File name: Supplementary Information Description: Supplementary Figures and Supplementary Tables

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1 File nme: Supplementry Informtion Description: Supplementry Figures nd Supplementry Tles File nme: Supplementry Movie 1 Description: Rotting nimtion showing the ry coverge nd the suducting sl. Initilly we show the P-wve ry pths for shots (gry) nd locl erthqukes (lue), with the loction of the recording sttions (lck pyrmids). The topogrphy of the islnds nd of the interpreted sl surfce re shown for reference. The second prt of the nimtion shows the P-wve velocity nomly drped on the sl surfce. The loction of the sl Moho is drwn s semi-trnsprent surfce ssuming constnt 7 km crustl thickness. The outline of the overriding plte Moho is drwn in lue. The contct etween the sl surfce nd the Moho is drwn s green curve. The loction of the ckstop is drwn in red. Notice the sptil reltionship etween the loction of seismicity nd the locl VP minimum t 5 km depth. The volume of the model is the sme s shown in Fig. 7. The verticl extent is 162 km. The horizontl extent is 25 km in the rc-prllel direction nd 2 km in the rc-perpendiculr direction. The nimtion ws prepred using Prview nd encoded using Ffmpeg. File nme: Supplementry Movie 2 Description: Rotting nimtion for 3D glsses. Sme s Supplementry Movie 1, ut encoded s 3D red-cyn stereo nglyph video to e viewed with common red-cyn 3D glsses. File nme: Peer Review File Description:

2 1 5 4 N 5 T S (s) T S /T P T P (s) Supplementry Figure 1. Selection of strting V P /V S. ) Distriution of rtio of S-wve trveltimes (T S ) to P-wve trveltimes (T P ) for locl erthqukes. The lue line mrks the men of the distriution. ) Plot of T S vs. T P (Wdti digrm). The lue line represents the liner regression with slope of. We chose this vlue to uild our strting V P /V S model. P Residul (s) S P Residul (s) N Supplementry Figure 2. Trveltime residuls. ) Histogrm of P-wve trveltime residuls for strting model (gry), 4x5 km model (lue), 2x2 km model (red), nd 15x15 km model (lck). ) Sme s ) for S-P trveltime residuls. 1

3 Vp spred function Vp dig. resol. element Vp derivtive weight sum c y = 6 km y = 3 km y = km y = 11 km Supplementry Figure 3. V P resolution. ) Spred function long four verticl cross-sections of the model. The profiles re the sme s those shown in Fig. 4. ) Digonl element of resolution mtrix (colors) nd 7% contours of resolution kernel (contours). c) Derivtive weight sum. See Methods for explntion. The dshed lines mrk the loction of the top nd Moho of the sl nd the Moho of the overriding plte. 2

4 2 Vp/Vs spred function Vp/Vs dig. resol. element c Vp/Vs derivtive weight sum y = 6 km y = 3 km y = km y = 11 km Supplementry Figure 4. V P /V S resolution. Sme s supplementry Fig. 3, for V P /V S model. 3

5 nomly VP nomly(%) c z = 9 km d z = 2 km z = 4 km e f nomly g z = 2 km h z = 5 km 1 z = km Supplementry Figure 5. VP checkerord tests. (, e) nd (, c, d, f, g, h) recovered VP nomly for severl checkerord tests. We show the recovery of 15x15 km nd 3x3 km nomlies long horizontl sections t depths of 2, 5 nd km. The nomlies extend ~3 km in the verticl direction. The dshed lck line mrks the intersection of the sl surfce with the horizontl plne of the section. VP/VS nomly (%) nomly 1 c z = 9 km d z = 2 km z = 4 km e f nomly 15 g z = 2 km h z = 5 km z = km Supplementry Figure 6. VP/VS checkerord tests. Sme s Supplementry Fig. 5, for VP/VS

6 V p (km/s) V p nomly (%) 4 V p /V s c nomly 5 1 y = 1 km 15.5 nomly 5 1 d e f y = 1 km 15 nomly 5 1 g h i 7 1. y = 11 km 15.5 nomly 5 1 j k l y = 11 km Supplementry Figure 7. Sl nomly recovery test 1. Verticl sections t different loctions in the model showing input nd recovered V P model, V P nomly nd V P /V S. In this test the sl crust low-v P nomly termintes t 9 km depth. 5

7 V p (km/s) V p nomly (%) 4 V p /V s c nomly 5 1 y = 1 km 15.5 nomly 5 1 d e f y = 1 km 15 nomly 5 1 g h i 7 1. y = 11 km 15 nomly 5 1 j 7 k l 1. y = 11 km Supplementry Figure. Sl nomly recovery test 2. Verticl sections t different loctions in the model showing input nd recovered V P model, V P nomly nd V P /V S. In this test the sl crust low-v P nomly termintes t 12 km depth. 6

8 Sl surfce Vp nomly (%) c d e f Supplementry Figure 9. Sl V P checkerord tests. nd recovered V P nomly for severl sl checkerord tests. We show the nomly oth long the sl top surfce nd on verticl section. The islnds re colored in lck for reference

9 Sl surfce Vp/Vs nomly (%) c d Supplementry Figure 1. Sl V P /V S checkerord tests. nd recovered V P /V S nomly for severl sl checkerord tests. We show the nomly oth long the sl top surfce nd on verticl section. The islnds re colored in lck for reference

10 Inversion step Minimum horizontl spcing Minimum verticl spcing Dmping prmeters RMS residul (s) tot P S-P P Dt vrince S-P dt vrince σ 2 % σ 2 % 1d model n.. n.. n Strting model 4 km 5 km n x5 km model 2x2 km model 15x15 km finl model 4 km 5 km 2 km 5 km 15 km 3 km V S : 2 V P /V S : 2 V P : 5 V P /V s : 5 V P : 25 V P /V S : 125 Supplementry tle 1: Summry of inversion prmeters nd residul sttistics