微處理機系統 吳俊興高雄大學資訊工程學系. February 21, What are microprocessors (µp)? What are the topics of this course? Why to take this course?

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1 微處理機系統 吳俊興高雄大學資訊工程學系 February 21, 2005 processor, central processing unit (CPU) A silicon chip which forms the core of a microcomputer The heart of the microprocessor-based computer system Concept of what goes into a microprocessor has changed over years Controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses Perform three main tasks for the computer system 1. data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems 2. simple arithmetic and logic operations 3. program flow via simple decisions Microprocessors and microcomputers What are microprocessors (µp)? What are the topics of this course? Why to take this course? Syllabus

2 µ Functions and operations of µp Programming and Interfacing of µp Case oriented: Intel 80x86/Pentinum Why do I choose 80x86? MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC, ARM, SH8, EE (Appendix D of COD book) machine language assembly language 98% Embedded Control All Microprocessors Most microprocessors are sold for embedded control applications CPUs 2% Used in two general systems: general purpose computing systems embedded control applications autos, ovens, phones, toys, these are called microcontrollers 98% PCs Other CPUs 2% 課程資訊 教學目標微處理器是電腦及計算機系統的主要核心元件之一, 本課程介紹微處理器的基本功能 構造及週邊介面, 並以實際例子為範例, 使學生了解現代微處理器的設計原理, 並培養應用的能力 上課時間星期一上課地點

3 數位邏輯 Digital Logic 電子 電路 半導體元件等課程 計算機與微處理機相關課程 計算機組織 Computer Organization 微處理機系統 (Microprocessors) 微算機系統 Microcomputers 作業系統 Operating Systems 教科書 Barry Brey, Intel Microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, Pentium, Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium IV: Architecture, Programming, and Interfacing, 6th Edition, 2003, Prentice Hall Publisher ( 新月代理 ) 駱詩軒 曹恆偉 李俊毅 郭建宏 陳建中, Intel 系列微處理器架構, 規劃與界面, 6/e, 東華出版社, 2003 計算機結構 * Computer Architecture 微處理機實驗 Microprocessor Labs 組合語言 Assembly Language 嵌入式系統 Embedded Systems 高等作業系統 * Advanced OS 1. Introduction to the Microprocessor and Computer 2. The Microprocessor and Its Architecture 3. Addressing Modes 4. Data Movement Instructions 5. Arithmetic and Logic Instructions 6. Program Control Instructions 7. Programming the Microprocessor 8. Using Assembly Language with C/C /8088 Hardware Specifications 10. Memory Interface 11. Basic I/O Interface 12. Interrupts 13. Direct Memory Access and DMA-Controlled I/O 14. The Arithmetic Coprocessor and MMX Technology 15. Bus Interface 16. The 80186, 80188, and Microprocessors 17. The and Microprocessors 18. The Pentium and Pentium Pro Microprocessors 19. The Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 Microprocessors 參考書 Nikitas Alexandridis, Design of microprocessorbased systems, Prentice-Hall, 1995 Ronald Tocci and Frank Ambrosio, Microprocessors and microcomputers: hardware and software, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2003 D. A. Patterson and J. L. Hennessy, Computer Organization Design: The Hardware/Software Interface, 3rd Edition, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 2005

4 1. Develop control software to control an application interfaced to the 80x86 / Pentium microprocessors. 2. Program using DOS function calls to control the keyboard, video display, and the disk memory in assembly language. 3. Use the BIOS functions to control the keyboard, display, and various other components in the computer system. 4. Develop software that uses macro sequences, procedures, conditional assembly directives, and flow control assembly directives. 5. Develop software that uses interrupt hooks, and hot-keys to gain access to terminate and stay resident software. 6. Develop programs that use both C/C++ and assembly language. 7. Program the numeric coprocessor to solve complex equations. 8. Explain the differences between the family members and highlight the features of each member. 9. Describe and use real and protected mode operation of the 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II microprocessors. 10. Interface memory and I/O systems to the microprocessor. 11. Provide a detailed and comprehensive comparison of al family members, their software, and hardware interface. 12. Explain the operation of the disk and video systems. 13. Interface small systems to the ISA, VESA local, PCI, USB, and AGP bus in a personal computer system. 連絡資訊 授課教師 : 吳俊興 w u c edu. tw Tel: (07) Office: 理工二館 307 室 Office hours: 星期二 :2:00-4:00PM 星期三 :2:00-3:00PM 星期四 :2:00-3:00PM 評分標準暫定 /21 2/28 3/07 放假加退選 /25 5/02 5/09 棄選 平時成績 作業期中考 5 6 3/14 3/ /16 5/23 期末報告 7 8 3/28 4/04 清明 / 校際活動 /30 6/06 課堂表現不可作弊! 9 4/ / /18 期中考 19 6/20 期末考

5 Microprocessors have a short but significant history In 1969, a Japanese company (Busicom) approached Intel and asked them to build a set of custom chips for a hand-held calculator Intel proposed a single programmable chip (4004) It was released in 1971 as the world s first microprocessor It was a 4 bit machine constructed out of 2300 transistors on a 16-pin chip Ed Roberts (at the failing calculator company MITS) designs Altair 8800 (1974) based on 8080 microprocessor, affordable price of $375 no keyboard, no screen, no storage, 4k memory, programmable by means of a switch panel Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded Microsoft(1975) BASIC 2.0 on the Altair 8800 first high-level language available on a home computer In 1974, Intel released the first 8-bit microprocessor - the 8080 it consisted of 6000 transistors and could address 64K of memory Digital Research released the first general purpose operating system for a microprocessor, CP/M in 1975 In 1978, Intel released the 8086, a 16-bit microprocessor constructed out of 29,000 transistors At the same time, other companies such as Texas Instruments and Motorola released microprocessors First Microprocessor transistors 4 bit bus 640 bytes of addressable memory 750 KHz

6 First IBM PC Chip ,000 transistors 16 bit bus 1 MB addressable memory 10 MHz The basis for Pentium Pro, Pentium II and Pentium III A dynamically scheduled processor that translates each IA-32 instruction to a series of micro-operations (uops) executed by the pipeline uops are similar to typical RISC instructions Differ in clock rate, cache architecture, and memory interface. Pentium II added MMX (multimedia extension). Pentium III added SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) Intel 386TM DX Microprocessor Intel 486TM DX CPU Microprocessor Introduced 2/1/82 10/17/85 4/10/89 Clock Speeds 6MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz, 12.5MHz 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz 25MHz, 33MHz, 50MHz Bus Width 16 bits 32 bits 32 bits Number of Transistors 134,000 (1.5 microns) 275,000 (1 micron) 1.2 million (1 micron) (.8 micron with 50MHz) Addressable Memory 16 megabytes 4 gigabytes 4 gigabytes Virtual Memory 1 gigabyte 64 terabytes 64 terabytes Brief Description 3-6X the performance of the 8086 First X86 chip to handle 32-bit data sets Level 1 cache on chip

7 Example: Intel Chipset Memory Controller Hub I/O Controller Hub System Bus: 1066, 800 Mhz 82925XE MCH FSB/Mem: 2 DIMMs/channel * /800 DDR2-533/400 4 GB Interface: PCI Express * 16 ICH6R ICH PCI Support: 4 PCI Express Storage Interface: ATA 100 SATA 150/4, UDMA USB: USB 2.0 * 8 ports Audio: AC'97/20-bit audio I/O: SMBus 2.0 / GPIO Separate Bus Architecture: North/South Bridges Processor Examples: VIA Chipsets PT880 + VT8837 for Intel P4 K8T890+VT8251 for AMD Athlon 64 Director Processor Memory Bus Memory backside cache Bus Adaptor Bus Adaptor Backplane Bus I/O Bus I/O Bus Separate sets of pins for different functions Memory bus Caches Graphics bus (for fast frame buffer) I/O busses are connected to the backplane bus Advantages: Busses can run at different speeds Much less overall loading!

8 Processor plus ASIC Embedded system on a board 0.35 u process technology > 10 6 gates 0.18 u process technology > 4x10 6 gates 0.12 u process technology > 9x10 6 gates 0.08 u process technology > 20.3x10 6 gates System-on-Chip million million gates gates = = 300, 300, 68K 68K microprocessors microprocessors on on one one chip chip