The Digital Revolution. By: Jake Hogan

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1 The Digital Revolution By: Jake Hogan

2 Background 1. The Digital Revolution was the transition from analog, electronic and mechanical technologies to the digital technologies which we see today. 2. The Digital Revolution yielded the development of many digital technologies, all of which revolved around a core idea, the Internet 3. In the 1980 s the Digital Revolution was also largely based off of the development of the PC (Personal Computer), and the technologies it harbored

3 The Transistor 1. The primary foundation for the development of digital products, specifically digital computers, was the transistor i. A transistor is a product that can quickly switch electronic signals and electronic power 2. At the time of creation in 1947, the equivalent to the transistor was called the vacuum tube 3. The transistor was far cooler, and required far less power than the vacuum tubes which they would replace in the modern electronics of the time 4. The transistors allowed for far smaller, more efficient and more powerful electronic machines to be built 5. The transistor essentially allowed for much more powerful electronics to be built and developed in the years to come

4 Development of Computers 1. During the 1940's and the 1950's the need for more reliable and efficient products came as a result of the Korean War and WWII 2. The government was frantically employing the top scientists in the U.S to develop more sophisticated technologies, particularly with regards to defense technologies 3. This mass development of new, advanced technologies partnered with the development of the powerful transistor in the years prior helped to produce a large amount of new technological advancements 4. These developing advancements in digital computers in the 1950's laid the foundation for the outbreak in mini-computers in the 1960's and the creation of PC's in the 80's

Minicomputers 1. The minicomputer was a term used in the 1960's to describe powerful computers that weren't as large as the computers of the 1950's 2.

5 Minicomputers 1. The minicomputer was a term used in the 1960's to describe powerful computers that weren't as large as the computers of the 1950's 2. The minicomputers weren't owned by practically anyone except large businesses who needed to process large amounts of information 3. The minicomputers marked the development of servers and decreasing size while increasing power in computers 4. By the 1980's however, minicomputers weren't used very widely at all (cyberneticzoo.com/)

6 ARPAnet 1. The primitive origins of the internet were in the form a military funded program, ARPAnet 2. ARPAnet was essentially the computer equivalent of a bomb shelter, in that it protected the flow of information between military facilities 3. They did this by creating a network of computers which they could communicate between 4. As the program expanded, more models of computers were used which caused an issue with compatibility (inventors.about. com/library/weekly/aa htm)

7 ARPAnet Expansions 1. These issues created a need for a solution, which ultimately came in the form of protocols TCP and IP, which were designed in These protocols essentially break down a message, send it, and re-form it on the other end of the line, which is the entire basis of the Internet 3. Other expansions of ARPAnet include: i. ii. iii. telnet- used to control computers remotely FTP- File Transport Protocol which allows information to be sent between computers in large amounts

8 ARPAnet in the 1980's 1. ARPAnet services became increasingly popular in the 1980's, meaning it wasn't safe for the military to use it anymore, and subsequently they abandoned it and moved to other networks 2. These non-military uses however led to expansions in which all computers contained the protocols of IP and TCP, so they could communicate more freely 3. LANs (Local Area Networks) became increasingly popular in settings such as universities and research facilities in which computers in a certain area are all connected to a LAN and can communicate on it. (/cyberneticzoo.com)

9 LAN Video

10 NSFnet 1. In 1986 the National Science Foundation (NSF) used a LAN and branched it outwards throughout the U.S in every major university and supercomputer, all processing over 1 large LAN 2. As this massive LAN, NSFnet, was far faster than its predecessor, ARPAnet, NSFnet replaced ARPAnet 3. NSFnet was the next step in the foundation of the internet, as it was essentially 1 large network which could encompass the entirety of the U.S (/jojoyek.blogspot.com)

11 World Wide Web 1. The World Wide Web was developed from by Tim Berners-Lee 2. The World Wide Web is what is commonly perceived to be "The Internet," but it is only one aspect of it 3. This concept of the World Wide Web was developed through 3 major components: i. HTML (Hypertext markup language) ii. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) iii. URLs (Universal Resource Locators) 4. Using these components, the WWW compiled a network of Internet websites, and made them accessible through the Internet

12 What is the Internet 1. The Internet is technically a network of computers which exchange information with one another 2. No one invention such as ARPAnet, NSFnet or the World Wide Web are the internet themselves, but rather the compilation of these things comprise the Internet (www. 123rf. com) (/www. mysciencew ork. com/en/mys ciencenews)

13 Basis of the Personal Computer 1. The primitive "PC" was created by a man named Ed Roberts 2. Roberts worked with associates at MITTS, in which they manufactured and sold instruments and transmitters for model rockets 3. Roberts created a computer called the Altair, which contained software that allowed for the user to customize the computer to their liking to some extent, which laid the foundation for the PC generations to come (/mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/detail. php?in_spseqno=19553)

The IBM Personal Computer 1. The first legitimate PC was created by IBM in 1975, and was called the model 5100 2.

14 The IBM Personal Computer 1. The first legitimate PC was created by IBM in 1975, and was called the model The IBM Model 5100 sold for nearly $9000 however, so it was not a very mainstream product, and did not have a very strong impact on society 3. IBM released 3 other computers before they released what is commonly referred to as the IBM PC, the Model 5150 (

15 The Macintosh PC 1. In 1976 Apple created its first computer, the Apple I, which was literally a circuit board screwed to a piece of plywood 2. By 1980, however, Apple had released its first largely sold product, the Apple II 3. The Apple II gained many new followers due to the massive and ever growing software base in the PC (/ net/2010/05/10/escapist-newsnetwork)

16 The PC Market 1. At the time in which the Apple II was created in 1980, the PC market was dominated by 2 products i. The Apple II ii. The CP/M Systems 2. The CP/M systems contained the software systems of many of the derivatives of the Altair 3. As these 2 products began to compete with one another, IBM saw an opportunity i. IBM saw that the consumers wanted a more customizable computer than either of the 2 listed above were offering 4. Thus, the IBM Model 5150 was born!

Commodore 64 1. The Commodore 64 was released in 1982, amidst the releases of the other PC products of the time 2.

The C64 also offered many inexpensive modems for the PC, meaning that it could easily connect to the Internet, which was a major asset at the time 4.

17 Commodore The Commodore 64 was released in 1982, amidst the releases of the other PC products of the time 2. The Commodore 64 contained 2 microprocessors, meaning that it was an extremely powerful computer at the time 3. The C64 also offered many inexpensive modems for the PC, meaning that it could easily connect to the Internet, which was a major asset at the time 4. The C64 also contained advanced programmable sound generating chips, which meant that it was popular for creating computer generated music 5. The Commodore 64 became the best selling computer of all time, selling over 17 million units ( net/c64.htm)

18 Impact on Society 1. The Digital Revolution harbored the ability for the easy communication of information through the Internet 2. This newfound ease of communication had a large impact on businesses and the military as they were able to easily communicate over long distances both safely and cheaply 3. The new computer power which was developed during the Digital Revolution also allowed for the easy storage of mass information for organizations such as large businesses and the military 4. Business owners and clients were also able to communicate with much more ease 5. Small business owners reaped the benefits more so as they were able to more easily advertise their business to the local areas through the Internet

19 Impact on Society 1. In the home, the Digital Revolution brought benefits of being able to more easily access and store information 2. Computers at home also allowed for families to communicate with others far more easily as well as download things off the Internet which they would have to gather by some other means in prior generations 3. Universities and campuses' and such also benefitted by using LANs, allowing for the speedy communication and sharing of information which wasn't accessible in the generations prior

20 Works Cited Janssen, Corey. "What Is the Digital Revolution." Techopedia. Janalta, Web. 5 June < Maliniak, Lisa. "1950s: Transistors Fill the Vacuum: The Digital Age Begins." Electronic Design. Ask The Expert, 21 Oct Web. 3 June < "Minicomputer." Tech Terms. Go To Meeting, 11 Apr Web. 1 June < "Mini-Computer Ken Reinhard." Cybernetic Zoo. Cybernetic Zoo, n.d. Web. 30 May < Bellis, Mary. "ARPAnet- the First Internet." About Inventors. About.com, Web. 4 June < Yek, Joel. "ICA: NSFnet." JJY. Blogger, 11 July Web. 5 June < Butterscotchcom. "What Is a LAN." YouTube. Google, 10 Sept Web. 5 June <

21 Works Cited Bellis, Mary. "The History of the Internet." About Inventors. About.com, Web. 3 June < Mallia, Daniel. "When Was the Internet Invented?" History News Network. History, Web. 4 June < Asimov, Isaac. How Did We Find out about DNA. New York: Walker and Company, Print. Friedman, Thomas C. The World Is Flat. 2007: Picador/Farrar, Streusond, Giroux, n.d. Print. "Internet world wide web concept." Royalty Free Stock Photos. Royalty Free Stock Photos, Web. 5 June < Gruson-Daniel, Ceyla. "Science and Curation: The New Practice of Web 2.0." MyScienceWork. Mysciencework, 29 Oct Web. 5 June < MyScienceNews/8869/science-and-curation-the-new-practice-of-web-2-0>. Bestofmedia Team. "The Development of the PC." Tom's Hardware. Tom's Hardware, 23 Aug Web. 5 June <

22 Works Cited Anthony, Sebastian. "30 Years of PCs." Extreme Tech. Extreme Tech, 12 Aug Web. 3 June "Ed Roberts." MIT Sloan. MT, Web. 4 June < detail.php?in_spseqno=19553>. Gagne, Ken. "Escapist News Network's unmarked Apple." Apple II Bits. Apple II Bits, 10 May Web. 5 June < "Commodore 64." Commodore 64. Obsolete Technology, Web. 5 June <

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