第九章結構化查詢語言 SQL - 資料定義語言 (DDL) 資料庫系統設計理論李紹綸著

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1 第九章結構化查詢語言 SQL - 資料定義語言 (DDL) 資料庫系統設計理論李紹綸著

2 SQL 的資料定義語言本章內容建立資料表修改資料表刪除資料表 FOREIGN KEY 外鍵條件約束與資料表關聯性 2

3 資料定義語言可分為下列三種 : SQL 的資料定義語言 CREATE TABLE 指令 : 用來建立一個基底關聯表, 和設定關聯表相關的完整性限制 CREATE VIEW 指令 : 用來建立一個視界, 我們將在第十三章再來介紹 CREATE INDEX 指令 : 用來建立一個關聯表的索引, 我們將在第十四章再來介紹 3

4 公司資料庫各個關聯表綱目員工關聯表綱目欄位名稱資料型別長度允許 Null 屬性身分證號碼 char 10 否姓名 varchar 15 否生日 datetime 是員工電話關聯表綱目欄位名稱資料型別長度允許 Null 屬性身分證號碼 char 10 否電話 char 10 否地址 varchar 30 是薪水 decimal 是預設值 :25000 整數位數:10 小數位數:0 直屬上司 char 10 是工作部門 int 是部門關聯表綱目欄位名稱資料型別長度允許 Null 屬性部門代號 int 否識別 : 是識別值種子 :1 識別增值量:1 部門名稱 varchar 15 否經理身分證號碼 char 10 是到職日 datetime 是計劃關聯表綱目欄位名稱資料型別長度允許 Null 屬性員工眷屬關聯表綱目欄位名稱資料型別長度允許 Null 屬性身分證號碼 char 10 否眷屬姓名 varchar 15 否關係 char 10 是參加關聯表綱目欄位名稱資料型別長度允許 Null 屬性計劃代號 int 否識別 : 是識別值種子 :1 識別增值量:1 計劃名稱 varchar 15 否執行地點 char 10 是委託單位 char 10 是控制部門 int 是身分證號碼 char 10 否計劃代號 int 否工作時數 int 是 4

5 公司資料庫各個資料表 5

6 公司資料庫實體關係圖 6

7 建立資料表 CREATE TABLE 指令敘述格式如下 : CREATE TABLE [ database_name. [ schema_name ]. schema_name. ] table_name ( { <column_definition> <computed_column_definition> } [ <table_constraint> ] [,...n ] ) [ ON { partition_scheme_name ( partition_column_name ) filegroup "default" } ] [ { TEXTIMAGE_ON { filegroup "default" } ] <column_definition> ::= column_name <data_type> [ COLLATE collation_name ] [ NULL NOT NULL ] [ [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] DEFAULT constant_expression ] [ IDENTITY [ ( seed,increment ) ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ] [ ROWGUIDCOL ] [ <column_constraint> [...n ] ] <data type> ::= [ type_schema_name. ] type_name [ ( precision [, scale ] max [ { CONTENT DOCUMENT } ] xml_schema_collection ) ] 7

8 < table_constraint > ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } [ CLUSTERED NONCLUSTERED ] (column [ ASC DESC ] [,...n ] ) [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor WITH ( <index_option> [,...n ] ) ] [ ON { partition_scheme_name (partition_column_name) filegroup "default" } ] FOREIGN KEY ( column [,...n ] ) REFERENCES referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column [,...n ] ) ] [ ON DELETE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ( logical_expression ) } <index_option> ::= { PAD_INDEX = { ON OFF } FILLFACTOR = fillfactor IGNORE_DUP_KEY = { ON OFF } STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = { ON OFF } ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS = { ON OFF} ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS ={ ON OFF} } 建立資料表 8

9 <column_constraint> ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } [ CLUSTERED NONCLUSTERED ] [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor WITH ( < index_option > [,...n ] ) ] [ ON { partition_scheme_name ( partition_column_name ) filegroup "default" } ] [ FOREIGN KEY ] REFERENCES [ schema_name. ] referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column ) ] [ ON DELETE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ( logical_expression ) } 建立資料表 <computed_column_definition> ::= column_name AS computed_column_expression [ PERSISTED [ NOT NULL ] ] [ [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } [ CLUSTERED NONCLUSTERED ] [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor WITH ( <index_option> [,...n ] ) ] [ FOREIGN KEY ] REFERENCES referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column ) ] [ ON DELETE { NO ACTION CASCADE } ] [ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION } ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ( logical_expression ) [ ON { partition_scheme_name ( partition_column_name ) filegroup "default" } ] ] 9

10 範例 9.1 請在公司資料庫中建立一個名為員工的資料表 10

11 修改資料表 ALTER TABLE 指令敘述格式如下 : ALTER TABLE [ database_name. [ schema_name ]. schema_name. ] table_name { ALTER COLUMN column_name { [ type_schema_name. ] type_name [ ( { precision [, scale ] max xml_schema_collection } ) ] [ NULL NOT NULL ] [ COLLATE collation_name ] {ADD DROP } { ROWGUIDCOL PERSISTED } } [ WITH { CHECK NOCHECK } ] ADD { <column_definition> <computed_column_definition> <table_constraint> } [,...n ] DROP { [ CONSTRAINT ] constraint_name [ WITH ( <drop_clustered_constraint_option> [,...n ] ) ] COLUMN column_name } [,...n ] [ WITH { CHECK NOCHECK } ] { CHECK NOCHECK } CONSTRAINT { ALL constraint_name [,...n ] } { ENABLE DISABLE } TRIGGER { ALL trigger_name [,...n ] } SWITCH [ PARTITION source_partition_number_expression ] TO [ schema_name. ] target_table [ PARTITION target_partition_number_expression ] } 11

12 <column_definition> ::= column_name [ type_schema_name. ] type_name [ ( { precision [, scale ] max [ { CONTENT DOCUMENT } ] xml_schema_collection } ) ] [ [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] DEFAULT constant_expression [ WITH VALUES ] IDENTITY [ (seed, increment ) ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ] [ ROWGUIDCOL ] [ COLLATE < collation_name > ] [ <column_constraint> [...n ] ] <column_constraint> ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { [ NULL NOT NULL ] { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } [ CLUSTERED NONCLUSTERED ] [ WITH FILLFACTOR =fillfactor ] [ WITH ( <index_option> [,...n ] ) ] [ ON { partition_scheme_name (partition_column_name) filegroup "default" } ] [ FOREIGN KEY ] REFERENCES [ schema_name. ] referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column ) ] [ ON DELETE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] DEFAULT constant_expression [ WITH VALUES ] ( logical_expression ) } 修改資料表 12

13 <computed_column_definition> ::= column_name AS computed_column_expression [ PERSISTED [ NOT NULL ] ] [ [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } [ CLUSTERED NONCLUSTERED ] [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor ] [ WITH ( <index_option> [,...n ] ) ] [ ON { partition_scheme_name ( partition_column_name ) filegroup "default" } ] [ FOREIGN KEY ] REFERENCES ref_table [ ( ref_column ) ] [ ON DELETE { NO ACTION CASCADE } ] [ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION } ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ( logical_expression ) ] 修改資料表 <table_constraint> ::= [ CONSTRAINT constraint_name ] { { PRIMARY KEY UNIQUE } [ CLUSTERED NONCLUSTERED ] (column [ ASC DESC ] [,...n ] ) [ WITH FILLFACTOR = fillfactor [ WITH ( <index_option>[,...n ] ) ] [ ON { partition_scheme_name ( partition_column_name... ) filegroup "default" } ] FOREIGN KEY ( column [,...n ] ) REFERENCES referenced_table_name [ ( ref_column [,...n ] ) ] [ ON DELETE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ ON UPDATE { NO ACTION CASCADE SET NULL SET DEFAULT } ] [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] DEFAULT constant_expression FOR column [ WITH VALUES ] CHECK [ NOT FOR REPLICATION ] ( logical_expression ) } 13

14 < index_option > ::= { PAD_INDEX = { ON OFF } FILLFACTOR = fillfactor IGNORE_DUP_KEY = { ON OFF } STATISTICS_NORECOMPUTE = { ON OFF } ALLOW_ROW_LOCKS= { ON OFF } ALLOW_PAGE_LOCKS={ ON OFF } SORT_IN_TEMPDB = { ON OFF } ONLINE = { ON OFF } MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism } 修改資料表 <drop_clustered_constraint_option > ::= { MAXDOP = max_degree_of_parallelism ONLINE = {ON OFF } MOVE TO { partition_scheme_name ( column_name ) filegroup "default"} } 14

15 範例 9.2 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 增加一個年齡欄位, 並將資料型別設為 INT 和允許虛值 15

16 範例 9.3 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 變更一個年齡資料表欄位的資料型別, 將其資料類型由 INT 改為 DECIMAL(3,0) 16

17 範例 9.4 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 刪除一個年齡欄位 17

18 範例 9.5 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 將身分證號碼欄位設定為主鍵 18

19 範例 9.6 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 將身分證號碼欄位取消設定為主鍵 19

20 範例 9.7 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 將姓名欄位設定為次選鍵 20

21 範例 9.8 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 刪除姓名欄位 UNIQUE 次選鍵條件約束 21

22 範例 9.9 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 加入一檢查條件約束將薪水欄位屬性值限制在元和元範圍之間 22

23 範例 9.10 請在公司資料庫中修改員工資料表, 刪除薪水欄位檢查條件約束 23

24 刪除資料表 DROP TABLE 指令敘述格式如下 : DROP TABLE [ database_name. [ schema_name ]. schema_name. ] table_name [,...n ] [ ; ] 24

25 範例 9.11 請在公司資料庫中刪除一個名為員工的資料表 25

26 建立公司資料庫各個資料表的 SQL 指令敘述 26

27 建立公司資料庫各個資料表外鍵關聯性的 SQL 指令敘述 27

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