The Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM), NIST July 30 - Aug 1, 2018

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1 Study of the optical properties of black materials at solar reflective wavelengths in support of instrument development and satellite sensor calibration 1Jinan Zeng, 2 Nathan Kelley, 3 James J. Butler, and 3 William B. Cook 1Fibertek Incorporation, Dulles Technology Dr., Herndon, VA SSAI Incorporation, Greenbelt Rd., Lanham, MD NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA The Council for Optical Radiation Measurements (CORM), NIST July 30 - Aug 1, 2018

2 Outline 1. Introduction of Test Capabilities in DCL at NASA GSFC (THR and TTG) 2. Summary of THR of low reflectance materials 3. Some examples of THR and BRDF results Dependence of sample orientation of THR THR through-put study On-orbit UV degradation study 4. Summary and future work

3 THR measurement instrument (LAMBDA 1050) Light sources: Deuterium and Tungsten Halogen lamps Double holographic grating monochromator 150 mm diameter integrating sphere Spectral range: 200 to 2500 nm Detectors: PMT and EX-InGaAs Double beam mode in either specular included 8 /hemispherical or specular excluded geometry

4 Table Top Goniometer Si detector y x z Sphere-input Si/EIGA detectors Miniature spectrometer Ext InGAs detector Sample manipulator Detector arm!4

5 TTG Light Sources EQ99 + Filters AOTF UV/nIR nm nm LLTF VIS nm Monochromator +EQ99 or SC AOTF 4x/VIS/IR nm nm LLTF SWIR nm Diode 2300 nm 413 nm, 850 nm, 1240 nm, 1550 nm

6 Summary of THR results for low reflectance materials in solar reflective wavelengths Samples DHR range Specularity/ Diffusivity Black anodized aluminum 5 % to 70 % D Thorlabs BFP1 1 % to 22 % D Spectralon black 10 % (Ref) 10 % to 15 % D Black wrap 4.8 % to 8 % D Black delrin 4 % to 6 % S Z % to 5.6 % D Spectralon black 2 % 1.4 % to 4 % D Avian Black S 2.6 % to 3.5 % D Fractal black 1.8 % to 2.4 % D Ultrapol 1.4 % to 1.9 % D Acktar 0.7 % to 1.8 % S/D Black sample list 1. Black anodized Al 2. Thorlabs BFP1 3. Spectralon black 10 % 4. Blackwrap 5. Black delrin 6. Z Spectralon black 2 % 8. Avian Black S 9. Fractal Black 10. Ultrapol 11. Acktar

7

8 Azimuthal angle dependence of THR Strong dependence Weak dependence Non-dependence Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) as commonly used in physics (ISO convention): radial distance r, polar angle θ (theta), and azimuthal angle φ (phi).

9 Strong dependence of THR on azimuthal angle

10 Weak dependence of THR on azimuthal angle

11 Non-dependence of THR on azimuthal angle

12 Azimuthal angle dependence of THR Polarization dependence Variation of BRDF Different FOV of detectors Port loss change EIGA PMT Input port Reference port Reference port Sample port

13 Through-put study of Integrating sphere Integrating sphere multiplier factor the average reflectance for the entire integrating sphere Sample Specification Traceable scale Measurement SpectralonA ( ) White diffuse 99 %? NA THR Spectralon B ( ) White diffuse 99 % vs Spectralon 10 % ( ) Black diffuse 10 % vs

14 Spec A Spec B Spec B Spec 10 % Spec 10 % Spec A Spec B vs Stnd Spec 10 % vs Stnd Spec B Comparison of two scales (Spec B, Spec 10 %) on Spec A Spec A Spec 10 %

15 UV degradation study of black diffuse samples 1. Acktar Fractal Black 2. Avian Black S UV exposure setup in-situ reflected light spectrum monitor Target UV light source EQ Lamp Irradiance and TOA Solar Irradiance EQ Lamp Irradiance Relative to TOA Solar Irradiance Chose 10x for exposure factor, so to simulate a nominal 3.5 hours total solar exposure on orbit we need EQ exposure to be 35 hours. Measured both materials reflection for 68 (Acktar) and 70 (Avian) hours - almost twice nominal. Note 10x far exceeds the value required for simulating the short UV on orbit which likely causes the most damage.

16 THR results of Acktar Fractal Black w/wo UV exposure 500nm 1100nm 700nm

17 Acktar Fractal Black in plane BRDF UV exposed Unexposed

18 BRDF results of Acktar Fractal Black w/wo UV exposure AOI 58 : the solar incident angle onto the PACE OCI solar diffuser AOV 36 : the SD view angle of the OCI

19 Acktar Fractal Black out of plane BRDF Unexposed z 30 y UV exposed

20 BRDF results of Acktar Fractal Black w/wo UV exposure x

21 Normal viewing Avian Black S Angle viewing

22 500 nm 350 nm 700 nm

23 Avian Black S Laser spot on unexposed area Laser spot on UV Exposed area

24 BRDF results of Avian Black S Refl 500 nm: 0.76 % Refl nm: % Forward scattering Backward scattering Forward scattering Backward scattering AOI 58 : the solar incident angle onto the PACE OCI solar diffuser AOV 36 : the SD view angle of the OCI

25 Forward scattering Backward scattering

26 Uncertainty analysis Components THR BRDF Reference 0.1% 0.1% Measurement statistics 0.1% 0.5% Combined 0.14% 0.51% k=2 0.28% 1.02%

27 Summary 1. Investigation of THR for a variety of black coatings and materials 2. Validation of THR instrument using NIST traceable reference Azimuthal angle dependence of THR Integrating sphere through-put study with white and black diffusers 3. Study of optical property change of UV degradation of black diffuser candidates in support of PACE project Further work Discrepancy of spectra around 850 nm due to detector change Mitigation of azimuthal angle dependence of low reflectance samples

28 Backup

29 NKT SC laser and Super Select AOTF The Power Lock options enables you to lock the power output of the SuperK SELECT via a build in photo detector. 29

30 LLTF specifications

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