MultiView: Improving Trust in Group Video Conferencing Through Spatial Faithfulness David T. Nguyen, John F. Canny

Transcription

1 MltiView: Improving Trst in Grop Video Conferencing Throgh Spatial Faithflness David T. Ngyen, John F. Canny CHI 2007, April 28 May 3, 2007, San Jose, California, USA Presented by: Stefan Stojanoski

2 Otline: Introdction Why we need video meetings? Mltiview design Daytrader: a cooperative investment task Hypotheses Method Reslts and analysis Conclsion

3 Introdction Video conferencing: Poor alternative to face-to-face meetings. Used for grop-to-grop meetings where spatial distortions are increased. Effects of spatial distortions of nonverbal ces on inter-grop trst formation. Usally video conferencing systems do a poor job of preserving nonverbal ces that are important in grop activities. Spatial faithflness plays a key role in inflencing inter-grop trst formation by comparing: MltiView (directional video) non-directional video face-to-face meetings

4 Why do we need video meetings?

5 Non-directional video conferencing Each participant in the meeting has his own niqe perspective defined by his position. Video is shared by all remote participants with a single view display. Remote participants, regardless of the viewing angle, will all take on a shared and incorrect perspective defined by the position of the camera. This is known as perspective invariance.

6 Perspective invariance Mona Lisa Effect, celebrating the eerie effect of Mona Lisa s eyes following yo as yo walk arond. Each observer shares the same perception s.t it seems that Mona Lisa looks everybody in the eye. Inability to establish eye contact with one particlar observer withot simltaneosly establishing contact with all others Will lead to miscommnication

7 Mltiview design MltiView adopts a mltiple viewpoint directional display that can simltaneosly display different video streams to different participants based on their viewing position. Mltiple cameras are sed to captre niqe perspectives for each participant. Each person will see a niqe and correct perspective providing fll spatial faithflness for all participants in the meeting.

8 Non-directional vs Mltiview perspective Three remote participants looking at position 1

9 Latest Mltiview design Screen: 72 W x 32 H, 9:4 aspect ratio, so that we can se life-sized images. Camera: high resoltion (1024x768 pixel) firewire cameras Projectors: XGA (1024x768 pixel) Distance: 8 Sond: single echo cancelling desktop conferencing microphone

10 Daytrader: a cooperative investment task (Rles) 2 grops, each grop consisting of 2 or 3 participants grops play an nknown nmber of ronds in each rond each grop is given 60 credits Task: Each grop mst decide how many of their credits to cooperatively invest with the other grop (cooperate) and how many they wish to save for themselves (defect). each rond, a new grop leader shold make the final decision After every 5 ronds a Rich Get Richer bons is awarded to the two grops. 60 credits are placed into the flctating market. Discssion is allowed at any point in time, either with gropmates or with the opposing grop

11 Daytrader: a cooperative investment task

12 Hypotheses Hypothesis 1 (H1): Grops meeting face-to-face will demonstrate higher levels of trst than grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing systems. Hypothesis 1a (H1a): Grops meeting face-to-face will show higher levels of overall trst than grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Hypothesis 1b (H1b): Grops meeting face-to-face will show redced delay in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Hypothesis 1c (H1c): Grops meeting face-to-face will show redced fragility in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing.

13 Hypotheses Hypothesis 2 (H2): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show higher levels of trst than grops meeting throgh nondirectional video conferencing. Hypothesis 2a (H2a): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show higher levels of overall trst than grops meeting throgh nondirectional video conferencing. Hypothesis 2b (H2b): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show redced delay in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Hypothesis 2c (H2c): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show redced fragility in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing.

14 Method Experimental Social Science Laboratory (XLab) at University of California,Berkeley Participants: 169 participants: 110 females (65%), 59 males (35%), 156 stdents (92%), and 13 staff members (8%). 29 grops of 2 and 37 grops of 3 Treatment Conditions Face-to-Face Directional Video Conferencing Non-Directional Video Conferencing Measrement Instrments Task Performance Measre Post-Qestionnaire Post Interview

15 Procedre 120 mintes for each session Upon arrival, each participant was immediately assigned to one of two grops, to avoid face contact with the other participants 30 min video presenting the rles of the Daytrader game After discssion the grops sbmit their investment amont to a fnd manager The fnd manager calclates each grop s earnings and reports them to the respective grops. This portion of the experiment lasted for 45 mintes. All grops played at least 30 ronds. Each participant filled ot the post-qestionnaire individally and a post interview was condcted. Each participant was paid a minimm of 22.50$

16 Reslts and analysis Overall Cooperative Investment Rond-By-Rond Cooperative Investment Post-Qestionnaire Discssion

17 Overall Cooperative Investment Overall trst is measred by the total cooperative investment across the entire game. The sm of all cooperative investments by both grops for the first 30 ronds of each session. The maximm cooperative investment is 3600 credits.

18 Rond-By-Rond Cooperative Investment For each rond, we sm both grops cooperative investments. The maximm cooperative investment per rond is 120 credits (60 credits/grop * 2 grops) Data presented in the Figre sggest Daytrader data exhibits two different phenomena: Delayed trst, which is a fnction of the nmber of ronds since the start of the game Fragile trst, which is a fnction of the nmber of ronds since the last discssion.

19 Delayed trst Delayed trst is the slope of a regression line between cooperative investment vs. rond

20 Fragile trst Fragile trst is the slope of a regression line between cooperative investment vs. discssion distance (nmber of ronds since the last 5-rond discssion)

21 Post-Qestionnaire

22 Discssion Hypothesis 1a(H1a): Grops meeting face-to-face will show higher levels of overall trst than grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Proved by Overall Cooperative Investment and post-qestionnaire Hypothesis 1b(H1b): Grops meeting face-to-face will show redced delay in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Not proved, there is no difference in delayed trst Hypothesis 1c (H1c): Grops meeting face-to-face will show redced fragility in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Proved, grops meeting face-to-face tended to be more resilient to breakdowns in trst when compared to grops that met throgh non-directional video conferencing

23 Discssion Hypothesis 2a (H2a): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show higher levels of overall trst than grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Proved by Overall Cooperative Investment and post-qestionnaire Hypothesis 2b (H2b): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show redced delay in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Not proved, there is no difference in delayed trst Hypothesis 2c (H2c): Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing will show redced fragility in trst formation when compared to grops meeting throgh non-directional video conferencing. Proved, there is a statistically significant difference in fragile trst between the directional and non-directional video conferencing conditions at a redced level of confidence

24 Conclsion Introdced the design of a new video conferencing system which preserves many of the nonverbal ces lost in standard video conferencing systems by being spatially faithfl. Examined the effects of spatial faithflness on trst formation in a cooperative investment task and present two reslts. Grops meeting throgh directional video conferencing cooperated more than grops who met throgh standard video conferencing systems.

25 References David T. Ngyen, John F. Canny: Mltiview: improving trst in grop video conferencing throgh spatial faithflness. CHI 2007, April 28 May 3, 2007, San Jose, California, USA v=mdorx9sapiu&list=llml1cvhds6bipmodzzfw8ghttps://

26 Thank yo for yor attention!!! Qestions?