Practitioner Series. Springer London Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo

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1 Practitioner Series Springer London Berlin Heidelberg New York Hong Kong Milan Paris Santa Clara Singapore Tokyo

2 Series Editor Russel Winder Editorial Board Frank Bott Nic Holt Kay Hughes Elizabeth Hull Richard Nance Ray Paul Kings College London, UK UWA, Aberystwyth, UK ICL, Manchester, UK DERA, Malvern, UK University of Ulster, Newtownabbey (N. Ireland), UK Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, USA Brunei University, Uxbridge, UK Other titles in this series: The Project Management Paradigm K. Burnett Electronic Commerce and Business Communications M. Chesher and R. Kaura Key Java J. Hunt and A. McManus The Politics of Usability L. Trenner and J. Bawa Distributed Applications Engineering I. Wijegunaratne and G. Fernandez Finance for IT Decision Makers M. Blackstaff The Renaissance of Legacy Systems I. Warren Conceptual Modeling for User Interface Development D. Benyon, T. Green and D. Bental Middleware D. Serain

3 John Hunt Java for Practitioners An Introduction and Reference to Java and Object Orientation, Springer

John Hunt, BSc, PhD, MBCS, CEng Department of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales, SY23 3DB JayDee Technology, PO Box 153, Chippenham, SN14 BUT ISBN-13:978-1-85233-093-4

4 John Hunt, BSc, PhD, MBCS, CEng Department of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, Wales, SY23 3DB JayDee Technology, PO Box 153, Chippenham, SN14 BUT ISBN-13: Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Hunt,John Java for practitioners: an introduction and reference to Java and object orientation. - (Practitioner series) I.Java (Computer program language) 2. Object-oriented methods (Computer science) l.title 005.7'12'62 ISBN-13: Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hunt, John, Java for practitioners: an introduction and reference to Java and object orientation 1 John Hunt. p. cm. -- (Practitioner series) Includes index. ISBN-13: e-isbn-13: DOl: / I. Java (Computer program language) l. Title. II. Series: Practitioner series (Springer-Verlag) QA76.73.J38H '3--dc Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. Springer-Verlag London Limited 1999 The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. Typesetting: Ian Kingston Editorial Services, Nottingham UK 34/ Printed on acid-free paper

5 Dedication For Denise, Always

6 Preface xix Part 1 Java and Object Orientation 1 Introduction to Object Orientation Introduction Programming Paradigms Revolution Versus Evolution Why Learn a New Programming Paradigm? Pedigree of Object-Oriented Languages Fundamentals of Object Orientation The Basic Principles of Object Orientation Encapsulation Inheritance Abstraction Polymorphism 19 l.l2 Summary Further Reading 21 2 Elements of Object Orientation Introduction Terminology Types of Hierarchy The Move to Object Technology Summary Exercises Further Reading 28 3 Why Object Orientation? Introduction The Procedural Approach Does Object Orientation Do Better? Summary Constructing an Object-Oriented System Introduction The Application: Windscreen Wipe Simulation 35 vii

7 viii 4.3 Where Do We Start? Identifying the Objects Identifying the Services or Methods 4.6 Refining the Objects 4.7 Bringing It All Together 4.8 Where Is the Structure? 4.9 Summary 4.10 Exercise 4.11 Further Reading 5 A Brief History of Time, the Universe and Java 5.1 Introduction 5.2 What Is Java? 5.3 Objects in Java 5.4 History 5.5 Commercial Versions of Java 5.6 The Java Environment 5.7 Further Reading 6 Java 2 Platform: Java's Third Age? 6.1 The Three Ages of Java 6.2 So What's in the Java 2 Platform? 6.3 Analysis of the Java 2 Platform 6.4 Conclusions 6.5 Online References 7 Basic Java Introduction Setting Up the Development Environment 7.3 Compiling and Executing Java 7.4 Using the Java Debugger 7.5 Using the Java Documentation Tool 7.6 Summary 7.7 Further Reading 8 Java Building Blocks Introduction The Basics of the Language 8.3 Classes Method Definitions 8.5 Interface Definitions 9 Java Constructs Introduction Numbers and Numeric Operators 9.3 Characters and Strings 9.4 Assignments

8 IX 9.5 Variables Messages and Message Selectors Exercise: Hello World Summary Control and Iteration Introduction Control Structures Iteration Recursion Exercise: Factorial Summary The Person Class Introduction Defining a Class Defining a Method Creating an Instance 108 Il.S Exercise: Person Classes, Inheritance and Abstraction Introduction Classes Revisited Inheritance in Classes Abstract Classes Constructors and Their Use The main Method Encapsulation and Polymorphism Introduction Encapsulation Packages Polymorphism Exercise: Managers and Employees Data Structures Introduction Data Structure Classes The Abstract Class Dictionary The Hashtable Class The Vector Class The Stack Class A Queue Class Enumeration Arrays Memory Management Exercise: Vectors 145

9 x Summary Further Reading The Collection API Introduction What Is in the Collections API? Collection Interfaces Abstract Implementations Concrete Implementations The Collections class Iteration Over Collections Array Sorting and Searching Choosing a Collection Class Summary An Object-Oriented Organizer Introduction The Organizer Class The Class Definition The Updating Protocol The Accessing Protocol The Main Method Exercise: the Financial Manager Project 171 Part 2 Java Developers' Handbook 17 Graphic Programming Using the Abstract Window Toolkit Introduction Windows as Objects Windows in Java The Abstract Window Toolkit The Component Class The Container Class The Panel Class The Frame Class The Graphics Class A Worked Graphical Application Exercise: Graphical Hello World Advanced Exercise: Graphing Further Reading User Interface Programming Introduction The Event Delegation Model GUI Component Classes Additional AWT Classes 201

10 xi 18.5 Exercise: Text Editor Managing Component Layout Introduction The FlowLayout Manager The BorderLayout Manager The GridLayout Manager The GridBagLayout Manager The CardLayout Manager A Simple GUI Example Exercise: GUIs in Java Putting the Swing into Java Introduction Swing, the JFC and the JDK What is the MVC? Swinging the MVC into Action Transitioning to Swing A Swinging Gallery Things to Remember References Online References Swing Data Model Case Study Introduction The JTree Swing Component The JTree Package Building the Data Model Building the GUI Application Online Resources Observers and Observables Introduction The Dependency Mechanism The Observer Interface Extending the Dependency Example Exercise: Dependency and the Financial Manager Summary A GUI Case Study Introduction The Class Structure The Instance Structure Exercise: a GUI for the Financial Manager Summary Further Reading

11 xii 24 Combining Graphics and GUI Components Introduction The SwingDraw Application The Structure of the Application The Interactions Between Objects The Classes Exercises Summary Reference Applets and the Internet Introduction Applet Security The Applet Class Working with Applets The Account Applet A Brief Introduction to HTML The <APPLET> HTML Tag Accessing HTML Files Network Programming Summary Further Reading Exercise: Tic-Tac-Toe Applet Concurrency Introduction Concurrent Processes Threads The Thread Class A Time-Slicing Example Thread Interaction Exception Handling Introduction What Is an Exception? What Is Exception Handling? Throwing an Exception Catching an Exception Defining an Exception Exercise: Custom Exceptions Streams and Files Introduction Streams Files Accessing a File Creating a File 345

12 xiii 28.6 Input from the Console Exercise: 10 for the Text Editor Summary Serialization Introduction The Obj ectoutputstream Class The Obj ectinputstream class The Serializable Interface A Simple Serialization Application Exercise: Using Files with the Financial Manager Summary Sockets in Java Introduction Socket to Socket Communication Setting up a Connection An Example Client-Server Application Further Reading Java and Remote Method Invocation Introduction Remote Method Invocation The RMIClient Converting to an Applet Performance Exercise: RMI Hello World Servlets: Serving Java up on the Web Introduction How Servlets Work The Structure of the Servlet API An Example Servlet Why Use Servlets? Summary Further Reading Java Database Connectivity Introduction What Is JDBC? What the Driver Provides Registering Drivers Opening a Connection Obtaining Data from a Database Creating a Table Applets and Databases Online References 404

13 xiv References Mini SQL 34 JavaBeans Software Components 34.1 Introduction 34.2 JavaBeans 34.3 Defining JavaBeans 34.4 Summary 34.5 References 35 Java Native Interface 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Properties of the Java Native Interface 35.3 The Basics of the JNI Parameter Passing Exercise: Native Hello World 36 Byte Code Protection 36.1 Introduction 37 Java, IDL and Object Request Brokers 37.1 Introduction 37.2 CORBA Java IOL Online References 38 Inner Classes and Reflection 38.1 Introduction 38.2 What Are Inner Classes? 38.3 Types of Inner Class 38.4 How and When Should I Use Inner Classes? 38.5 The Reflection API Part 3 Java Art and Style 39 Java Style Guidelines 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Code Layout 39.3 Variables 39.4 Classes 39.5 Interfaces 39.6 Enumerated Types 39.7 Methods 39.8 Scoping 39.9 Statement Labels Reference

14 xv 40 Common Java Bugs and Programmer Errors Introduction Programmer errors Language Weaknesses References Reliable Java Systems Introduction Impact Minimization Strategies Consequences for Java Software Development Further Reading and References Performance Optimization Introduction Further Reading Java Self-Test Examination Introduction Java Multiple Choice Exam Answers to Java Certification Mock Exam Further Reading Part 4 Object-Oriented Design 44 Object-Oriented Analysis and Design Introduction Object-Oriented Design Methods Object-Oriented Analysis The Booch Method The Object Modeling Technique The Objectory Method The Fusion Method The Unified Modeling Language Summary References OMTandUML Introduction Objectory: Use Case Analysis The OMT Methodology The UML Notation Combining the Three Approaches Use Case Analysis Introduction 541

15 xvi 46.2 Use Case Diagrams 46.3 Actors 46.4 Use Cases 46.5 Use Case Models 46.6 Interface Descriptions 46.7 Online ATM Use Case Analysis 47 The Analysis Phase: Object Modelling 47.1 Introduction 47.2 The Object Model 47.3 Identifying Classes 47.4 Preparing a Data Dictionary 47.5 Identifying Associations 47.6 Identifying Attributes 47.7 Identifying Inheritance 47.8 Composites Testing Access Paths Iterating and Refining the Model Grouping Classes into Packages Reference The Analysis Phase: Dynamic Modelling 48.1 Introduction 48.2 Identifying Scenarios 48.3 Identification of Events 48.4 Preparation of Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams 48.5 Constructing Sequence and Collaboration Diagrams 48.6 State Machine Diagrams 48.7 References Functional Modelling and Operations 49.1 Introduction Pseudocode with the Object Navigation Notation 49.3 The Online ATM System Functional Model 49.4 Adding Operations Identifying Operations for the Online ATM System 50 The Design and Implementation Phases 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Design Phase Implementation Phase 50.4 Summary Part 5 The Future 51 The Future for Java 51.1 Introduction

16 51.2 The Java Language The Web and Objects Object-Oriented Databases and the Web 51.5 JavaStation, JavaOS and HotJava Views 51.6 Java as a Training Language Object Technology: the Next Five Years 51.9 References.... Appendices A Java 1.1.* Core API Packages B The java. lang Package C The j a va. uti 1 Package D The java. io Package E The java. awt Package F The java. awt. event Package G The java. awt. image Package H Java Keywords Java 2 Core API Packages Index XVll

Essential Series. Springer-Verlag London Ltd.

Essential Series. Springer-Verlag London Ltd. Essential Series Springer-Verlag London Ltd. Also in this series: Essential Visual Basic 4.0 fast 3-540-19998-5 Essential Delphi 2.0 fast 3-540-76026-1 Essential Java fast 3-540-76052-0 Essential Visual