate Output TIS a simple parametric fuctio that combies outputs from above fuctios to complete calculatio of the Output TIS for this trasactive ode. The sums completed by five other subfuctios appear i this sub-fuctio. Details about this importat fuctio are expaded upo i the Sectio 3.7 Details about the Calculate Output TIS Fuctio. TIS A C Pˆ t E, a, G, a, C, b, a= 1 b= 1 = A + B C a= 1 Pˆ Pˆ G, a, C, b, t + C c= 1 C I, c,. t + D d = 1 C O, d, (Sub-Fuctio 3.7) 3.8 Calibrate / Normalize TIS algorithm by which the output TIS are to be compared agaist ad perhaps made to track other cost accoutig methods. If the calculatio of a TIS is meaigful as the delivered cost of electrical eergy, it should track other reasoable accoutigs of the delivered cost of electrical eergy over relatively log periods of time. This is a geeral requiremet o the TIS. This geeral requiremet may be eforced by a bias iput that will force the TIS to track other less dyamic accoutigs ad thereby correct the TIS. 3.9 Iterpolate Itervals Service Fuctios parse eergy ad costs from coarse itervals ito multiple subitervals. This fuctio is ecessary because the set of IST itervals to be used by the output TIS will have divided some prior itervals ito sub-itervals. This fuctio is a service fuctio that is called as eeded ad as ofte as it is eeded. The objects TIS ad TFS may simply be replicated for each sub-iterval. 27 Iputs: Eergy cost, scheduled / committed o-trasactive eergy pairigs for each o-trasactive geeratio or import resource at every time iterval * * ( IST,,(, ˆ ),(, ˆ ),...,(, ˆ ),...,(, ˆ t CE,1, PG,1, CE,2, PG,2, CE, a, PG, a, CE, A, PG, A, where is a time iterval of the TIS umbered from 0 to 55; start times; 28 t )), IST is iterval start time i a series of iterval is the duratio of iterval ; C E, a, is the eergy cost term (e.g., uits $/kwh, like the TIS) of the scheduled geeratio or import resource a for IST iterval, ad ˆ P G, a, is the average geerated or imported power from geeratio or import resource a durig time iterval. Its uits are the same as for TFS (i.e., average power). Iput TIS ad iput TFS pairigs from each trasactive ode eighbor for each time iterval * * ( IST, t,( TIS1,, TFS1, ),( TIS2,, TFS2, ),...,( TIS j,, TFS j, ),...,( TISJ,, TFSJ, )), 27 While may complex methods may evolve to iterpolate ad assig costs ad average power to sub-itervals, the Demostratio should simply assig the cost ad average power from a iterval to its sub-itervals for the duratio of the Demostratio. 28 The asterisk idicates that this series of Iterval Start Times ad duratios will likely differ from those that have bee calculated to be used with the Output TIS ad Output TFS. The fuctio 3.10 Iterpolate Itervals Service will sort this out for the iputs ito the other sub-fuctios. See Figure 4. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 21 of 113

22 where TIS j, ad TFS j. are the iput trasactive sigals from trasactive ode eighbor j durig time iterval. This iput should be cosidered a special case of the iput described i the precedig bullet. 29 Iterval start time series ad iterval duratio series { IST, IST,..., 1 IST } 0 N { t, t,..., t 1 } 0 N to be used for Output TIS ad Output TFS. 30 I Figure 4, the Iterval Start Time Series is show as a iput to the fuctio 3.10 Iterpolate Itervals Service, which have the resposibility to resolve ay discrepacies betwee various represetatios of itervals. Eergy term(s) C E from applicable icetive toolkit fuctios, if ay. 31 The format should be idetical to that stated above for o-trasactive eergy pairigs. Average Power terms(s) Pˆ G from applicable icetive toolkit fuctios, if ay. 32 The format should be idetical to that stated above for o-trasactive eergy pairigs. Capacity term(s) C C from applicable Icetive toolkit fuctios, if ay, applicable at each IST iterval * * IST, t,( C, Pˆ ),( C, Pˆ ),...,( C, Pˆ ),...,( C, Pˆ )), ( C,1, C,1, C,2, C,2, C, b, C, b, C, B, C, B, where C C,b, is the cost to be applied to capacity cost item b paired with the capacity ad ˆ P C, b, IST iterval. ˆ P C, b, to which it applies, is the average power capacity for capacity cost item b to be multiplied by capacity cost C C,b, for Ifrastructure term(s) C I from applicable icetive toolkit fuctios, if ay ( I,1, I,2, I, c, I, C, * * IST, t, C, C,..., C,..., C ), where C I,c, is the ifrastructure term c for the IST iterval. Other term(s) C O from applicable Icetive toolkit fuctios, if ay, for each IST iterval ( O,1, O,2, O, d, I, D, * * IST, t, C, C,..., C,..., C ), where C O,d, is the Other ifluece term d for IST iterval. 29 At times that eergy is predicted to be imported from a trasactive eighbor, the correspodig TIS ad TFS are special cases of C E,a, ad P G,a, ad will be treated very much the same. 30 These otatios do ot have asterisks because they are are fial itervals to be used i the output trasactive sigals after this iteratio. 31 Eergy terms C E have the same usage ad iterpretatio regardless of whether they are used iside or outside a Toolkit Icetive Fuctio. This term accouts for costs that are roughly proportioal to a amout of eergy that is beig geerated or imported ito a trasactive ode s boudary. 32 The average power terms are used similarly regardless of whether they are used i or outside a Toolkit Icetive Fuctio. These terms are a accoutig of the average power that is either geerated withi our imported ito a trasactive ode boudary. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 22 of 113

23 Exemplary alterative cost accoutig(s) for use by fuctio 3.9 Calibrate / Normalize TIS. Examples iclude wholesale eergy costs for the same eergy or utility expeses. Iterim Calculatio Products: Total Cost of all No-trasactive Eergy Imports Total Cost of all No-trasactive Eergy Geeratio Total Cost of Eergy Imported from Trasactive eighbors Total Capacity Cost / Icetive Total Ifrastructure Cost / Icetive Total Other Cost / Icetive Total Cost Total Eergy Imported or Geerated Additioally, iterim calculatios may be used to represet prior iterval iformatio i terms of the ew IST time series ad iterval duratios that are to be used by the Output TIS. Outputs: New Updated Output TIS at this trasactive ode. Refer to the PLI Fuctioal Requiremets Specificatios (PNWSGD 2010a) for a descriptio of the TIS object ad its cotets ad structure. Fuctio/Process: Each of the sub-fuctios / sub-processes must be defied, but sub-fuctio 3.8 Calculate Output TIS defies the parametric calculatio of the output TIS from the eergy, capacity, ifrastructure, ad other parameters ad how the parameters are to be applied. The implemeter who uderstads sub-fuctio 3.8 Calculate Output TIS will have the isight to formulate toolkit fuctios ad will have cosiderable flexibility i the way such toolkit fuctios are formulated. Depedecies: Requires iput of ew IST time series from process 2. Calculate New Trasactive Sigal Itervals Requires iput of TIS ad TFS from at least oe trasactive eighbor via process 1. Receive Trasactive Sigals Process iputs may come from Calculate Applicable Toolkit Icetive Fuctios Process iputs may come from Resource Schedules ad Cost Buffer Output TIS from this process is required by process 7. Sed Trasactive Sigals Output TIS from this process may be required by Calculate Applicable Toolkit Respose Fuctios dp(tis,olc) if this trasactive ode ows resposive assets. Notes: Each trasactive ode produces oe ad oly oe TIS for itself for each 5-miute update iteratio. The TIS itself is a time series that expresses the delivered cost of eergy ito the future about 3 days, or so, as is defied by the IST time series. Fileame: Trasactive Node Toolkit Framework, Versio 2.0.doc Page 23 of 113