URBAN & RURAL RUNOFF ROUTING APPLICATION GETTING STARTED MANUAL

Transcription

1 URBAN & RURAL RUNOFF ROUTING APPLICATION GETTING STARTED MANUAL

2 Copyright 2013 XP Solutions. All right reserved. No part of this publication maybe reproduced in any form by any means without the written permission of XP Solutions. xprafts is the trademark of XP Solutions. Other brand and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Software License Notice Your license agreement, which is included with this product, specifies the permitted and prohibited uses of the product. Any unauthorized duplication or use of xprafts in whole or in part, in print or in any other storage and retrieval systems is forbidden. Disclaimer The XP environment and its documentation have been released by XP Solutions as a proprietary model and as such are not available to unauthorized users. The authors and XP Solutions, although taking every care to provide error free code, because of the complexity and nature if this type of software, cannot make explicit warranties as to the documentation, function, or performance of the model. Should any errors be found during program operation the user should direct the problem to XP Solutions where every effort will be made to quickly resolve the problem. Although the data checking facilities of the model are extensive, incorrect results may be produced if poor or inappropriate data are entered. Users are expected to make the final evaluation as to usefulness of the model for their purposes. He or she must use his or her own engineering judgment as to the applicability of the model to the job at hand and perform reasonable engineering checks on the data and results. XP Solutions cannot assume responsibility for model output, interpretation or usage. No portion of this document may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of XP Solutions.

3 TUTORIAL 1: AN OVERVIEW OF XPRAFTS Introduction Origin of xprafts Accessing Help Contact Us Graphical Interface Technical Overview 5 TUTORIAL 2: BASICS OF XPRAFTS Introduction Network Terminology 17 TUTORIAL 3: INPUT VARIABLES Percent Impervious on Various Slopes Manning s n values on Rural Catchments with Various Slopes Manning s n values in Urban Areas 24 TUTORIAL 4: CREATING A SIMPLE NETWORK Simple Network Introduction Loading the Program Creating the Network Naming the Network Setting the Global Database Information Job Control Data Link Data Sub-Catchment Data Saving the File and Solving the Network Reviewing Results Exiting Program 40 TUTORIAL 5: SUBDIVISION - PRE DEVELOPMENT Using a Template Adding a Background Image and Zoom Tool Creating Nodes Creating Links Creating Catchment Initial/Continuing Rainfall Loss Model Reviewing Rainfall Data Solving Hydrographs Reviewing Graphical Results Tabular Results and Data Input (xp tables) 57 TUTORIAL 6: SUBDIVISION - POST DEVELOPMENT Entering Nodes and Links for the Post Developed Site Splitting Catchments into Pervious and Impervious subcatchments Optimizing Basin 64 TUTORIAL 7: RIVER EXAMPLE River Example Introduction Link and Node Data Infiltration and Rainfall Data Weighted Rainfall Data to Individual Sub-Catchments Gauged Flow or Stage Data xprafts Review Results 78 TUTORIAL 8: DETENTION BASIN VERSUS ON-SITE DETENTION Introduction Pre-Subdivision (PreSubdivision.xp) Post Subdivision Community Pond (PostSubPond.xp) 94 TUTORIAL 9: PMP ESTIMATION Introduction 104 xprafts Getting Started Manual Version 2013

4 9.2 Create File from Template Load Background Image and Catchment Extent Creating Subcatchments Create catchment collection points Setting up Spatial Distribution for Short Duration PMP Automated Storm Generation Setting up GSDM Data for Shorter Duration Storms Setting up GSAM Data for Longer Duration PMP Setting up GTSMR Data for Longer Duration PMP Analysis and Results 121 TUTORIAL 10: LINKING TO EXTERNAL DATABASES Introduction Setting up the Model Linking with External Database Importing Global Data 129 xprafts Getting Started Manual Version 2013

5 Tutorial 1: An Overview of xprafts 1.1 Introduction xprafts is a comprehensive software program to simulate runoff hydrographs at defined points throughout a watershed based on a set of catchment characteristics and specific rainfall events. As shown in the diagram the watershed is subdivided into a number of sub catchments from which runoff hydrographs are produced and routed through any configuration of network storages, channels, and pipes to determine flood mitigation, drainage strategy, or hydraulic design data. Rainfall Input Impervious Area Pervious Area RI t Impervious Area + RP Pervious Area t #1 Initial & Continuing Rainfall Losses Philips Infiltration Losses Rainfall Excess RI t + RP t #2 Q Q1(t) Q2(t) #2 t Q3(t) Q12 #1 Q12(t) Diversion Channel #1 Q11 q(t)*l Q9 #1 Q4 Q6 Q5 Q10 #2 Channel Modules Pipe/Floodway Q Q8 Pipe Q7 q(t)*l t Basin Module Q9(t) Q10(t) #2 Q2 Q1 Q3 Q Hydrograph Module Q7(t) t Q Q8(t) Computed Hydrographs Q4(t) Q5(t) Q6(t) t t Figure Graphical Representation of xprafts xprafts is suitable for application on catchments ranging from rural to fully urbanized. There are no specific limitations on catchment size. xprafts has been successfully used for catchments in excess of 20,000km 2 including on-site detention. xprafts is capable of analyzing watersheds including natural waterways, formalized channels, or pipes, retarding and retention basins and any combination of these. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 1

6 xprafts can be used to evaluate effects of floods on major storage dams or effects of a dam break on watershed. It can also simulate the attenuating effects of channel and floodplain storage on flood waters and assist the formulation of drainage strategies on developed or developing catchments. xprafts can also be used to facilitate flood forecasting and subsequent flood plan management activities. The model allows rapid designs of networks with retarding/retention basins, giving great flexibility in sizing outlets and emergency spillways to meet optimum requirements. xprafts can be used as either an event-based modeling (design storms) or continuous modeling (historic time series rainfall data including the areal distribution over watershed). When operating in either mode, the program utilizes a water balance model generating continuous excess rainfall. This water balance model is a modified version of the Australian Representative Basins Model (Black & Aitken 1977, Goyen 1981, Goyen 2000). In summary xprafts may be used for any of the following tasks: Evaluating catchment runoff peaks and volumes; Sizing of hydraulic elements within a drainage system, including reservoirs and retarding basins, pipes, channels, floodways and river training works; Examining of drainage and flood mitigation strategies; Assessing the effects of various catchment changes or urbanization on runoff peaks and volumes; Predicting flows for a flood warning system; Estimating sewer flows; Generating hydrograph flows for hydraulic modeling in the xpstorm and xpswmm. 1.2 Origin of xprafts The Rainfall/Runoff Routing Model described in this manual originated in 1974 in response to the need of analyzing a complex drainage system associated with a major development in Darwin including a new town for about 150,000 persons. The program was originally developed jointly by Willing & Partners Pty Ltd and the Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation (SMEC) (Goyen & Aitken 1976), and was named the Regional Stormwater Drainage Model (RSWM). The concept of the RSWM model followed intensive research in the early 1970s into existing methods and computing rainfall/runoff models available in Australia and overseas including Britain, France and the United States of America. As results a number of researches were undertaken, including local research, a study tour by Mr. A.P. Aitken of SMEC (Aitken 1973), a joint author of RSWM, and a research project for the Australian Water Resources Council. It was concluded that no appropriate model consistent with Australian conditions and data that was xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 2

7 available at the time. This was particularly evident for urbanized and developing catchments. The basic aim of the development of the RSWM program included the following: Provide a deterministic model capable of handling any conceivable drainage or river system including natural and artificial storages; Limit data input requirements to be consistent with the availability of data and the required accuracy of results; Allow rapid and economic assessments of alternative solutions to flooding and drainage problems. Since 1974 the RSWM model has been applied to studies throughout New South Wales, the Northern Territory, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Watershed studies have ranged from rural to fully urban with catchment areas ranging from less than 0.1 ha to several thousand square kilometers. The model has been improved on a semi-continuous basis since 1974 and continues updating as results of ongoing research is incorporated into the model structure. In early 1980 s the program was renamed the Runoff Analysis and Flow Training Simulation program (RAFTS). This was to reflect the major shift to included detailed urban analysis during the period between mid 1983 and The significant changes during the early 1980 s to the xprafts program are as below: Separate consideration and routing of impervious and pervious sub areas within a subcatchment. This procedure was found to greatly improve urban runoff parameter calibration; Separate routing of pipes and channels in a floodway environment; Major enhancements in the retarding basin module to include hydraulically interconnected basins, on-line and off-line basins with reverse flow considerations; Substantial rewriting to make it compatible with micro-computer technology in terms of storage requirements and execution time; Significant enhancements to the urban drainage capabilities of the program; Improvements to the very large river basin simulation capabilities of the program. In the 1980 s the custodianship of the programs development transferred from the general R&D within Willing and Partners Pty Ltd Consulting Engineers to XP- Software, a dedicated development group acting independently of the consulting organization. In 2000s the enhancements have continued progressing including xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 3

8 Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) including advanced on-site detention and retention analysis, roof water tank consideration, and advancements in Flood Forecasting facilities. Advances in sub-catchment analysis to provide improved scaling of process between sub-catchments of different sizes. Major rewriting of the program to be fully Microsoft Windows compatible and work in full 32 bit operating code. 1.3 Accessing Help The Help menu and Documentation are available for users and are easy to access. To access Help information whilst using xprafts you can either make a selection from the Help menu or simply click on the Help icon located on your toolbar. Some dialogs also provide a Help option to specific information to that window. If you click on the Help icon the pointer will turn into a question mark, then click on the area you require more information about. If this is not active press key F1 while the dialog is open. This will provide relevant help for all items in that dialog. Printed documentation is also available from XP Solutions. 1.4 Contact Us If you do experience difficulties when using our software please contact our technical support team: XP SOLUTIONS Phone Fax PO Box 3064 Belconnen ACT 2617, Australia Website: support@xpsolutions.com To improve your skills and increase productivity we would encourage you to attend our training workshops that organize frequently. These workshops provide comprehensive information to help you get the most out of our XP Solutions products. Information regarding these workshops is regularly posted on our website. Alternatively you can contact us using the address or phone number as above. Should you need we can also tailor our workshops to meet your particular requirements as well as organize in-house trainings. 1.5 Graphical Interface The graphical EXPERT environment (XP) is a friendly, graphic based environment utilized by a range of software developed by XP Solutions. It encompasses data xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 4

9 entry, run-time graphics and post-processing of results in graphical form, and user definable tables. Figure Graphical Interface In xprafts the EXPERT shell acts as interpreter between the user and the model in the classical style of an embedded expert system. The environment incorporates both pre- and post-processors which use the expert system knowledge of experienced users to filter input data and to create and interpret a valid and reasonable model of the system being simulated. The EXPERT environment of xprafts allows engineers to devote more time to gaining understanding of the problem rather than spending significant effort to the mechanical tasks of entering and checking data, getting a model to run and interpreting plenty of outputs. xprafts allows users to work with CAD and GIS drawings to create scaled views of the drainage basin being considered. A detailed base map may be used and drainage networks can be created as a layer on top of this map. Base maps may be imported from every major CAD and GIS packages. 1.6 Technical Overview xprafts is a non-linear runoff routing model used extensively throughout Australasia and the Asia Pacific Region. xprafts has worked very well on catchments ranging from a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers, for both urban and rural nature. xprafts can model up to 10,000 different nodes and each node can have any size sub-catchment attached as well as a storage basin. Additionally multiple on- xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 5

10 site detentions, retention structures within a sub-catchment, can be included in the sub catchment analysis. xprafts uses the Laurenson non-linear runoff routing procedure to develop a subcatchment stormwater runoff hydrograph from either an actual event (recorded rainfall time series) or design storm using Intensity-Frequency-Duration (IFD) data together with dimensionless storm temporal patterns as well as standard AR&R 1987 data. From the 2009 version onwards xprafts simulates Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP). Three loss models may be employed to generate excess rainfall. They are: Initial/Continuing loss; Initial/Proportional loss; and ARBM full water balance model. A reservoir routing model allows routing of inflow hydrographs through a userdefined storage using the level pool routing procedure and allows modeling of hydraulically interconnected basins and on-site detention facilities. Four levels of hydraulic routing, includes (1) simple hydrograph lagging in pipes and channels, (2) Muskingum method(3) Muskingum-Cunge procedure to route hydrographs though channel or river reaches and (4) the hydrographs, may be transferred to the xpswmm/xpstorm hydraulic simulation program for detailed hydraulic analysis. Hydrograph Generation: The Laurenson runoff routing procedure is used in xprafts for the following reasons: it offers the most flexible model to simulate both rural and urban catchments, it allows for non-linear response from catchments over a large range of event magnitudes, it considers time-area and subcatchment shape, and it offers an efficient mathematical procedure for developing both rural, urban and mixed runoff hydrographs at any subcatchment outlets. Data requirements for xprafts consist of: catchment area, slope, degree of urbanization, loss rates observed or design and rainfall data. These data are used to compute the storage delay coefficient for each subcatchment, hence to develop the non-linear runoff hydrograph. A default exponent is adopted although the user may specify this value with either a different non-linear exponent or rating table of flow vs. exponent to define different degrees of catchment non-linear response. Each sub-catchment is divided into 10 sub-areas as shown in Figure 3. Each subarea is treated as a cascading non-linear storage following the relationship S, where n by default is set to and b is computed from observed catchment xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 6

11 event data or specified in terms of catchment parameters. The rainfall is applied to each sub-area, and the rainfall excess is computed and converted into an instantaneous inflow. This instantaneous flow is then routed through the sub-area storages to develop individual sub-catchment outlet hydrograph. Figure 4 shows a diagram for the process P1 K1 2 P2 3 K P3 K P4 K4 5 P P6 P7 P8 K5 K6 K7 K P9 0.2 P10 K K10 A Catchment boundary Isochrone A Pluviograph 5 Subarea number K2 P7 Subarea concentrated storage Subarea total rainfall Figure Subarea Definition xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 7

12 Subarea 1 Subarea 2 Rainfall Intensity Pluviograph A Pluviograph A Loss model Loss model Excess Rainfall Intensity Excess Rainfall Intensity Subarea excess rainfall Subarea excess rainfall Instantaneous Subarea Inflow Instantaneous Inflow Instantaneous Subarea Inflow Instantaneous Inflow Routing through non-linear subarea storage S=k1(q)*q Routing through non-linear subarea storage S=k2(q)*q Outflow Outflow Outflow from subarea 1 Outflow from subarea 2 Time Time S=volume of storage (hrs*cumecs) q=instantaneous rate of runoff (cumecs) k(q)=storage delay time as a function of q (hrs) Figure Diagrammatic Representation of Hydrograph Generation Figure Storm Data Rainfall: Any local Intensity-Frequency-Duration (IFD) information may be used to generate hydrographs. Rainfall input can be of two types, either Design Rainfall or Historic Rainfall. Design rainfall may be entered as a dimensionless temporal pattern with average rainfall intensity. In Australia design rainfall may be directly extracted from AR&R 1987, The Intensity information may be taken from Volume 2 of AR&R 1987 and the appropriate intensity for the given ARI and duration is computed automatically. Zone of different regions of Australia may be selected and the xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 8

13 appropriate temporal pattern is automatically identified from the inbuilt standard temporal patterns from AR&R Historical events may be used either in fixed time steps or variable time steps allowing long periods of record to be defined fairly easily. Alternatively, rainfall data can be read from an external rainfall file in ASCII text format either in HYDSYS file or XPX file. Loss Models: The rainfall excess can be computed using either of the following methods: Initial/Continuing: The initial depth of rainfall loss is specified along with a continuing rate of loss. For example, 15mm initial loss plus 2.5 mm/hr of any further rainfall. Initial/Proportional: The initial depth of rainfall loss is specified along with a proportion of any further rain that will be lost. For example, 15mm initial and 0.6 times any further rainfall. ARBM Loss method: Infiltration parameters to suit the Philip s infiltration equation using comprehensive ARBM algorithms are used to simulate catchment infiltration and subsequent rainfall excess for a particular rainfall sequence and catchment antecedent conditions. Figure Hydrologic Losses xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 9

14 Figure Diagrammatic Representation of ARBM Loss Model Data describing in the ARBM model are required, such as sorptivity, hydraulic conductivity, upper and lower soil storage capacities, soil moisture redistribution, groundwater runoff and catchment drying. These data can be found from field measurements and this model allows more realistic modeling of catchment response to storms especially with multiple bursts. More details can be found Help file where users can find typical values for catchments. A proportion of outflows from the ARBM loss method may be redirected as base flow in a given reach. Storms: Up to 10 storm events can be analyzed in the same run and the results displayed on the screen to determine quickly the critical duration for each location in the drainage system. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 10

15 Figure 1.8 Stacked Storms Dialog Simulation runs of any period of time, from minutes to years, can be accommodated. Weighting of different Rainfall Stations in individual sub-catchments is provided. Figure Catchment Storms Gauged Data: Gauged Data may be entered by users or read directly from an external file and compared to the computed hydrograph for calibration and verification of the drainage network simulation. Hydraulics: Hydrographs, which have been developed at individual node may be transported through the drainage system in three ways: Translation (Lagging): Users specify length of travel time from one node to the next and the hydrograph is translated on the time base by this length of time with no attenuation of peak flow. Appropriate values may be derived by estimating the velocity of flow and consequently the wave celerity, and knowing the length of travel. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 11

16 Pipe Flow: A pipe may be specified (or sized) to carry flows. Any flows that exceed capacity of the pipe will be travelling via the surface to either of two destination nodes. The travel time in this pipe may be either computed or set to a fixed number of minutes. Channel Routing: A Channel/Stream may be defined using either compound trapezoidal channel or HEC2 style arbitrary sections. The cross-section shape may be imported directly from an existing HEC2 file. The Muskingum-Cunge method is used to route the flow through the channel with the consequent attenuation of the peak flow and delay of the hydrograph peak. Alternatively the detailed channel data simple Muskingum K & X parameters may be utilized. Figure Channel Routing Note: Any nodes may have a diversion link defined in addition to the normal link that will divert some or all of the flow and delay of the hydrograph peak. The hydrographs generated in xprafts can be transferred to the xpswmm/xpstorm hydrodynamic models. Hydrographs may also be read into other xprafts models. For detailed description of xpswmm and xpstorm see separate xpswmm and xpstorm technical descriptions on our website: Storage Basins (On-Site Detention, Ponds, Dams, etc.): Any nodes in xprafts may be defined as a storage node. This storage can be small as few cubic meters or large as a few millions cubic meters. On-line and off-line storages can be simulated and the storages can be hydraulically interconnected. Puls level pool routing technique is used to route the inflow hydrograph through the nominated storages. A stage/storage relationship is defined for each storage. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 12

17 Figure Retarding Basin Different outlet structures can be modeled including: circular pipe culvert rectangular box culvert broad crested weir sharp crested weir ogee weir erodible weir multi-level weir high level outlet rating curve outlet evaporation infiltration Optimization methods are also available to help design the basin. You may optimize the basin for a maximum discharge or for a maximum allowable storage. Importing Data: Data may be imported from an ASCII text file in the XPX file format. This format allows users to create new data and objects as well as update and add to existing xprafts networks. This facility may be used to import information from GIS s, FIS s CAD packages and other databases. Additionally, data may be directly imported from any ODBC compliant database including Excel, DFF Dbase, etc. Plan drawings may be imported from virtually any CAD or GIS packages to be used as a scaled base map. Formats accepted include BMPs, Shape files, JPEG, DWG, DXF etc. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 13

18 Output: xprafts provides results and data in various forms. All graphical displays may be output to printers, plotters and to DXF files. Graphical Output: xprafts provides graphs of rainfall, rainfall excess, and hydrographs including total and local components of hydrographs. Stage history and storage history are also available for any pond or basin in the drainage system. The graphs of multiple locations may be displayed and printed or results exported to a comma delimited ASCII text file for use in spreadsheets or databases. Figure Graphical Output Tabular Reports: Comprehensive tabular reports can be generated for both hydrology and hydraulic results and data. In addition, an ASCII text output file is available with detailed information on both hydrology and hydraulic calculations. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 14

19 Figure Tabular Reports xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 15

20 Tutorial 2: Basics of xprafts 2.1 Introduction xprafts model is built to represent the channel/pipe network within an urban, rural, or mixed catchment. Figure 1 in the Tutorial 1 diagrammatically describes a typical catchment and channel/pipe network. The network is made up of links with a node at each end. Each node is at the downstream end of a sub-catchment that collects local inflows. The minimum number of nodes required to represent a catchment network is one and located at the catchment outlet. In this case the node sub-catchment s area is equal to the complete catchment. Sub-catchments can be optionally split into two portions: usually representing separate pervious and impervious areas within an urban sub-catchment. Storm infiltration can be represented by simple initial continuous loss estimates or infiltration determined using a comprehensive soil water balance module. Nodes can contain the definition of a retarding basin. Individual sub-catchments can also contain multiple water sensitive urban design storage structures including on site detention and retention facilities. Computed hydrographs, based on an input storm of any durations, are estimated at each defined node. Additionally, channel routing estimates velocity, normal depth and storage hydrograph attenuation. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 16

21 2.2 Network Terminology For clarity, isochrones are shown only in this subcatchment 4 1 Reservoir or retarding basin Main channel or river 7 Subarea 1.05 Sub-catchment Boundary Watercourse 3.01 Link number Isochrones Node Point (defining location of hydrograph) Figure Network Terminology As indicated in section 1.6 each sub-catchment is divided into ten (10) sub-areas (called isochronal sub areas). These areas are based on equal times of travel to the sub-catchment outlet. Any sub-catchments can contain distributed water sensitive urban design structures such as on-site detention tanks/ponds, roof water tanks and/or infiltration/evaporation structures. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 17

22 Intermediate subcatchment slope (X) for link B Top subcatchment slope (X) for link A Slope of subcatchment Y is defined as average slope based on a range of alternate weighted catchment slope Link B Link A Local sub-catchment Y Local sub-catchment X Alternate subcatchment slope (X) for link B Figure Link Node Network Main channel slope AB for link A A link, by xprafts definition, includes an upstream node and a downstream node. The upstream node has an optional local sub-catchment attached. The upstream node can also include an optional retarding basin. Links routing is carried out between the upstream and downstream nodes. The flow entering the upstream node can consist of that from the local attached sub-catchment, any upstream channel flow (from upstream link) and any flow diverted from any upstream node. The slope of the sub-catchment is defined as described in Figure 15, depending on whether the sub-catchment is at the top of the network or at mid-way in the network. The channel slope within the channel routing module is simply the average bed slope of the channel between upstream and downstream nodes. xprafts divides the sub-catchments or the pervious and impervious portions into a further 10 isochronal sub areas. In this way large sub-catchments can be represented via their time/ area (slope) characteristics. By default xprafts adopts 10 equal sub-areas as shown in Figure 16. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 18

23 1 1.0 P1 K1 2 P2 3 K P3 K P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 K4 K5 K6 K7 5 K P9 P10 K K10 A Catchment boundary Isochrone A Pluviograph 5 Subarea number K2 P7 Subarea concentrated storage Subarea total rainfall Figure Isochrones xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 19

24 Figure Retarding Basin Retarding Basins/Detention Basins are represented in xprafts by defined stage/storage and stage/discharge curves. A retarding basin can optionally occur at any node in network. The stage/discharge curve can be internally estimated using defined outlet structure characteristics. When two storage structures interact hydraulically during a storm event xprafts automatically accounts for the varying stage discharge characteristics based on the relative levels in each basin. A range of spillway conditions are available within a basin including standard weirs, collapsible weirs as indicated in diagram and direct stage/ discharge routing and curves. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 20

25 Figure Fuse plug Spillway Figure Multiple Orifices Inlets to basins can include multiple level entrances to provide hydrograph attenuation at various return periods. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 21

26 Figure Floodway Channel Routing can be based on simple lagging of hydrographs between the link s upstream and downstream node or Muskingum routing directly inputing K and X values or Muskingum-Cunge routing that automatically computes K and X values based on input channel x-sections and longitudinal characteristics. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 22

27 Peak Flow/ha (m3/s/ha) ' Peak Flow/ha (m3/s/ha) ' Tutorial 3: Input Variables The shape of the hydrograph is influenced by the following variables: Area Slope Roughness Urbanization (expressed as percent impervious) Rainfall loss model The values shown in the following charts use the rainfall intensities and patterns for Cairns. They are used to show the general behavior of the model. Consider creating similar curves using the temporal patterns for your project area. 3.1 Percent Impervious on Various Slopes Flat slopes are more affected by changes in percentage of Impervious area. 1 ha catchment with n = Percentage Impervious [%] s=0.01% s=0.1% s=1% 1 ha catchment with n = Percentage Impervious [%] s=5.% s=10.% s=15.% xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 23

28 Peak Flow/ha (m3/s/ha) ' Peak Flow/ha (m3/s/ha) ' 3.2 Manning s n values on Rural Catchments with Various Slopes Manning s n values on rural catchments can have a significant effect on peak flows. 1 ha catchment with 0% impervious n value s=.01% s=.1% s=1.% 1 ha catchment with 0% impervious n value s=5.% s=10.% s=15.% 3.3 Manning s n values in Urban Areas Manning s n values in highly urbanized areas have less effect as the slope is greater than 1%. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 24

29 Peak Flow/ha (m3/s/ha) ' 1 ha catchment with 100% impervious s=.01% s=.1% s=1.% n value xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 25

30 Tutorial 4: Creating a Simple Network 4.1 Simple Network Introduction This example takes you through the construction of a basic network using simple link lagging and global storm data. It is intended to give the user a basic understanding of how to navigate the environment and build a network. In this model, xprafts calculates the runoff hydrographs for each of the sub-catchments and then combines and lags them down the system. The steps to complete the tutorial follow. 1. Load the Program 2. Creating the Network 3. Naming the Network 4. Set the Global Database Information 5. Job Control Data 6. Link Data 7. Sub-catchment Data 8. Saving the File 9. Solving the Network 10. Reviewing the Results 11. Exiting the Program 4.2 Loading the Program 1) Open xprafts from the Start menu on your Desktop. 2) The default Open File dialogue will appear. At this point you can browse to an existing file, or xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 26

31 create a new one, or create a file from template. The opening window displays a list of the most recently used files. In this example we will create a new file, so select Open a new database, and then click OK. 3) Enter the File Name as Tutorial 4.xp. Then select Save. 4.3 Creating the Network The Tool Icons from the Toolbar are used to create a network. Pointer is used to select objects, move objects, reconnect links, rescale the window, change object attributes and to enter data. Text Tool is used to annotate the network. Node Tool creates nodes representing physical elements such as manholes, inlets, ponds or outfalls. Basin Tool. Represents storage structures such as retarding basins detention ponds, and reservoirs. Link Tool creates single connections between nodes. May be physical elements or indicative of a connection, e.g. pipes, channels, overland flow paths, pumps, orifices, weirs etc. Note that this is to specify a Lagging Link Channel Tool. Creates Routing Channels. Diversions Tool. Creates diversions. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 27

32 Catchment Tool. Digitizes catchments. Ruler. Measures lengths and areas. Select All Nodes. If you click on this, all the nodes in the network will be selected. Select All Links. If you click on this, all the links in the network will be selected. To create a network, select the Link Tool from the Tool strip. Clicking in the window will create the node, define its position and give it a unique name. Click where you want subsequent nodes and the link joining them will automatically be created. When you double mouse click, the link will be created and the cursor will be ready for creating another link. If there are more than one branch to the network, repeat the procedure mentioned above. To enter data about the elements, select the Pointer Tool and Double Click on them. The following steps will show you how to create a basic network. 1) Select the Link Tool from the Toolbar by clicking on it. Note that the model will create nodes and links simultaneously when the link icon is selected. 2) Now click on the window to make node 1 and then node 2 as follows. 3) Then click again to make link 2 and node 3. Double Click to end. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 28

33 4) Now, click again and create link 3 as shown. 5) Press the ESC key when you have finished. Now the Pointer key will be active. Note: You should not to be concerned if the nodes, and links names do not match with those shown in the image above. The names will be changed in the following steps. 4.4 Naming the Network By default links and nodes that are automatically named as node1, node2 and link1, link2 as you create them in the model. Although it is not necessary to change the node and link names from the default names, changing the names may make them more meaningful to you. The following steps show you how to change the name. 1) Select node 4 by clicking on it. Then Right Click with your mouse and select Properties. Alternatively, Select node 4 by clicking on it with your mouse and xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 29

34 then selecting Attributes from the Edit menu on your toolbar. Then type in the node name Cat A. 2) Repeat the procedure with other nodes as shown in the Figure below. Note that he X and Y coordinates displayed depend on the location of the node in the window and may differ from those shown in this example. Since the layout is schematic the actual values are unimportant. However, you can change them at this point if you wish. 3) You may also wish to change the display attributes at this stage. You may edit the attributes by a group edit as well. Select All Nodes or All Links buttons, go to Edit/Attributes. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 30

35 4.5 Setting the Global Database Information Global database information contains all of the relevant data that is shared by various components within the model. It usually pertains to such information as storm types, infiltration and other losses. There is also the facility to control your table definition. 1) Select Global Data from the Configuration menu. Alternatively click on Global Database icon. 2) Highlight Temporal Patterns by clicking on it. Then click on the New button. 3) A new field will appear with the name of TP#1. This can be altered to suit your requirements by either using the backspace key or by selecting Rename. In this example we will use the name 60min. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 31

36 4) Whilst the name is still selected click Edit and enter the data as follows: Note: Fraction per time interval is the dimensionless pattern which sums up to 1. For Australian projects, you can specify the temporal pattern zone based on the ARR 1987 and the program will automatically picks up the pattern. This will be explained further in the next tutorials. 5) Click OK to continue. 6) To enter the data for a RAFTS storm, select RAFTS Storms from the Global Databases dialog. Select New and enter the name Design100Yr-60min. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 32

37 7) Select Edit to open the Storm Data dialog, enter Average Recurrence Interval as 100 years, under the Average Intensity box select Direct and enter 76.3 mm/hr. For the Temporal Pattern box, select Reference by clicking on the radio button, then click on the box to open the Select dialog, highlight 60 min from the list and clicking on Select. Enter Storm Duration as 60 (min). Note: You can allow xprafts to estimate the intensity from the IFD curves depending upon zones by choosing the option IFD calculation and ARR Standard Zone. You can get the IFD values from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology website: 8) Select OK to continue. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 33

38 9) To enter the Initial/Continuing Loss data, select Init./Cont. Losses. Then click New and enter the name IL ) Then click on Edit. 11) Enter Initial Loss as 15 (mm). Click the Absolute button and enter the Continuing Loss as 2.5 (mm/hr). 12) Select OK to exit the Initial/Continuing dialog box. Select OK to exit the Global Databases dialog. 4.6 Job Control Data 1) Select Job Control from the Configuration menu, or select the Job Control Icon. Job Control allows you to enter data such as time of simulation and the general model control information. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 34

39 2) Enter the Title as Tutorial 4. This name will be used for the result output only. 3) Select Simulation Details from the top of the Job Control dialog. Enter Start Date and Time. The default values 01/01/90 and 00:00 are acceptable for this example. 4) Select Job Definition once again. Click on Global to open the Stacked Storms dialog as shown below. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 35

40 5) Check the checkbox Use Storm?. Click in the column under Storm Type, a pull down menu will appear. Select Rafts. Enter Routing Increment as 1 min and Number of Intervals as 300. Click on Storm Name, select Design 100Yr-60min and click on Select. These steps mean that we will simulate the model from 01/01/1990: 00:00 to 01/01/1990: 05:00 (i.e. a duration of 300 minutes). 6) Click OK to exit the Stacked Storms dialog. Click OK to exit the Job Control dialog. 4.7 Link Data 1) Select the Link between Cat A and Junction by double clicking on the link3. 2) Enter the LAG time as 2.5 min. Select OK to exit the Lagging Link dialog. Note that a Lagging Link will lag the upstream hydrograph without any attenuation. 3) With link3 highlighted select Copy Data from the Edit menu. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 36

41 4) Click on OK then highlight the two remaining links by holding the Ctrl key and clicking on them. 5) Select Paste Data from the Edit menu. A channel lag of 2.5 minutes has now been copied into the remaining links. Alternatively, you can use Ctrl + C and -Ctrl + V options from the keyboard to copy and paste respectively. 4.8 Sub-Catchment Data 1) Open the Node Control Data dialog of Cat A either by Double Click on the node, or Highlighting the node with Left Click and Right Click to select Edit Data, or Highlighting with Left Click and select Edit Data from the Edit menu. 2) Click on Subcatchment Data, and select FIRST Subcatchment. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 37

42 3) Enter Total Area as 4ha. Enter Impervious as 23%, Vectored Slope as 1%, and Mannings n as ) Select Initial/Continuing under the Rainfall Losses index box by clicking on it, then highlight IC and choose Select. Select OK on all dialog boxes to return to the main network window. Note: Despite entered percentage of imperviousness, the loss model IC selected will be applied to the whole catchment of 4 ha. However, the percentage of impervious area will be used by the engine when routing the instantaneous hydrograph through non-linear reservoir. This will be discussed in more details later in the manual. 5) Highlight Cat A and select Copy Data from the Edit menu. Now you must select the nodes where you wish to paste the data. In this example we wish to paste the data to all the nodes using Select all nodes. You can select xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 38

43 multiple nodes by holding down the Ctrl key whilst you select the interested nodes by Left Clicking on them. Select Paste Data from the Edit menu. All the catchment and rainfall data, etc., that are entered for Cat A, has now been copied into the remaining 3 nodes. 4.9 Saving the File and Solving the Network 1) To save the file, select Save from the File menu or click on the Save Icon from the toolbar. 2) From the Analyze menu, select Solve or click on the Solve Icon from the toolbar. This action will solve the network. If any errors are found a Notepad screen will appear. You will then need to check the data you have entered before solving again Reviewing Results 1) To review the results for the network highlight the nodes you wish to review and then select Review Results from the Results menu or click on the Review Results Icon after highlighting the nodes. The results are shown as follows: You can view maximum of 4 graphs per page by selecting the pull down menu from the top of the page. Variables can also be viewed separately or grouped in a single graph. You can zoom in, change the font size, the style of graphs or show legends, ect., by Left Clicking and choose from the drop down menu. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 39

44 2) When you have finished reviewing the results click on the lower cross in the top right hand corner of the Review Results window. This will return you to the network view Exiting Program To exit the program, select Exit from the File menu or click on the cross on the right hand corner of the page. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 40

45 Tutorial 5: Subdivision - Pre Development 5.1 Using a Template In this example we are going to create the new project using a template. The template will contain the following data: rainfall intensity data for the 2 yr ARI; xp table definitions;and spatial report definitions. 1) Double click the icon of xprafts from the desktop or the Start button to open xprafts 2) Select Create From Template from the Open File window as shown: 3) Click on the OK button, browse for the folder to save the model file 4) Type in the name of the model: Pre development 5) Click on Save. The program will show the default template folder. You need to highlight the relevant template. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 41

46 6) Click on Cairns.xpt for this model 7) Click on Open (If you save your template files in any other folder, then you need to browse for it and open). The window will appear and we will be using the tool strips on the top and right side. 5.2 Adding a Background Image and Zoom Tool We will now add an optional background image as a reference for our sub division. 1) Click on New Background Image Icon from the top tool strip and the Add Background Image dialog will appear. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 42

47 2) Click on the ellipsis ( ) to browse for the folder C:\XPS\xprafts2013\GettingStarted\Tutorial5 select the file Development.dwg and then click on Open. You can add images with different extensions. The available file formats are AutoCAD *.dwg, and *.dxf formats, ESRI *.shp files, and image files such as *.bmp, *.tiff, *.jpg, etc. In this tutorial we will use an AutoCAD file with the extension of *.dwg. The entire extent of the drawing will be displayed so we will have to zoom into the project area. 3) Click on the Zoom In Icon from the right tool strip. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 43

48 4) Drag a rectangle around the project area to zoom in. Alternatively, you can use the scroll button of the mouse to zoom in and zoom out on the background image. The right mouse button can be used always to pan apart from the Pan Tool). 5.3 Creating Nodes Now we are going to create nodes to represent the project area before development. 1) Select the Node Tool, you will see that the cursor has changed to. 2) Click on the locations where you want to create nodes. In this tutorial, we will create 4 nodes as shown in the image below. Press ESC to stop creating nodes, you will see that cursor has changed to the Pointer Tool. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 44

49 5.4 Creating Links Now we will create links by connecting the nodes. 1) From the right tool strip, select the Link Tool.The cursor will change to. 2) Left Click on node 1 and continue Left Clicking on all the nodes, when you reach node 4, press ESC button. Each time you reach to a node the cursor will change to a red cross, i.e. you snap the node. 3) You can now see that links have been created as shown in the image below. Note that these links are lagging links, where hydrographs are just delayed without attenuation. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 45

50 5.5 Creating Catchment Subcatchments can be created using the Create Subcatchment tool. 1) Select this tool from the right tool strip and you will see the change in the cursor 2) Digitize the catchment by Left Clicking of the mouse, once you finish, Double Click to end. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 46

51 3) Now, make sure that the Lock Catchment Icon is switched off. 4) Left click on the catchment polygon, hover the cursor over the catchment polygon and you will see the Pointer Tool is changed when the cursor reaches the catchment centroid. 5) Keep the left button of the mouse pressed and move towards node1, once it reaches the node s location the cursor will change, release the mouse button then from the pop-up menu choose Drain Catchment As and connect catchment as Subcatchment 1. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 47

52 6) Now, go to the Tools menu and select Calculate Node, and Calculate Area. 7) You can see that the catchment area is computed. Click on OK in the next dialogue. 8) Alternatively, we can measure the catchment area using the Ruler Tool. Click the on the Ruler Tool from the right tool strip. Draw the catchment boundary. Once the cursor reaches the starting point, the shape will be changed to cross. While moving the cursor, you will see that the Ruler Tool measures the Total Distance traversed and as you reach the starting point, the Total Area will be shown. 9) Double click on the node1 to open the Node Control Data dialog. 10) Click on Subcatchment Data to open the Catchment Data dialog. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 48

53 11) Click on FIRST Subcatchment. You will not use the SECOND Subcatchment for this tutorial. 12) You can see that the calculated area (Total Area) is assigned to the catchment. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 49

54 13) Type in the subcatchment data. The pre developed area has a Vectored Slope of 0.5% grade and a Manning s n value of 0.025, and Impervious of 0%. Note: The percentage of Impervious is an indicator for the urbanization of the lot. This value does not affect the volume of rainfall losses. The loss model specified for the catchment will be applied for the whole area, ha, regardless of the impervious percentage entered. However, it will be used when routing the instantaneous hydrographs through the non-linear storage reservoirs. Please refer to Equation 8 in the Chapter 14 RAFTS theory, under coefficients B and n section in the help file. The percentage of Impervious will be used as U in Equation 8. If you wish to model some part of the catchment with another loss model (says impervious area losses), create a second catchment with the new loss model. 5.6 Initial/Continuing Rainfall Loss Model To model the rainfall losses we will use the Initial/continuing loss model. 1) Click on Initial/Continuing Rainfall Loss in the dialog above Subcatchment Data, and select 20l 5C in the Seclect dialog box. If you want to review the data, click on Edit 2) The loss models included in the template are shown in the Global Databases dialog. Click Edit to review the data for training purposes. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 50

55 Note that the first 20 mm of rainfall is lost, then 5mm/hr for the remaining of the rainfall event. Click OK to finish entering the data and click on Select in the next dialogue. 3) With 20I 5C highlighted in the Select dialog click on the Copy Icon on the top-right of the Subcatchment Data dialog. This will copy the data containing in 20I 5C. From the dialog you can see that the loss model has been copied, click on OK on all the dialogues until you reach the main window. 4) Click on Select all nodes Tool, and press Ctrl + V on the keyboard to paste the copied database to all the nodes. Note that a loss model should be specified to all the nodes to run the engine. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 51

56 5.7 Reviewing Rainfall Data Before we calculate the hydrographs for this project we will review the rainfall data that was included in the template. 1) Click on the Job Control Icon from the top tool strip or click on Configuration from the menu bar and select Job Control. 2) Click on the Global radio button under Storm Type. The global storms shown in Stacked Storms are the temporal patterns from ARR volume 2. 3) Routing Increment of 1 minute is selected and Number of Intervals of 4380 min selected is long enough for the longest rainfall event. Note that Number of Intervals should be in an ascending order. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 52

57 4) Click on Storm Name of 30 min. The global data dialog (the Select dialog) is displayed again (similar to the rainfall loss global data). A list of all the Rafts Storms included in this template are shown below. 5) Click on Edit to review the storm data. 6) The Average Intensity of storm is entered as Direct in this example. If you can also select IFD calculation where you need to provide IFD coefficients which can be derived from ARR1987 guidebook or BOM Website: Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) under Design Storm, ARR Standard Zone under Temporal Pattern and Duration are entered using the temporal pattern from ARR volume 2 (these data are stored in the engine). The Average Intensity of rainfall entered is then applied to this temporal pattern. 7) Click OK, then Select and then OK on each dialog to close them all. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 53

58 5.8 Solving Hydrographs We are now ready to solve for the project hydrographs. 1) Click on the Solve Icon from the top tool strip. 2) The engine will now display the following dialog and then close when the calculations are completed. 3) Results are written to a file with the extension of *.out and has the same name as your project s name. The result data can be viewed either by displaying in the interface of the software or reading from the text interface. 5.9 Reviewing Graphical Results 1) Click on the node1 from the network window to highlight it 2) To view the graphs either press F7, or click on Review Results Icon, or Right Click on the node and select View Results from the drop down menu shown below: xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 54

59 Peak Runoff 3) Results for All Storms will be displayed with the peak runoffs. You can see that 540 min storm gives the peak runoff value of cms for the predevelopment site. To view other storms select them from the dropdown list for storms. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 55

60 4) Zoom in by dragging a rectangle around the desired area. The example below shows rainfall and excess rainfall. 5) Right Click in the graph area and select Undo Zoom from the drop down menu to zoom out to the full extent. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 56

61 6) To close the Review Results window, click on the Close button or click on the lower cross on the top-right of the window Tabular Results and Data Input (xp tables) Both the input data and results data can be displayed in tabular format for viewing, editing and printing. There is one table included in the template but the user may modify this table and create new table. 1) Press F2 or click on the XP Tables Icon from the top tool strip, or select the XP Tables option from Results menu. 2) The table name that is already defined and imported from the template will be displayed. Click on View. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 57

62 3) By default, Critical Storm is displayed. You can select the storm and other data and results to view. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 58

63 Tutorial 6: Subdivision - Post Development This tutorial begins by creating the job with the Cairns template used in the previous example but it will be saved as post development. The layout of the post development plan is shown below. Proposed detention basin site Post developments impervious areas Individual lots 6.1 Entering Nodes and Links for the Post Developed Site 1) Enter nodes and links in the locations shown in the layout as in Tutorial 5 (section 5.3 and 5.4). To create links that have polyline shapes hold the Ctrl key and digitize it. 2) Right Click on each node and link and select Attributes. You will be able to change the names and other display attributes here. Alternatively a group of attributes can be edited by selecting all nodes and links using Select all nodes and Select all links then select Attributes from the Edit menu. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 59

64 6.2 Splitting Catchments into Pervious and Impervious subcatchments. In this section we will import an *.xpx file which contains the development lots polygon. 1) Go to the File menu and select Import Data xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 60

65 2) Highlight Developed_Lots.xpx and click on Open 3) A warning message will appear indicating no nodes attached to the catchments, ignore it. 4) Now you can see that 7 polygons have been imported to the model. Note that two small polygons on lot 1 and lot 2 are the developed impervious areas. For the remaining lots, 50 % of imperviousness will be assigned. 5) Click on each polygon and connect to the nodes as Subcatchment1 except for two small polygons (lot 1 and lot 2) that will be connected as Subcatchment2. See the image below for the locations of the lots, links and nodes. Refer to Tutorial 5 (section 5.5) for details how to connect polygons to nodes. 6) Now go to the Tools menu, select Calculate Node, and then choose Catchment Area (see Tutorial 5 (section 5.5)). The catchment areas will be calculated as shown below. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 61

66 To change the rainfall losses for the impervious areas, we will create another loss model called impervious. This loss model will be applied to the SECOND catchment area. The Manning s n value will be changed for the impervious area to represent the roughness of concrete surfaces. 7) We will create the new rainfall loss model for the impervious-developed areas via Configuration on the menu bar, select Global data, then select Init/Cont Losses and then click on New. 8) Type in the name impervious and click on Edit. Enter values of Initial Loss and Continuing Loss as shown in the dialog below. Note that we use a small initial loss (2 mm) and then no continuing loss (0 mm/h) for the impervious area. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 62

67 Reminder: the percentage of imperviousness entered does not affect the rainfall losses. This percent of imperviousness is the measure of percentage of urbanization and will be used in routing the instantaneous hydrograph through the non-linear reservoirs by the computational engine. The loss model specified will be applied to all the catchment area irrespective of the impervious percentage entered. 9) Click OK on both panels. Now, we will enter the data for catchments using the XP tables. In the table below we have split the areas into the pervious and impervious sections and modeled with Percentage Impervious of 0% and 100% respectively. 10) Press F2 or click on the XP Tables Icon from the top tool strip, or select the XP Tables option from the Results menu, to enter the XP tables and then select the Hydrology table. Select Critical Storm from the dropdown list and enter data as shown in the table below. 11) Run the analysis and review the results as in Tutorial 5 (section 5.9 and 5.10). xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 63

68 You can see that the flow at the node1 has a peak value of cms for the 90min storm in comparison with the peak value of cms obtained for the predevelopment results. We will need to reduce the outflow from the development by cms (from cms to cms). In order to reduce the flow peak we will provide a detention pond in which the pond outflow will be limited to cms. 6.3 Optimizing Basin 1) Right Click on the node Pond and select Basin. You can see that the node has converted to a basin with a triangle symbol. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 64

69 2) Double Click on the basin node to open Node Control Data and then click on Retarding Basin. To start the design we enter the level for the basin bed as 12.7 m. Next we must enter the compulsory data for Retarding Basin (the boxes with no tick boxes). 3) Click on Storage in the Retarding Basin dialog and enter the data as below. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 65

70 Note: If the first level of the basin is 0.0m, it means that the level data is considered relative to the basin invert level entered above. In this case we are using the actual levels. The first storage volume entry must be zero. As the first approximation we will make the basin 1m deep with a storage of 150m 3. Click on OK to complete the panel and return to the basin panel. 4) Click on General Data in the Retarding Basin dialog. We must now enter a Storage Routing Interval in m 3. A value less than 10% of the maximum storage volume is recommended. In this example we will use less than 1% of the volume and still obtain good model runtime performance. Click on OK to complete the panel and return to the basin panel. 5) Click on Discharge in the Retarding Basin dialog. We will use a culvert to restrict the flow from the basin. Pipe Diameter is entered as an initial estimate and we will have it sized later. If Box Culvert is selected Height and Width must be entered. The culvert slope will be used for partial depth calculations (before the culvert flows full). Click on OK to complete the panel and return to the basin panel. 6) Click on Optimization in the Retarding Basin dialog. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 66

71 Here we will specify the maximum desired discharge and will size the outlet. The resulting basin depth and storage can then be checked to see if they are acceptable. Since we will be running several storms, it is unlikely that the same pipe diameter will be selected for each storm. 7) Run the model using Solve 8) To review the culverts sizes and the output file, click on Results from the menu bar, then select Browse File and select the result file *.out. Alternatively you can press F6 to browse for the result file. 9) In this case a pipe with diameter of m was suggested. The depth in the basin reached m for this storm. If this is considered too deep, then the basin area will have to be increased. 10) Return to Node4 to see if the discharge has been reduced to the predevelopment level. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 67

72 You can see that the maximum discharge now is equal to the predevelopment case (0.096 cms). Once you have finalized your outlet pipe size return to the basin panel, untick Optimization and click Discharge to enter the final pipe size. Remember to enter the maximum height observed in your basin. This can be found by reviewing results for the basin and selecting basin stage. 11) Once the lower outlet is designed for the minor event we can design for the major event. This requires to change the rainfall intensities and return periods in the global storms. Once you have done this, return to the Retarding Basin dialog and select Normal Spillway. 3 Enter a trial Width and run the model to check the final basin Height and Discharge for the 100 year ARI event. You may have to alter the xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 68

73 spillway width to change these results. The discharge coefficient may change depending on your weir crest shape. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 69

74 Tutorial 7: River Example 7.1 River Example Introduction Results from xprafts provide flow hydrographs at any point along the river over the simulation period. In this tutorial we will use about 5-month time series of data. The example can also be used in flood forecasting to predict flows in future times. xprafts can also be directly linked to the hydraulic layer of xpswmm to provide accurate water levels along each reach. The simulation can be dynamically replayed on screen. Browse to the folder C:\XPS\xprafts2013\GettingStarted\Tutorial7 and open the file River Example.xp 7.2 Link and Node Data 1) From the Results menu select XP Tables. Note that you can use F2 key as a shortcut to access the XP-Tables. 2) Select Link in XP Table Options and click on View. The Table shows all information about links in the job, including Link type Routing or Lagging, Channel routing X, Channel routing K, Type of channel data entry direct or calculated. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 70

75 3) Click on the cross in the right corner of the window to close the dialog when you have finished. 4) Open XP Tables again from the Results menu. Click on Add and enter New Table Name as Nodes. Note: The table name is only used to identify different tables that may be saved within the project. You can call it something more meaningful to you. 5) With Nodes highlighted click on Edit to open the Variable Selection dialog. Select Total Area under Node Data\General Data\SubCatchment from the Variable Selection dialog. Click on Append and you can see Total Area will be added to the Selected Variables dialog. Note: You will need to scroll down using the scroll bar located on the right side of the Available Variable dialog. 6) Now following the same steps to add: Local Storm Multiples, ARBM Rainfall Loss, Catchment Mannings n, Percentage Impervious, Local Storm Type, and Hydsys hydrograph. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 71

76 7) When finished click on OK then View to go to next dialogue. 8) After editing click on Close. 7.3 Infiltration and Rainfall Data 1) The Station A1, A2, A3, A5, A6, and A7 represent the locations of the rainfall gauges, Suoshi and Zaoshi represent the flow gauging stations. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 72

77 2) Double click the node A1 in the main network window to open the Node Control Data dialog, click on Subcatchment Data, select FIRST Subcatchment, then tick the ARBM radio button and click on the ARBM box to select rainfall losses called loss 1. 3) With loss 1 highlighted in the Select dialog click on Edit. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 73

78 4) Click on the Infiltration, etc. tab. Here you can enter the data for Upper Soil, Lower Soil Drainage Factor and Groundwater Recession Factors. 5) Click on OK to exit the dialog, then click on the cross in the right corner to close the Select box, and return to Subcathment Data. 6) Click on Local Storm. Select Multiple Hydsys Storms as shown below. If you wish to see the data, click on the Storm Name column and select HydSys/Prophet Storms, then select Edit to open the Hydsys Storm dialog. Click on OK or the cross to exit the dialogs. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 74

79 7) Click OK to close all dialogs. 7.4 Weighted Rainfall Data to Individual Sub-Catchments 1) Select Global Data from the Configuration menu. 2) Highlight Nishi under HydSys/Prophet Storms then select Edit. Alternatively you can double click on Nishi to open the Hydsys Storm dialog. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 75

80 3) Click on Edit. The program will then display the Date, Time and Rainfall information. Click on Graph to view the Hydsys graph for the station. 4) Repeat the steps for the Station Nanping. 7.5 Gauged Flow or Stage Data 1) Open the Node Control Data dialog for the Station Suoshi by double clicking on it in the main window. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 76

81 2) Double Click on Gauged Hydrograph, select the Hydsys Hydrograph radio button, then click on the Hydsys Hydrograph box. In this example it is labeled as Suoshi. 3) With Suoshi highlighted click on Edit, then select Edit again from the Hydsys Hydrograph dialog. You will need to wait a few seconds whilst the program loads the Hydsys file. When the data table is loaded, select Graph. You can now see the time series discharge data from Station Suoshi. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 77

82 4) Repeat the process in for the Station Zaoshi. 7.6 xprafts Review Results 1) Solve the network by clicking on the Analyze menu then select Solve or click on the Solve Icon. 2) To review the results, solve the network. Select the nodes you wish to examine and click select Review Results from the Results menu or use the Review Results Icon. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 78

83 3) To select multiple nodes to view, as shown below, click on the first node and then hold down the Ctrl key whilst you select subsequent nodes before selecting Review Results. 4) To view the output file (*.out) choose Browse File from the Results menu or use the Browse File icon. 5) The image below shows the output file named River Example.out. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 79

84 xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 80

85 Tutorial 8: Detention Basin Versus On-site Detention 8.1 Introduction For this example, the data files are found in the folder C:\XPS\xprafts2013\GettingStarted\Tutorial8 PostSubPond.xp PostSubOSDs.xp PostSubOSDsamded.xp PostSubdivsion.xp PreSubdivison.xp PLAN12.dwg This tutorial primarily uses xprafts to indicate how to size either a community pond (detention basin) at the end of the outlet or On-site Detention (OSD) within each subcatchment to maintain natural flow peaks after development. In this example it is assumed that before development the total catchment is natural. Note: The sub-catchments at upstream of the proposed subdivision have been estimated for training purposes. The sub-catchments throughout the subdivision are also only rough estimates and may not exactly fit the real project. Assumed Total Catchment Breakup xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 81

86 The example firstly sets up the model with nodes and links to represent locations where the potential OSDs may be placed at the low points along the allotment boundary as well as the potential site for a community pond and nodes to collect water from upstream sub-catchments and roadway drains. The screen captured above shows the suggested node/link layout with the imported AutoCAD drawing of the proposed subdivision as a background. The background has been utilized to position the nodes and links. You can view the background by selecting Background Images from the View menu. Select New and then click in the ellipses button. Select the PLAN12.DWG file, click on Open and then OK. To enlarge the image, select the Zoom button. Click and hold the left mouse button down to draw a square around the part of the network you wish to enlarge. You can remove the Background Images by going to the View menu select Background Images\Properties to open the Background Image Properties dialog and delete the image. The aim of this example is to perform four (4) runs: Model 1: PreSubdivision - All sub catchments are in their natural condition. Model 2: PostSubdivision - Simply a copy of the pre-sub division model with the impervious portions as the second sub-area to the appropriate nodes turned on by changing the impervious percentage from 0 to 100%. Model 3a: Community Pond - Uses a small community pond at the outlet of the subdivision contributing areas including the central roadway. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 82

87 Model 3b: Post Sub division with OSDs - Uses only On-Site Detention at each of the 9 allotments to achieve the same reduction. Node with the OSD the central roadway is not included and consequently OSD has to compensate for both the lot increases and the unretarded roadway increases. 8.2 Pre-Subdivision (PreSubdivision.xp) 1) Open the PreSubdivision.xp file. 2) The first model is used without the background image for the sake of clarity. This model is for the pre-subdivisional condition with all sub-catchments being in their natural condition. The location of all nodes, however, is set in the critical post-subdivisional places. 3) The thick big red numbers represent the potential locations of postsubdivisional OSDs within 9 lots. The black node represents the potential site for a community pond that will collect all the water from the subdivision. The central line of nodes represents road drainage once the subdivision is constructed. The road areas that would be fully impervious would not be included in the OSD capture, but would be intercepted by the community pond. 4) The model also includes the total catchment upstream of subdivision to test effects of the subdivision on the total flow peak at the outlet (Cat Outlet). Note: The sub-catchment areas (hectares) are only assumed for this example. They do not accurately represent the actual site. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 83

88 The upstream of the proposed subdivision are assumed rural with a slope of 1% and Manning s n of The areas within the boundaries of the proposed subdivision are also assumed rural. When the subdivision is in place it is assumed that the central roadway is 100% impervious and the areas within the allotments are 50% pervious and 50% impervious. The rural sub-catchment upstream areas are coded with only sub-area to represent total sub-catchment. The sub-catchments representing the individual allotments are coded as split sub-areas. The first area represents the pervious portion (0 % impervious) and the second area represents the impervious portion (100% impervious). In the PreSubdivision.xp model both sub-areas are coded as 0% impervious. All models are using 60 minute combo rainfall, with a 10-year return period and allow for multiple storms. 6) Job Control Including Storm Data: To examine job control data select Job Control from the Configuration menu. 7) Click on the Global box to examine the Stacked Storms dialog. To view the storm data for this example, click on the button labeled 10yr KL Combo Storm in the Storm Name column. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 84

89 8) With 10yr KL Combo Storm highlighted click on Edit. 9) In the Temporal Pattern section, select the Reference radio button, then click on the Reference box. Highlight 60minCombo in Temporal Patterns and click Edit. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 85

90 After you have finished examining the data close all dialog boxes to return to the network window. 10) SubCatchment Data: In this example we will examine the subcatchment data by looking at Node 225. i. Double click on Node 225 to open the Node Control Data dialog. ii. Click on Subcatchment Data. iii. Click on FIRST SubCatchment. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 86

91 iv. Click on OK when you have finished examining the data, then Double Click on the SECOND subcatchment checkbox to open the Subcatchment 2. v. Click on OK. Rainfall Loss/Infiltration Data: Click on the Initial/Continuing box, select ruralloss and Edit. In this example we assume the Initial Loss-Continuing Losses rates as shown below. xprafts can alternatively estimate infiltration on a continuous basic using a full water balance model (ARBM Loss Method). xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 87

92 Channel Routing: Simple lagging of hydrographs has been used in this example. On this link it is 0.2 minutes. xprafts can, however, carry out detailed hydraulic routing if hydraulic characteristics of channel provided. Solving Model: Choose Solve from the Analyze menu, or use the Solve Icon from the Toolbar. Review Results: Now we can see the results at outlet of proposed subdivision areas and at the outlet of total catchment in the main drain. 1) Highlight Node 280. Select Review Results from the Results menu. 2) Close the results window using the lower of the two crosses in the top right hand corner. Highlight the Node CatOut and select Review Results from the Results menu. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 88

93 3) Close the results window and then select Close from the File menu to close the file. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 89

94 8.3 Post Subdivision Open the model file called PostSubdivision.xp. This model is simply a copy of the PreSubdivisional model with the impervious portions as the second sub-area to the appropriate nodes turned on by changing the impervious percentage from 0 to 100 %. The objectives of this model are to see how much the peak has increased at the potential community basin site shown as the larger thick black node, the main drain outlet that collects water from the subdivision, and upstream rural areas. This provides the information (e.g. the maximum pre subdivision peak) whether the post development peak needs to be reduced. Changes from Pre to Post Subdivisional Node Data: 1) Double click on Node 225 to open the Node Control Data dialog xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 90

95 2) Select Subcatchment Data 3) Click on FIRST Subcatchment to open the Subcatchment Data dialog. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 91

96 4) Click OK when you finish reviewing the data, then click on SECOND subcatchment 5) Click on Initial/Continuing under Rainfall Losses, labelled as Imploss in this example. With Imploss highlighted in the Select dialog click on Edit to enter Initial Loss and Continuing Loss as shown in the image below. 6) Close all windows and return to the network view. 7) Run the model using Solve Post Subdivision Results: xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 92

97 1) Click on Node 280 and select Review Result from the Results menu or use the Review Results Icon. 2) After reviewing the results click on the lower of the two crosses in the top right hand corner to close the window and return to the network window. 3) Select Node 312 and review the results again. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 93

98 The post-peak increased at the contributing subdivision area from 0.53 m 3 /s (prepeak) to 0.86 m 3 /s. There is probably a need to reduce this back to the pre peak magnitude or even lower if the existing receiving drain is of lower capacity. Note: It is not necessarily that the post peak may be increased at the most downstream outlet within the main drain as it enters the major creek. Depending on the catchment characteristics and size of the subdivision the post peak can be decreased as well. The flow hydrographs from the subdivision impervious areas obtain the peak earlier than the rural areas. This causes a timing shifting, hence does not always lead to an absolute increase in peak at ultimate outlet. In this example we assume that we need to reduce the post-subdivisional peak to the rural peak level at Node 280 (the outlet of the total sub divisional area), i.e. reduce from 0.86 m 3 /s back to 0.53 m 3 /s. This is the objective for Models 3a and 3b. 8.4 Community Pond (PostSubPond.xp) Model 3a uses a small community pond at the outlet of subdivision contributing areas that also includes the central roadway. 1) Open PostSubPond.xp The third model is simply a copy of the second model and the community basin is added on, and allows it to be designed to meet the outlet peak of pre-development. For the community pond (Retarding Basin) it is only necessary to click on Retarding Basin option at Node 280. In the network window you can see Node 280 has a triangular shape which is a symbol for Retarding Basin in the program. Enter the available storage at the site, either natural or via excavation, then enter nominal small pipe outlet that may be an orifice, pipe or box culvert. In this example we will use the pipe option with a diameter of 0.1 m. Select the Pipe, Outlet Optimization option and enter the desired maximum discharge rate (0.53 m 3 /s). The output from the model will provide the required outlet size and the maximum storage to limit the outlet flow peak to the specified target or slightly below. Note: It is possible to optimize the Pond to use a particular available storage by clicking on Maximum storage button and entering the target storage in m 3 ). 2) Solve the model using the Solve Icon or select Solve from the Analyze menu. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 94

99 3) Review results on the graph shows that the required storage is 43.8 m 3 and the maximum depth in the Pond is m. 4) Results also show that discharge target was reached with 3 X 600mm dia pipes. This result is given at the end of the PostSubPond.OUT file via the notebook editor icon on the xprafts tool strip. 4) There are many options in Retarding Basin Module in xprafts. To view the different options click on the buttons to open their respective dialog boxes as seen below. Double Click on Node 280 to open the Node Control Data dialog, then Double Click on Retarding Basin to open the options. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 95

100 5) It is possible to add one or multiple spillways to act with larger storage storms, says 100-year return period. 6) Fuseplug Spillway or erodible spillways that are often used to reduce spillways costs and ensure smaller upstream head rises during large flood events. 7) Other options include Upper Outlet, tower type inlet structures with multiple orifice entries. It is possible to optimize each opening to handle both small and large events to meet target outflow peaks, say at the 5 and 100-year return period. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 96

101 8) Infiltration is another outlet option, through the pond bed and evaporation from the pond surface. This allows the addition of retention to the Community Pond or On-site Detention. Retention Basin as OSD or Community Pond using combinations of infiltration, evaporation and water reuse can be advantageous over traditional outlets as they can reduce the runoff volume and peak due to development back to natural conditions. xprafts can apply long term historical rainfall on a continuous basis to assess and design acceptable retention structures to meet community safety and maintenance requirements. xprafts also allows situation where there are multiple ponds that may hydraulically interact to affect the upstream stage/discharge characteristics dependent on the levels in the ponds. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 97

102 The model can be run over time periods of single storms up to time series of a number of years and can be calibrated to gauged data when available. This allows analysis of how often the ponds fill and how long they take to empty. This can be used in the assessment of maintenance and multiple uses of normally dry pond areas for many purposes, for example sporting areas, etc. xprafts is currently being used for flood forecasting in China and for rivers systems in Australia. 9) Close the file when you finish reviewing. 8.5 Post Subdivision Rafts with OSDs Model 3b use only On-site Detention at each of the 9 allotments to achieve the same reduction. Note that with the OSD the central roadway is not included and consequently the OSD has to compensate for both the lot increases and the non retarded roadway increases. 1) Open the PostSubOSDs.xp file. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 98

103 2) This model uses OSDs within 9 allotments, instead of using the Community Pond, to reduce flows to natural from the subdivision area as in previous example. The following OSD data is added to each of the allotment nodes. 3) Double Click on Node 304 to open the Node Control Data dialog. 4) Click on Subcatchment Data to open the Catchment Data dialog. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 99

104 5) Click on Subdivision density. 6) With Subdivision density highlighted click on Edit. Note: in this example the allotment Site Storage Requirement (SSR) and Permissible Site discharge (PSD) are expressed as m 3 /ha and l/s/ha respectively. In this way each allotment in subdivision is treated equally according to their contributing area. 7) Close all windows and dialogs to return to the network window. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 100

105 The SSR and PSD are iteratively estimated to cause correct peak discharge at the subdivision outlet (at location of potential ponds) equal to the natural flow peak of 0.53 m 3 /s or lower. In this example the On-site Detention option is selected for each allotment at the low point nodes. Further information is given to define the total impervious proportion within the sub-catchment and the percentage capture of each into the OSD. It should be noted that the roadway located in private property is not captured into the OSD. This is normal for the OSDs. Also note that it is not necessary to have a node at each allotment as in this example. In other examples urban sub-catchments have contained up to 1000 allotments the OSDs will be allocated to all the allotments in the sub-catchment. 8) Solve the model 9) Highlight Node 280 and select Review Results. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 101

106 The peak at potential OSD is 0.526m 3 /s with SSR/Developed Area of 170 m 3 /ha and PSD of 80 l/s/ha. It is possible to mix smaller pond to optimize design of the total system. If the OSDs are adopted in place of the Community Pond at the outlet then it is possible to simply run the outlets from the top four allotments directly into the existing perimeter drain. In this way we do not have to bring their outputs back to potential pond site as indicated below. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 102

107 Rainwater Tank 10) The OSD solution can also be further modified where excess capacity within roof water tanks is utilized as Rainwater Tank. Open the file PostSubOSDsamded.xp 11) Open the Node Control Data dialog by Double Click on any node. 12) Click on the Subcatchment Data and click on WSUD under Onsite Detention/Retention, in this example it is labeled as Subdivision Density. With Subdivision Density in the select dialog click on Edit. The inclusion of free air space in tanks allows traditional OSDs in properties to be reduced in size. xprafts allows for these in its analysis. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 103

108 Tutorial 9: PMP Estimation 9.1 Introduction In Australia, the PMP (Probable Maximum Precipitation) storms are estimated using 3 Generalised Methods: (i) (ii) (iii) GSDM (Generalised Short Duration Method) for short durations, GSAM (Generalised Southeast Australia Method) for longer durations used in southeast Australia GTSMR (Generalized Tropical Storm Method) for longer durations used in parts of Australia affected by tropical storms. PMP is defined by the Manual for Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation (WMO, 1986) as "...the greatest depth of precipitation for a given duration meteorologically possible for a given size storm area at a particular location at a particular time of the year, with no allowance made for long-term climatic trends." Generalised Methods of estimating PMP use data from all available storms over a large region and include adjustments for moisture availability and differing topographic effects on rainfall depth. The adjusted storm data are enveloped by smoothing over a range of areas and durations. Generalised Methods also provide design spatial and temporal patterns of PMP for the catchment. More detailed information can be found in the following website ( The storms with return periods within 100 years and PMP are estimated using the method provided in ARR 1997 (Estimation of Large to Extreme Floods Book Six, ARR 1997). Note: While xprafts can estimate the PMP values automatically, the user needs to specify the return period and duration. This tutorial details the step by step procedure of estimating PMP using xprafts for the GSAM Sample B catchment (Refer to Guidebook to the estimation of PMP GSAM, Bureau of Meteorology, 1997). The catchment is located in the Northeast Victoria with a total area of 436 km 2. The catchment lies in the GSAM Inland application zone, and GSDM needs to be calculated since the area of the catchment is less than 1000 km² (Refer to the below images from the Guidebook to the estimation of PMP GSAM, Bureau of Meteorology). The Latitude and Longitude of the centroid of the catchment are: 36deg19 S and 146deg36 E, respectively and it falls under Zone2 for Australian Rainfall Temporal Pattern. In this tutorial, we will simulate the design rainfall events for 5, 20, and 100 years return period, and PMP. The durations of the design storms are 15 min, 1 hr, 2 hr, and 1 day. It means that 4 events x 4 durations = 16 design storms will be simulated. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 104

109 Figure 9.1. Generalised Method Zones for GSAM and GTSMR, (Source: The Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in Australia: Generalised Southeast Australia Method Bureau of Meteorology) Figure 9.2. GSDM (Source: Guidebook to the Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation: Generalised Southeast Australia Method Bureau of Meteorology) 146Deg30min E 36Deg19min S Figure 9.3. Location of the catchment (Image from Google Earth) The data/files supplied to complete this tutorial are: xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 105

110 File Name Type Description Aerial_Image.jpg Image file Aerial image of the project area Aerial_Image.jpw World coordinate file File associated with the image file PMP.xpt XP Template file Which contains temporal pattern for PMP, default job control settings, global databases etc Catchment_B_Extent.xpx XPX file Contains the extent of the catchment B Note: users can use the *.shp, *.dwg, *.dxf, or image files to digitize the catchments. 9.2 Create File from Template First we need to create the file using the PMP.xpt template. Open xprafts, go to File\New\Create from Template. Name the model PMP.xp and Save in the desired location. Now xprafts asks you to select the template in the Template folder in the installed directory by default. Choose the template named PMP.xpt and click on Open. The PMP.xpt file contains the GSDM, GSAM, and GTSMR temporal patterns and the IFD data for the study area. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 106

111 9.3 Load Background Image and Catchment Extent Add new background image Aerial_Image.jpg (Refer to as in Tutorials 5 (section 5.2)). Then load the catchment extent called Catchment_B_Extent.xpx by going to File\Import Data, browse for the file and Open it. In this example the catchment has been made available for the training purpose. Users will need to create the catchment, if it is not made available, using the Create Subcatchment Tool or go to the PMP menu in the main menu, select Catchment Extent, then Create, and digitize the catchment. You will need define the whole catchment as well as subcatchments as represented in the following section. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 107

112 9.4 Creating Subcatchments Now digitize three sub-catchments as shown using the Create Subcatchment Tool. Alternatively, you can add *.shp, *.mif, *.dwg files as catchment background images and digitize the catchments using the Create Subcatchment Tool. 9.5 Create catchment collection points Add nodes in the catchments outlet points using Node Tool nodes (from Node 1 to Node 3) using Link Tool., then connect these xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 108

113 Now we will connect the catchments to the outlet nodes. Make sure that the Lock Catchments Tool is switched-off as connecting the catchments to the collection points. Select Pointer Tool and Left Click on the catchment, you will see that the Cursor has changed as shown in the image below. Keep the Left Button pressed and release it when the cursor reaches the outlet node. Select the Drain Catchment As \Subcatchment1. Repeat this step for all the other catchments. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 109

114 Now, select all the nodes by clicking on the Select all nodes Tool Menu, select Calculate Node and click on Catchment Area.. Go to Tools You can see that the catchment areas are calculated and assigned as FIRST Subcatchment to the nodes. Double Click on any node to open Node Control Data and select Subcatchment Data, and click on FIRST Subcatchment button. You can see that the calculated area is assigned in Total Area to the node. Double Click on link 1 to open Link Lagging and enter Lag as 200 min. Similarly, Lag for link 2 is entered as 350 min. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 110

115 Now, we will add a loss model to the subcatchments. Go to Configuration\Global Data and highlight Init./Cont. Losses. Click on New and enter the name as NoInfil, then click on Edit and enter the values of 0 for Initial Loss and Continuing Loss of Absolute. 9.6 Setting up Spatial Distribution for Short Duration PMP GSDM Ellipses are used to establish the spatial distribution of PMPs for shorter durations. Go to PMP in the menu bar, select GSDM Ellipses \Show Ellipses. You will see the 10 ellipses on the screen now (A J) and the center point of the ellipses as a small circle. The next step is to overlay the ellipses with the catchment outline by moving and rotating to obtain the best fit by the smallest possible ellipse. To do this, click on the Center Circle of the ellipses and hold Left mouse. Now you will be able to move the ellipses. To rotate the ellipses, press Shift on the key board. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 111

116 While moving and rotating the ellipses, you are able to see the PMP Monitor dialogue which shows the GSDM spatial distribution calculations. To see this monitor click on PMP from the menu bar, select GSDM Ellipses \Show PMP Calculations. Now go to PMP\GSDM Ellipses and tick on Lock Ellipses. You can see that the ellipses are locked and cannot be moved. You can lock the nodes and catchments as well using the tools respectively. 9.7 Automated Storm Generation Automatic Storm Generator is used for generating storms with any storm durations with any return periods. Storms up to 100 years return period is estimated using the IFD coefficients, rainfall duration, and temporal pattern depending upon the zone (Reference: AR&R 1987). xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 112

117 To activate the Automatic Storm Generator, go to Configuration\Job Control. Alternatively click on Job Control Icon and select Job Definition. Tick on the Automatic Storm Generator radio button. Now you can see the Global Storm Generator dialogue. Click on the Global Storms tab. Click on IFD and select the global database for IFD coefficients called Albury. The Albury data was included in the template file PMP.xpt and represents the IFD coefficients for the region. Click on Edit and you can see the IFD coefficients for the project area. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 113

118 Note: You can get these IFD coefficients from the ARR 1987, Volume 2. Design rainfall isopleths maps are available for 2 and 50 years for 1, 12, and 72 hours durations. Location skewness and geographical factors also available in the ARR volume. Otherwise, you can get these coefficients from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology website: Click on OK and highlight Albury and click on Select in the next dialogue box. In the Global Storm Generator dialog enter the Zone as 2 as the study area is under zone 2 of the Australian rainfall temporal pattern. Refer to the figure given by ARR 1987 as below: xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 114

119 Figure 9.4. Design Rainfall Temporal Pattern Zones for Australia Source: ARR 1987, BOM. In the Global Storm Generator dialog, under Time Control, enter Routing Increment as 1 min; under Simulation Time enter Simulation Time = Storm Duration x 1. Next, tick on the Storm Duration of 15, 60, 120, and 1440 min and select Return Period of 5, 20, 100, and PMP. Note: when you tick on PMP as return period, 10, 20, 25 min Storm Durations will be greyed out automatically as PMPs will not be calculated for these durations. Now xprafts will calculate 4 events x4 durations = 16 design storms chosen for the catchment. The temporal patterns up to 100 year return period are stored in the program. The engine will pick up the corresponding temporal pattern for a storm depending upon the zone, return period, and duration. However, the temporal patterns for the PMP should be specified by users. For GSDM there will be a single temporal pattern (up to 3 or 6 hours). xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 115

120 Figure 9.5. Temporal Pattern for PMP for short durations (Source: the Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in Australia: Generalised Short-Duration Method, BOM, 2003) There are different temporal patterns for GSAM and GTSMR depends upon the catchment area and storm duration. The temporal pattern for GSAM and GTSMR are starting from 24 hours. The user should estimate the in-between values (3-24 hours) as described in the GSAM and GSTMR Guidebooks from Bureau of Meteorology. 9.8 Setting up GSDM Data for Shorter Duration Storms Open Job Control\Automatic Storm Generator and select the PMP tab. You can see that the Total Area of the catchment is automatically calculated. Now enter Latitude of and Longitude of for the catchment centroid. These values will be used in calculation of adjustment factors for GSAM and/or GTSMR. Enter PMP Return Period of years. Note: data will be used to interpolate values between 100 years and PMP (say, 150 or 200 year return period). Under GSDM- Generalized Short Duration Method select Duration Limit as <3 hr from the dropdown list. Click on Temporal Pattern and select GSDM from the global database imported from the PMP.xpt, click on Select. Note that there is only one temporal pattern for the short duration PMP estimation that is GSDM. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 116

121 Now click on GSDM Worksheet to open Global Storms Summary for GSDM and enter the following values: Smooth (S) (smooth fraction of terrain) as 0, EAF as 1, and MAF as Note: refer to the Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in Australia: Generalised Short-Duration Method (BOM, 2003) for more details about terrain types and adjustment factors. Paragraph below is cited in the guidebook: Rainfall from single, short duration thunderstorm events is not significantly affected by the terrain. Therefore, it is not necessary to classify the terrain of the catchment for durations of an hour or less. If durations longer than one hour are required, the next step is to establish the terrain category of the catchment and to calculate the percentages of the catchment that are rough and smooth. Rough terrain is classified as that in which elevation changes of 50 m or more within horizontal distances of 400 m are common. Rough terrain induces areas of low level convergence which can contribute to the development and redevelopment of storms, thereby increasing rainfall in the area over longer durations. Terrain that is within 20 km of generally rough terrain should also be classified as rough. If there is smooth terrain within the catchment that is further than 20 km from generally rough terrain, an areally weighted factor of rough (R) and smooth (S) terrain should be calculated such that R plus S equals one. If a catchment proves difficult to classify under these guidelines then the whole catchment should be classified as rough The mean elevation of the catchment should be estimated from a topographic map. If this value is less than or equal to 1500 m the EAF is equal to one. For elevations exceeding 1500 m the EAF should be reduced by 0.05 for every 300 m by which the mean catchment elevation exceeds 1500 m. For most catchments in Australia the EAF will be equal to one. ) xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 117

122 Figure 26 - Moisture Adjustment Factor. Source: GSDM Guidebook, BOM Click on Update under the GSDM tab from Global Storms Summary. You see that the GSDM PMP depths are estimated from Equation (in the PMP Values (mm) table) up to 3 hours as we specify the duration limit to < 3 hrs. Note that Initial Depth Smooth (Ds) in the PMP Values (mm) table for the Smooth Terrain calculated are 0. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 118

123 9.9 Setting up GSAM Data for Longer Duration PMP Now in the Global Storm Generator\PMP Tab, under Long Duration PMP Method select GSAM. Choose GSAM Zone as Inland. Now we need to specify the Temporal Pattern for the 24 hours GSAM PMP Storm. Note that we do not need to specify the temporal pattern for 15, 60, and 120 min PMP storms as they fall under short durations, hence the GSDM temporal pattern will be applied. Select GSAM_ I_ 500_24 as the temporal pattern (i.e. GSAM, Inland, 500 km 2, 24h hours). xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 119

124 Now click on Global Storms Summary and Select the GSAM tab. Under CATCHMENT FACTORS click on Compute for Topographic Adjustment Factor (TAF) and TAF will be calculated based on the entered latitude and longitude. Similarly, click on Compute for EPW Seasonal catchment average to calculate for Summer and Autumn. Alternatively, you can directly enter the values of TAF and EPW. Note that xprafts calculates the TAF and EPWs values based on the latitude and longitude of the catchment centroid. It will be more accurate if the average value for the catchment is calculated by overlaying the catchment outline on the TAF and EPWs grids as described in the GSAM Guidebook. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 120

125 Now click on Update in the Global Storms dialog and you can now see that FINAL GSAM PMP ESTIMATES are calculated Setting up GTSMR Data for Longer Duration PMP Note that for Catchment B the GTSMR estimation is not required. However, for some other catchments GTSMR estimation will be required based on the location and the user can follow the same procedure that is provided for the GSAM. For some catchments both GSAM and GTSMR will be applicable, e.g. GSAM-GTSMR Coastal Transition Zone. In that case, the PMP depths should be estimated by both the methods and the maximum value is selected Analysis and Results Click on Solve to simulate the model. To review results, select the nodes that you wish to see the results and click on Review Results. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 121

126 xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 122

127 Tutorial 10: Linking To External Databases 10.1 Introduction This tutorial describes the integration of xprafts and the commercial programs used ODBC compliant databases such as Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, ESRI Arc View, and MapInfo. It means that data which already exist in the Asset Management Systems and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can be directly linked to the software for use in the development of the simulation model. While this process is an extremely efficient method of transferring data between the GIS and model, it may be further automated by the creation of scripts within the respective GIS packages to produce seamless integration of the software and GIS Setting up the Model First we will setup the blank model and then link with the external database. 1) Click on Blank Job in the File\New Menu. Alternatively use Ctrl + N from keyboard. 2) Type in the model name as Tutorial10 and click on Save. Now you have a blank model to link with the external database Linking with External Database 1) From the File menu, select the option Import External Databases. 2) Now click on the Select File tab xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 123

128 3) Now browse for the file Model_Data.mdb in C:\XPS\xprafts2013\GettingStarted\Tutorial10\, then Left Click on the file and Open. You can see that there is another file, Model_Data.xls, which contains the same data as Model_Data.mdb. You may select this excel file instead of the *.mdb file. 4) If you click on the Tables dropdown list, you can see the tables that are in the database. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 124

129 5) Select Node Data from the Tables dropdown list, you can see the data are displayed including Node Names, X Coordinates, Y Coordinates, Total Area of the catchment draining to the node, % Impervious Area, Catchment Slope, and Roughness. 6) Click on Setup Mappings in the Import External Data dialog to open Variable Mappings. We will map the variables in the database against the variables in the xprafts database. For example, Catchment Roughness in the external database will be mapped against Catchment Manning s n in the xprafts database. 7) Select Object Type & Mandatory Data as Node first. Now, we will map the Mandatory Data which are the essential data required to create node entities. The Mandatory Data are Node Names and Positions. Use the dropdown button and select Node Name for Node, X Co-ordinate for X Pos, and Y Co-ordinate for Y Pos. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 125

130 8) From Fields in the Variable Mappings dialog, Left Click and highlight Total Area (Ha) then click on Insert Mapping. 9) Select Total Area under Subcatchment in the Node Variables dialog and click on OK. Now you can see that Total Area (Ha) in the external Database is mapped against the Total Area in Subcatchment in xprafts. Note the red question mark (?) in Fields (in the Variable Mappings dialog) has been changed to a green tick mark. Repeat the steps to map all variables as shown in the table below. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 126

131 The following data will be mapped for nodes Node Name X Pos Y Pos Total Area (Ha) Impervious % Catchment Roughness Catchment Slope (%) Node X Co-ordinate Y Co-ordinate Total Area Percentage Impervious Catchment Mannings n Catchment slope 10) Click on OK after completion of mapping. Click on Import in the next dialog. You can see that 11 nodes have been imported from the external database. Click on OK. 11) Similarly we will do the mapping for link variables. Select the Link Data table as shown below: 12) Click on Setup Mappings. Select Object Type & Mandatory Data as Link and complete the mappings as shown below. Link Name Link U/S Node US Node D/S Node DS Node Hydrograph Lag Hydrograph Lag (min) xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 127

132 13) Click on OK and Import. 14) Now click on Save & Exit in the Import External Data dialog. 15) Click on the Fit Network To View icon. You can now see that the network has been imported from the external database. You can verify the data by opening the nodes and links. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 128

133 10.4 Importing Global Data We will import the global data bases for the model. 1) From File, select Import Data. 2) Select GlobalData.xpx and click on Open. 3) Double Click on any node and select Subcatchment Data, then select FIRST Subcatchment and click on Initial/Continuing Loss. Highlight rural and click on Select to return to the Subcatchment Data dialog. Note: these databases are imported from *.xpx file. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 129

134 4) Click on Copy Icon in the Subcatchment Data dialog, then click on the Initial/Continuing box with rural selected, a pop-up window will tell you what has been copied. Click on OK to return the network window. 5) In the main network window, highlight all nodes using the Select all nodes Tool, go to Edit on the main menu, select Paste Data and xprafts notifies you how many objects and database records have been pasted. Click on OK. 6) From the main menu select Configuration\Job Control, click on Global to open Stacked Storms, and tick the first storm (10yr10min) in the Use Storm? column. Click on 10yr10min and Edit to open the Storm Data dialog. Click on the IFD Calculation box and select IFD Coefficients as Canberra from the database imported from the *.xpx file. xprafts Getting Started Manual Page 130