Figure (1) Block diagram of embedded system

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1 965 Study of Embedded Software and Hardware Development using 8051, AVR and ARM Platforms ARCHANA BHARTI 1, AYOUSH JOHARI 2, SONI CHANGLANI 3 M.Tech Scholar 1, Assistant Professor 2, Professor 3 Department of Electronics Communication Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology and Science, Kalchuri Nagar, Bhopal(Madhya Pradesh), India archanabharti50@gmail.com, ayoush.johri@gmail.com, sonichanglani@gmail.com ABSTRACT Embedded system requires a design which combines hardware and software. The key of embedded system is embedded microcontroller. Embedded computing both hardware and software occupy an important place in India s economy by providing more than billions jobs in this sector. Embedded system is trend for engineers. Real world problem importantly in embedded system is hardware and software design and utilization. The concept underlying theory in embedded hardware i.e. microcontroller and microprocessor platform and embedded software ie. Programming in c, c++, java etc requires challenging task, integration and testing to students both graduate and post graduate. To have implementation skill and optimization close to embedded microcontroller platform this paper address basic skill in hardware, software design and development to understand the theory and is very important in context to products development approach. The purpose of this paper is to present our approach in learning software and hardware solution. We summarized recent progress and trying to provide new comparative insight using 8051, AVR, and ARM embedded microcontrollers. Better exploring the performance, compatibility, features with various other key features which will help in direction to provide new prospective to embedded system design and development. Keywords: ARM, AVR, Embedded system, microcontroller, INTRODUCTION: Embedded system penetrates nearly all field of electronics equipments. It is computer system for specific control function in large system usually with predetermined dedicated requirements. Embedded system made up of hardware and software components constitute the fastest growing segment of semiconductor industry with products ranging from mobile phones over MP3 players to automotive breaking systems [13]. From Simple controllers to wide range of embedded systems, we are habituated to use them in our daily lives and flawlessly to our advantage [3][2]. A promising approach to deal with the complexity of modern embedded systems is software/hardware co-design, i.e. the concurrent or simultaneous design of hardware and software components with the goal to meet system- level objectives [13]. Motivated by this, the goal of study embedded system provides software functionalities and hardware development for flexibility and performance to have efficient implementation of embedded system using mostly used microcontrollers in the world. The study paper approach well develop learns implementation skill and design strategies for projects design and development. This paper focus on understanding the design architecture and programming. 2. Embedded Systems: A Study Embedded systems is on single chip and employs a combination of hardware and software dedicate to perform a specific function. Real embedded system physically ranges from portable devices to large installation. Embedded system is programmed hardware device and is controlled by a main processing core typically either a microcontroller or a digital processor. Figure (1) Block diagram of embedded system

2 966 The program instructions are stored in read-only memory or flash memory and these instructions are referred to as firmware and run with limited computer hardware resources. Embedded system has timer and manages its input and output, when it is given to system to generate corresponding output and input respectively. It has both serial and parallel communication port for transmission and receiver of serial and parallel data. Embedded processors broadly categorise in two parts ordinary processor which use separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals and the other is Microcontroller, have on chip peripherals. By reducing power consumption, size and cost microcontroller is gaining popularity day by day. Study of embedded system is need of engineers to provide a new path way to electronics world. 3. Process of Hardware Development and Software Design for Embedded System Design: A general purpose embedded system consists of processor which may be microcontroller or digital signal processors (DSP). Mostly it uses flash memory for storage and dynamic RAM for runtime memory. There are lots of embedded system development tool exists. Sensor LCD LED Functional Keypad ADC DAC Power Supply Unit Processor or Controller (CPU) Memory Clock Circuit Communication Interface Selection Circuits Timers and Reset Circuitry Figure (2) Embedded Hardware Platform The base of development embedded operating system is the source code for operating system kernel and actual application. Compiler package plays a vital role in development of embedded system. Hardware tools include development board for specific processors and embedded architecture. An embedded system generally executes set of program repeatedly to do specific task. Embedded software has real time operating system having fixed hardware requirements and capabilities. The figure above shows embedded hardware platform[3]. Figure (3) Process of embedded system development 4. Architecture Overview and Programming of 8051 Embedded controller: Embedded microcontroller 8051 is a programmable device consists of processor core, program memory, data memory, two timer, four input/output port each eight bit wide, interrupt, one serial port and bus controller. It is an eight bit microcontroller having 128 bytes of RAM for storing data and 4K bytes on chip ROM for storing program code and has special function register. Figure below shows architecture of 8051 microcontroller[10].

3 967 Figure (4) Architecture block diagram of 8051 embedded controller 5. Overview and Programming of AVR Embedded Controller: AVR widely used in embedded system design, is a type of microcontroller. AVR has been develop to take advantage of integration and programming. AVR use Harvard architecture to maximise performance and parallelism, has 32 general register which are all directly connected to Arithmetic and logic unit. Its flash program memory is divided into two section ie. application section and boot loader section. AVR handles two application. Below figure shows the steps in developing an AVR software/hardware[11] Data lines Figure (5) AVR Architecture overview 6. Architecture Overview and Programming of ARM Embedded Controller: ARM family of general purpose 32 bit microprocessors offer high performance, low cost and low power consumption. ARM is one of the most licensed with processor cores ARM6, ARM7,ARM9, ARM10,ARM11. ARM lies at the heart of advance digital products supporting a broad range of applications as digital cameras mobile phones, robotics, video games. ARM works closely with all four major operating system platform Symbian OS, Windows CE, Linux and Palm OS. Figure below shows the architecture overview of the ARM7DTMI [12]

4 968 Figure (6) ARM Architecture overview 7. Hardware and software complexities: Increasing memory size and complexities of advanced processors, developers must be key player of hardware and software technologies. Embedded system design and development has always been a major embedded system developers concerns. On hardware side, increase capabilities with reasonable cost is major factor. On software side, complexities is driving up through increasing percentage of projects. The trends towards cohesive solutions, combined with projects spend on software and hardware is rising up. 8. Comparison Table: 8051 AVR ARM Architecture Harvard architecture RISC architecture RISC Processor Processing Power Low power consumption Low power consumption Low power Software Support Windows and Linux Windows CE and Linux Symbian OS, Palm OS, Windows CE and Linux Expandability Boolean processing capability, pin compatible Full code compatibility, pin compatible Forward compatible code Performance High performance High performance and self High performance programming Powerful Powerful handling capability In System programming, debugging and verification Provide hard and soft view to lisence Processor core - - ARM6, ARM7, ARM9, ARM10, ARM11 Cost Low cost Low cost Low cost Conclusion: The purpose of our paper is to present a study of embedded system, hardware and software development and design. In form of case study, based on widely used processors and controller 8051, AVR and ARM, we

5 969 describe architecture, software support and programming module. The learning approach allow student to understand in step by step manner and finding creative solutions for projects. References: [1] V.Billy Rakesh Roy, Sanket Dessai, and S.G. Shiva Prasad Yadav, Design and Development of ARM, Processor Based Web Server, Journal of Issue in Recent Trends in Engineering, Vol.1, No.4, May Catherine H. Gebotys, Mohamed I. Elmasry, VLSI Design Synthesis and Testability [2] Gann David M., and Ammon J. Salter. Innovation in Project-based, service-enhanced firms:the construction of complex products and systems. Research Policy 29.7(2000): [3] Ayoush Johari, Soni Changlani, Project Based Learning Methodologies for Embedded and Intelligent Systems Design International Conference on Interdisciplinary Research in Engineering, Management, Pharmacy and Sciences (ICIREMPS) 2014, SIRT, Bhopal, ISSN No [4] Leif Uhsadel, markus Ullrich, Ingrid Verbauwhede and Bart Preneel, hardware/software Co-design of RSA on 8051 EWME, 9-11 MAY, [5] Purnendu Shekhar Pandey, D.S. Chauhan, Rajesh Singh, The Real Time Hardware Design and Simulation of moving messages Display System Integrated with PLCC Modem, Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, ISSN (Paper) ISSN ( Online), Vol 3, No. 10, [6] Deepti Bansal, Comparative Study of Various Systems on Chips Embedded in Mobile Devices. Innovative Systems Design and Engineering, ISSN (Paper) ISSN (Online), Vol.4, No.7, 2013, National Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical, Instrumentation and Communication Engineering. [7] Ankita Gupta, Sharmelee Thangjam, AVR Based Temperature Monitoring and Controlling Using Zigbee in Matlab. International Journal of Engineering Research AND Technology(IJERT) ISSN: , Vol.1 Issue 3, May [8] Z.Nakutis, M. Saunoris, challenges of Embedded Systems Teaching in Electronics Engineering. ISSN , 2010 No.6(102) [9] P. Naresh Kumar, Dr. N.S. Murthy Sharma, Mr. M.S. Madan Mohan, Mr. Dhana Ray, Design and Implementation of ARM Intelligent Monitoring System Using Zibee, International Journal of Research in Computer and Communication Technology, IJRCCT, ISSN 2278_5841, Vol.1, Issue 7, December 2012 [10] Mohammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi The 805 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems. [11] Dr.Gaute My Kelbust, The AVR Microcontroller and C Compiler Co Design. [12] Gunar Schirner, Gautam Sachdeva, Andreas Gerstlauer, Rainer Domer, Modeling, simulation and Synthesis in a Embedded Software Design Flow for an ARM Processor, April 10, [13] Manuel Kosch, Joachim Lechner, Andreas Weitzer, Johann Gros Bschadl, Alexander Szekely, Stefana Tillich, and Johannes Wolker Storfer, Hardware/software Co-Design of Elliptic Curve Cryptography on an 8051 Microcontrollers. [14] Vishnu A. Patankar, Alok Jain, Randal E. Bryant, Formal Verification of an ARM Processor. [15] Md.Mejbaul Haque, Md. Kamal Hossain, Md. Mortuza Ali, Md. Rafiqul Islam Sheikh, Microcontroller Based Single Phase Digital Prepaid Energy Meter for Improved Metering and Billing System, International Journal of Power Electronics and Driver System (IJPEDS), Vol.1, No.2, December 2011, Pp , ISSN: [16] Arvind Krishna Swamy, Rajiv Gupta Profile Guided Selection of ARM and Thumb Instruction. [17] Gooran Horvat, Damir Sostaric, and Drago Zagar, User Authorization System Using Zibee WSN and AVR architecture.

Microprocessors And Microcontroller

Microprocessors And Microcontroller Semester : 4 th, 5 th (TL, ES) Course Code : ES256, ES313 By: Dr. Attiya Baqai Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics, MUET. Internal block diagram of CPU Internal