Historical Milestones for the ATLAS Experiment

Transcription

1 Symposium 25 Years of LHC Experimental Programme CERN, 15 th December 2017 Historical Milestones for the ATLAS Experiment Peter Jenni, CERN and Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg

2 The plan is to comment a bit on: - History of the LHC experiment studies in general - Some early milestones leading to ATLAS as it is now - Some milestones of the ATLAS construction (pictures ) - Costs and funding, growth of the Collaboration - Note: Physics will be covered by Valerio Dao - And in all cases, these are only examples Drawing by Sergio Cittolin

3 After the 1979 LEP White Book (ECFA-LEP WG chaired by A Zichichi) which mentioned the possibility of a far future LHC, and discoveries of the W and Z bosons by UA1 and UA2 in the early 1980s 1984 For the community it all started with the CERN - ECFA Workshop in Lausanne on the feasibility of a hadron collider in the future LEP tunnel 1986 LAA R&D on new detector technologies started, later followed by the DRDC 1987 La Thuile Workshop Many LHC colleagues were already involved in this WS set up by Carlo Rubbia as part of the Long Range Planning Committee ATLAS History 3

4 Arguing after the mid-1980s of being ambitious and design a general purpose detector ATLAS History 4

5 From an early talk about the LHC, must have been around 1986/7 ATLAS History 5

6 1989 ECFA Study Week in Barcelona for LHC instrumentation (forming of first proto-collaboration) 1990 Large Hadron Collider Workshop Aachen (CERN - ECFA) 1992 CERN ECFA meeting Towards the LHC Experimental Programme in Evian ATLAS History 6

7 March 1992 Evian Meeting with EoI presentations ASCOT pp Norton CMS pp Della Negra / Desportes EAGLE pp PJ L3+1 pp Ting / Pauss LHC Beauty Collider Schlein B extracted beam Carboni B gas jet Nakada Neutrino at LHC Vannucci LHC HI Schukraft DELPHI LHC HI Jarlskog ATLAS History 7

8 The ASCOT and EAGLE proto-collaborations both presented detector concepts with a toroid magnet configuration for the muon spectrometer From their Expressions of Interest ASCOT ASCOT with a superconducting barrel and warm iron toroid end cap toroids EAGLE with warm iron barrel and end cap toroids ATLAS History 8

9 The birth of ATLAS March 1992 Summer 1992 Merging of ASCOT and EAGLE September 1992: Decision on the name taken in vote at the Collaboration Board based on many names suggested by Collaboration members 1 st October 1992 ATLAS LoI submitted to the LHCC (Co-spokespersons Friedrich Dydak and PJ) Official birth of the ATLAS Collaboration ATLAS History 9

10 The ATLAS LoI was presented to the LHCC on 5 th Nov 1992 ATLAS History 10

11 The LoI still had two toroid options, one full iron and one all superconducting air-core From the Letter of Intent Shortly after ATLAS decided for the superior air-core magnet Iron toroid option Superconducting air-core option, initially with 12 coils, then redesigned with 8 coils ATLAS History 11

12 First reaction of the LHCC to the LoI in December 1992: It was well received, but a long saga started for ATLAS about costs and funding One of many ingredients ATLAS History 12

13 ATLAS was then (June 1993) invited by LHCC to work out a Technical Proposal (Submitted on 15 th December 1994) ATLAS History 13

14 LHCC open session 19 th January 1995 Technical Proposal presentation, with 4 major talks Introduction Inner Detector Calorimeter Magnets, Muons, Integration Project Planning Trigger/DAQ and Physics A M Parker D Fournier H F Hoffmann K Einsweiler From the TP presentation ATLAS History 14

15 From the TP presentation ATLAS History 15

16 But again, we were too expensive! Act two of cost reduction: an ATLAS-internal ( Pilcher ) Task Force needed to work out a global descoping A major ingredient was: Reduction of detector dimensions and magnetic fields, leading to an adequate safety margin in the cavern size ATLAS History 16

17 The Technical Proposal evaluations concluded by the end of 1995 It was a long way convincing the LHC Experiment Committee (LHCC), but finally, on 16 th November 1995, our referees were happy, and Hugh Montgomery, ATLAS main referee at that time, gave us the following official leak from the committee ATLAS History 17

18 From 1996 onwards ATLAS entered the phase of producing Technical Design Reports for all its systems The formal construction approval was then given with the approval of the first TDRs, namely for the calorimeters ATLAS History 18

19 Point-1 Civil Engineering (cavern 56 x 32 x 35 m 3 ) 19

20 Formal inauguration of the point-1 cavern on 4 th June 2003 ATLAS History 20

21 Examples of the many technical challenges ATLAS Toroid Magnet System End-Cap Toroid: 8 coils in a common cryostat Barrel Toroid parameters 25.3 m length 20.1 m outer diameter 8 coils 1.08 GJ stored energy 370 tons cold mass 830 tons weight 4 T on superconductor 56 km Al/NbTi/Cu conductor 20.5 ka nominal current 4.7 K working point End-Cap Toroid parameters 5.0 m axial length 10.7 m outer diameter 2x8 coils 2x0.25 GJ stored energy 2x160 tons cold mass 2x240 tons weight 4 T on superconductor 2x13 km Al/NbTi/Cu conductor 20.5 ka nominal current 4.7 K working point Barrel Toroid: 8 separate coils ATLAS History 21

22 The B0 Model Coil Reaching Full Current of 20.5 ka in July 2001 B0 Test, Current, July Current (ka) /17/2001 0:00 7/17/ :00 7/18/2001 0:00 7/18/ :00 7/19/2001 0:00 7/19/ :00 7/20/2001 0:00 Time ATLAS History 22

23 Barrel Toroid coil integration and testing in Hall 180 November 2003 ATLAS History 23

24 Tile Calorimeter Module-0 at the Dubna workshop, April 1996 ATLAS History 24

25 Tile Calorimeter barrel test assembly on the surface at CERN November 2003 ATLAS History 25

26 First prototype of a novel concept ( accordion ) 1990 LAr EM Calorimeter construction ATLAS History 26

27 Insertion of the solenoid into the LAr EM calorimeter barrel cryostat February 2004 ATLAS History 27

28 An example of constant quality checks (done on all ATLAS components, here shown for the LAr EM calorimeter) Construction quality Thickness of Pb plates must be uniform to 0.5% (~10 mm) Test-beam measurements 4 (out of 32) barrel modules and 3 (out of 16) end-cap (EMEC) modules tested with beams Scans with GeV electrons (all 7 tested modules) End-cap: 1536 plates < > ~ 2.2 mm 9 mm Overall uniformity: ~0.54% Absorber thickness (mm) 1 barrel module: x = 1.4 x channels ATLAS History 28

29 ATLAS Cavern Barrel toroid and barrel calorimeter (plus solenoid) installations ATLAS History

30 1 st EC transport 22 nd Sep 2005 ATLAS History 30

31 First barrel muon chamber installation (January 2005) ATLAS History 31

32 Israel-Japan-Pakistan: Teams working together in assembling TGC Big Wheel sectors (Hall 180, March 2006) ATLAS History 32

33 Snapshots from the Inner Detector (Pixels, SCT and TRT) construction years ( ) TRT Pixels SCT ATLAS History 33

34 Installation of the ATLAS barrel tracker (Aug 2006) 34

35 A snapshot of the many parallel installation and commissioning activities in the cavern in both end-cap regions A and C under the shafts, as well as in the barrel region: a huge, successful activity of the Technical Coordination C A ATLAS History 35

36 ATLAS History A historical moment on 16 th June 2008: Closure of the LHC ring (the last beam pipe piece was the one shown here in ATLAS on side A) 36

37 Trigger, DAQ, Software and Computing (An absolutely essential part of the success story, only left out for time ) Data flow ATLAS History 37

38 First collisions in ATLAS 23 rd November 2009 with LHC beams at the injection energy of 450 GeV ATLAS History 38

39 Since 1995 there are ATLAS Resources Review Board meetings twice a year 20-Oct-1997 ATLAS History 39

40 At the RRB the legal ( best effort ) resources framework for ATLAS were/are agreed, in two stages for the initial construction, and later for the operation (M&O) and computing, and now for the upgrades 19 th March th April 1998 ATLAS History 40

41 The Construction MoU was signed by all initial ATLAS Funding Agencies in And new partners also signed Addenda to the MoU when they joined later on Today is certainly also a very appropriate occasion to thank all Funding Agencies for their support signed date signed by Armenia 10/7/98 R. Mkrtchyan Australia 26/5/98 S. Tovey Austria 18/6/98 R. Kneuker Azerbaijan 30/6/98 N. Guliyev Belarus 24/6/98 V.A. Gaisyonok Brazil 6/9/99 E. Mirra de Paula e Silva Canada 26/4/99 N. Lloyd China 30/11/99 N. Wang Czech Republic 26/5/98 F. Suransky, J. Niederle Denmark 26/5/98 E. Larsen Finland 26/5/98 E. Byckling FRANCE CEA 6/1/99 C. Cesarsky France IN2P3 8/6/98 C. Detraz Georgia 22/11/99 A. Tavkhelidze Germany BMBF 12/6/98 H. Schunck Germany MPI 22/4/99 V. Soergel Greece 15/6/98 E. Floratos Israel 1/6/98 D. Horn Italy 28/5/98 L. Maiani Japan 23/6/98 H. Sugawara JINR 10/6/98 A.N. Sissakian Morocco 1/6/98 S. Belcadi Netherlands 15/10/98 G. van Middelkoop Norway 22/6/98 K. Kveseth Poland 28/5/98 J. Frackowiak Portugal 5/6/98 A. Trigo de Abreu Romania 30/7/98 V. Lupei Russia 10/10/98 N. Kirpichnikov Slovak Republic 7/7/98 O. Nemcok Slovenia 15/12/99 L. Marincek Spain 30/4/98 F. Aldana Sweden 29/4/99 G. Oequist Switzerland 26/5/98 B. Fulpius, Ch. Schäublin Turkey 2/6/98 D. Ulkü United Kingdom 14/7/98 I.G. Halliday US DoE + NSF 26/10/98. O'Fallon, N. Lightbody, T. Kirk, W. Willis CERN 26/6/98 V.G. Goggi ATLAS History 41

42 Overview of the integrated financial evolution of the CORE costs of ATLAS (Constr. MoU deliverables and Common Fund, Cost-to-Completion, in 1995 MCHF) Investments MCHF CtC (72 MCHF) MoU (475 MCHF) Payments (MoU & CtC) ATLAS History 42

43 The roles of ISTC (International Science & Technology Center) [and to a lesser extent INTAS (EU PF6)] were very important for ATLAS and its very fruitful partnership with the many Institutions in Russia and FSU states From a 2002 ISTC ATLAS meeting summary: in this process the technological know-how of their partners in industry and former weapon institutes was a very important ingredient Both, the projects with highly-acknowledged ISTC funding (typically for the R&D and prototype phases) and the Partner Projects (typically for benefiting from these investments for the construction), have been, and are, fundamental for the success of our collaboration with the Russian and FSU States partners The ISTC projects are of clear mutual benefit for all partners, obviously for ATLAS, but also, as it should be, for the conversion Institutes Three examples out of many more Scintillator tiles BT Titanium tie-rods ATLAS History TRT wheels composite support rings 43

44 From a 2008 HELEN ATLAS meeting summary: HELEN has helped in a decisive way to foster and consolidate the very fruitful collaboration with Latin American colleagues and Institutions In particular the contributions from students and young researchers are a strong asset to the experiment, in addition to the institutional strengthening of the Collaboration and its resources Before HELEN (2004) After HELEN (October 2007) ATLAS History 44

45 ATLAS Run-1 Run-1 ATLAS Higgs Higgs Run-1 boson Higgs signal signal peaks peaks, first messengers demonstrating of the Brout-Englert-Higgs mechanism Phys. Rev. D 90 (2014) ATLAS History 45

46 A dream becoming true much faster than anticipated long ago ATLAS History 46

47 Thank you to CERN, the Funding Agencies, and all the other bodies which made this possible ATLAS Collaboration (Status October 2017) 38 Countries 183 Institutions 2900 Scientific authors total (1000 Students) Adelaide, Albany, Alberta, NIKHEF Amsterdam, Ankara, LAPP Annecy, Argonne NL, Arizona, UT Arlington, UT Austin, Athens, NTU Athens, Baku, IFAE Barcelona, Belgrade, Bergen, Berkeley LBL and UC, HU Berlin, Bern, Birmingham, UAN Bogota, Bologna, Bonn, Boston, Brandeis, Brazil Cluster, Bratislava/SAS Kosice, Brookhaven NL, Buenos Aires, Bucharest, Cambridge, Carleton, CERN, China IHEP-NJU-THU, China USTC-SDU-SJTU, Chicago, Chile, Clermont-Ferrand, Columbia, NBI Copenhagen, Cosenza, AGH UST Cracow, IFJ PAN Cracow, SMU Dallas, UT Dallas, NCSR Demokritos, DESY, Dortmund, TU Dresden, JINR Dubna, Duke, Edinburgh, Frascati, Freiburg, Geneva, Genoa, Giessen, Glasgow, Göttingen, LPSC Grenoble, Technion Haifa, Harvard, Heidelberg, Hiroshima IT, Hong Kong, NTHU Hsinchu, Indiana, Innsbruck, Iowa SU, Iowa, UC Irvine, Istanbul Bogazici, KEK, Kobe, Kyoto, Kyoto UE, Kyushu, Lancaster, UN La Plata, Lecce, Lisbon LIP, Liverpool, Ljubljana, QMW London, RHBNC London, UC London, Louisiana Tech, Lund, UA Madrid, Mainz, Manchester, CPPM Marseille, Massachusetts, MIT, Melbourne, Michigan, Michigan SU, Milano, Minsk NAS, Minsk NCPHEP, Montreal, McGill Montreal, RUPHE Morocco, FIAN Moscow, ITEP Moscow, MEPhI Moscow, MSU Moscow, LMU Munich, MPI Munich, Nagasaki IAS, Nagoya, Naples, New Mexico, New York, Nijmegen, Northern Illinois, BINP Novosibirsk, Ohio SU, Okayama, Oklahoma, Oklahoma SU, Olomouc, Oregon, LAL Orsay, Osaka, Oslo, Oxford, LPNHE Paris VI and VII, Pavia, Pennsylvania, NPI Petersburg, Pisa, Pittsburgh, CAS Prague, CU Prague, TU Prague, IHEP Protvino, Rome I, Rome II, Rome III, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Irfu Saclay, Santa Cruz UC, Sheffield, Shinshu, Siegen, Simon Fraser Burnaby, SLAC, South Africa, Stockholm, KTH Stockholm, Stony Brook, Sydney, Sussex, AS Taipei, Tbilisi, Tel Aviv, Thessaloniki, Tokyo ICEPP, Tokyo MU, Tokyo Tech, Tomsk, Toronto, Trento, TRIUMF, Tsukuba, Tufts, Udine/ICTP, Uppsala, UI Urbana, Valencia, UBCVancouver, Victoria, Warwick, Waseda, Washington, Weizmann Rehovot, FH Wiener Neustadt, Wisconsin, Wuppertal, Würzburg, Yale, Yerevan