Contents. Acknowledgments Parachutes: Coda. About the Author. Presentation Conventions. PART ONE Foundations 1

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1 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page ix Preface Aims Subject Matter Structure Supplementary Material Acknowledgments Parachutes: Coda About the Author Prologue A Dichotomy of Character Principles of UNIX Programming Seven Signs of Successful C++ Software Libraries Balancing the Signs: Satisfiction, Dialecticism, and Idioms Old and New Example Libraries xvii xvii xviii xix xx xxi xxii xxiii xxiv xxiv xxv xxvi xxxii xxxiii Presentation Conventions xxxvii Fonts xxxvii... versus... xxxvii End Iterator Precomputation xxxviii Nested Class Type Qualification xxxix NULL xxxix Template Parameter Names Member and Namespace-Scope Type Names Calling Conventions Endpoint Iterators Namespace for Standard C Names Class Adaptors and Instance Adaptors Header File Names i PART ONE Foundations 1 Chapter 1 The Standard Template Library Core Concepts Containers Iterators Algorithms Function Objects Allocators 13 ix

2 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page x x Chapter 2 Extended STL Concepts, or When STL Meets the Real World Terminology Collections Iterators 18 Chapter 3 Element Reference Categories Introduction C++ References A Taxonomy of Element Reference Categories Using Element Reference Categories Defining operator ->() Element Reference Categories: Coda 31 Chapter 4 The Curious Untemporary Reference 32 Chapter 5 The DRY SPOT Principle DRY SPOTs in C Not Quite DRY SPOTs in C Closed Namespaces 38 Chapter 6 The Law of Leaky Abstractions 40 Chapter 7 Contract Programming Enforcement Types Enforcement Mechanisms 43 Chapter 8 Constraints Type System Leverage Static Assertions 46 Chapter 9 Shims Introduction Primary Shims Composite Shims 52 Chapter 10 Duck and Goose, or the Whimsical Bases of Partial Structural Conformance Conformance Explicit Semantic Conformance Intersecting Conformance 64 Chapter 11 RAII Mutability Resource Source 65

3 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page xi xi Chapter 12 Template Tools Traits Type Generators True Typedefs 76 Chapter 13 Inferred Interface Adaptation: Compile-Time Adaptation of Interface-Incomplete Types Introduction Adapting Interface-Incomplete Types Adapting Immutable Collections Inferred Interface Adaptation Applying IIA to the Range 85 Chapter 14 Henney s Hypothesis, or When Templates Attack! 87 Chapter 15 The Independent Autonomies of equal() Friends Beware Nonmember Friend Function Abuse Collections and Their Iterators 91 Chapter 16 Essential Components Introduction auto_buffer filesystem_traits file_path_buffer scoped_handle dl_call() 109 PART TWO Collections 111 Chapter 17 Adapting the glob API Introduction Decomposition of the Longhand Version unixstl::glob_sequence Decomposition of the Shorthand Version Summary 135 Chapter 18 Intermezzo: Constructor Clashes and Design That Is, If Not Bad, At Least Ill-Conceived for Seamless Evolution 137 Chapter 19 Adapting the opendir/readdir API Introduction Decomposition of the Longhand Version unixstl::readdir_sequence Alternate Implementations Summary 162

4 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page xii xii Chapter 20 Adapting the FindFirstFile/FindNextFile API Introduction Decomposition of Examples Sequence Design winstl::basic_findfile_sequence winstl::basic_findfile_sequence_const_iterator winstl::basic_findfile_sequence_value_type Shims What, No Shims and Constructor Templates? Summary File System Enumeration with recls: Coda 195 Chapter 21 Intermezzo: When the Efficiency/Usability Balance Is Tipped: Enumerating FTP Server Directories inetstl::basic_findfile_sequence inetstl::basic_ftpdir_sequence 199 Chapter 22 Enumerating Processes and Modules Collection Characteristics winstl::pid_sequence winstl::process_module_sequence Enumerating All Modules on a System Avoiding the System Pseudo Processes Handling Optional API Headers Summary 211 Chapter 23 The Fibonacci Sequence Introduction The Fibonacci Sequence Fibonacci as an STL Sequence Discoverability Failure Defining Finite Bounds Summary 225 Chapter 24 Adapting MFC s CArray Container Family Introduction Motivation Emulating std::vector Design Considerations mfcstl::carray_adaptor_base Interface mfcstl::carray_cadaptor mfcstl::carray_iadaptor Construction Allocator Element Access Methods Iteration Size 248

5 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page xiii xiii Capacity Comparison Modifiers Assignment and swap() Summary On the CD 265 Chapter 25 A Map of the Environment Introduction Motivation getenv(), putenv(), setenv()/unsetenv(), and environ platformstl::environment_variable_traits Planning the Interface Lookup by Name Inserting, Updating, and Deleting Values by Name Iteration Final Iteration Implementation Heterogeneous Reference Categories? size() and Subscript by Index Summary On the CD 298 Chapter 26 Traveling Back and Forth on the Z-Plane Prologue Introduction Version 1: Forward Iteration Version 2: Bidirectional Iteration Handling External Change winstl::child_window_sequence Bidirectional Iterator Blues winstl::zorder_iterator: A Reversal of Self Finalizing the Window Peer Sequences Summary Z-Plane: Coda 323 Chapter 27 String Tokenization Introduction strtok() SynesisSTL::StringTokeniser Tokenization Use Cases Other Tokenization Alternatives stlsoft::string_tokeniser Test Drive The Policy Folly Performance Summary 352

6 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page xiv xiv Chapter 28 Adapting COM Enumerators Introduction Motivation COM Enumerators Decomposition of the Longhand Version comstl::enumerator_sequence comstl::enumerator_sequence::iterator comstl::enumerator_sequence::iterator:: enumeration_context Iterator Cloning Policies Choosing a Default Cloning Policy: Applying the Principle of Least Surprise Summary Coming Next 391 Chapter 29 Intermezzo: Correcting Minor Design Omissions with Member Type Inference 392 Chapter 30 Adapting COM Collections Introduction Motivation comstl::collection_sequence Enumerator Acquisition Policies Summary 406 Chapter 31 Gathering Scattered I/O Introduction Scatter/Gather I/O Scatter/Gather I/O APIs Adapting ACE_Message_Queue Time for Some Cake Summary 427 Chapter 32 Argument-Dependent Return-Type Variance Introduction Borrowing a Jewel from Ruby Dual-Semantic Subscripting in C Generalized Compatibility via String Access Shims A Fly in the int-ment Selecting Return Type and Overload Summary 434 Chapter 33 External Iterator Invalidation Element-Interface Coherence Windows ListBox and ComboBox Controls Enumerating Registry Keys and Values Summary On the CD 463

7 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page xv xv PART THREE Iterators 465 Chapter 34 An Enhanced ostream_iterator Introduction std::ostream_iterator stlsoft::ostream_iterator Defining Stream Insertion Operators Summary 476 Chapter 35 Intermezzo: Proscribing Fatuous Output Iterator Syntax Using the Dereference Proxy Pattern stlsoft::ostream_iterator::deref_proxy 478 Chapter 36 Transform Iterator Introduction Motivation Defining Iterator Adaptors stlsoft::transform_iterator Composite Transformations DRY SPOT Violations? A Spoonful of Sequence Helps the Medicine...? Summary On the CD 502 Chapter 37 Intermezzo: Discretion Being the Better Part of Nomenclature Chapter 38 Member Selector Iterator Introduction Motivation stlsoft::member_selector_iterator Creator Function Woes Summary On the CD 518 Chapter 39 C-Style String Concatenation Motivation An Inflexible Version stlsoft::cstring_concatenator_iterator Creator Functions Summary On the CD 526 Chapter 40 String Object Concatenation Introduction stlsoft::string_concatenator_iterator Heterogeneity of String Types 530

8 fm01.qxd 5/24/07 11:16 AM Page xvi xvi 40.4 But Summary 532 Chapter 41 Adapted Iterators Traits Introduction stlsoft::adapted_iterator_traits Summary On the CD 541 Chapter 42 Filtered Iteration Introduction An Invalid Version Member Iterators Define the Range So...? stlsoft::filter_iterator Constraining the Iterator Category Summary On the CD 550 Chapter 43 Composite Iterator Adaptations Introduction Transforming a Filtered Iterator Filtering a Transformed Iterator Hedging Our Bets Summary 554 Epilogue 555 Bibliography 556 Index 559