BLDEA S V.P. DR. P.G. HALAKATTI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, VIJAYAPURA

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1 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 1. BINARY SEARCH Work Space: Register Used Memory Address Data DI 10000H 11H 10001H 11H 10002H 22H 10003H 22H BX 10004H 33H 10005H 33H 10006H 44H 10007H 44H CX 10008H 55H 10009H 55H 24

2 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 1. BINARY SEARCH AIM: Design and develop an assembly language program to search a key element X in a list of n 16-bit numbers. Adopt Binary search algorithm in your program for searching. Write the missing lines of code and execute the following program write the comments and results. (Hint: Refer study program 20) Mnemonics.MODEL SMALL.STACK 100H.DATA COUNT DW? LIST DW 10H DUP(0) KEY DW? STATUS DW?.CODE MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX MOV DI,0000H MOV CX,COUNT DEC CX AGAIN: CMP DI,CX JG NOTFOUND MOV BX,DI ADD BX,CX MOV SI,BX ADD SI,SI MOV AX,KEY MOV DX,LIST[SI] CMP AX,DX JE FOUND JL UPPER JG LOWER UPPER: DEC BX JMP AGAIN LOWER: INC BX JMP AGAIN NOTFOUND: MOV STATUS,0000H JMP EXIT FOUND: EXIT: Results MOV STATUS,0001H MOV AH,4CH END Comments ; User have enter the value ; User have enter the value ; User have enter the value ; START POINTER ; COUNTER ; END POINTER ; GET MIDDLE POINTER DIVIDING BY 2 ; UPPER HALF ; LOWER HALF 25

3 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 2. BUBBLE SORT Work Space 26

4 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 2. BUBBLE SORT AIM: Design and develop an assembly program to sort a given set of n 16-bit numbers in ascending order. Adopt Bubble Sort algorithm to sort given elements. Write the missing lines of code and execute the following program write the comments and results. (Hint: Refer study program 18).MODEL SMALL.STACK 100H.DATA COUNT ARRAY Mnemonics.CODE MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX MOV DX,COUNT AGAIN: DEC DX JZ EXIT MOV CX,DX MOV SI,0000H UP: DW 06H DW 10H DUP(0) MOV AX,ARRAY[SI] MOV BX,ARRAY[SI+2] JAE NEXT NEXT1: INC SI LOOP UP JMP AGAIN EXIT1: MOV AH, 4CH END Results Comments ; ARRAY LENGTH ; ARRAY ELEMENTS ; OUTER COUNTER ; INNER COUNTER ; INDEX POINTER ; GET Nth &(n+1)th NUMBERS ; COMPARE IF SECOND NUMBER >= ; FIRST ; EXCHANGE BYTES ; INCREMENT INDEX-POINTER ; REPEAT 27

5 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 3. PALINDROME Work Space 28

6 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 3. PALINDROME AIM: Develop an assembly language program to reverse a given string and verify whether it is a palindrome or not. Display the appropriate message. Write the missing lines of code and execute the following program write the comments and results. (Hint: Refer study program 21, 22, 24) Mnemonics Comments.MODEL SMALL.SATCK 100H.DATA MES DB 10, 13, 'ENTER THE STRING: $' PASS DB 10, 13, 'STRING IS PALINDROME $' FAIL DB 10, 13, 'STRING IS NOT PALINDROME $' GSTR DB 100 DUP (0) RSTR DB 100 DUP (0) COUNT DW?.CODE MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS, AX MOV ES, AX MOV DX, OFFSET MES MOV AH, 09 MOV CX, 0 MOV SI, OFFSET GSTR NXTCHAR: MOV AH, 01 ; Can use 13 or 0DH CMP AL, 13 JE STRREV MOV [SI], AL INC CX JMP NXTCHAR STRREV: MOV COUNT, CX MOV SI, OFFSET GSTR MOV DI, OFFSET RSTR ADD DI, CX NEXT: MOV AL, [SI] MOV [DI], AL LOOP NEXT MOV SI, OFFSET GSTR MOV DI, OFFSET RSTR MOV CX, CMPSB JE DISPASS MOV DX, OFFSET FAIL JMP EXIT DISPSS: MOV DX, OFFSET PASS EXIT: MOV AH, 9 MOV AH, 4CH END Results 29

7 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 4. COMPUTING NCR Work Space 30

8 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 4. COMPUTING NCR AIM: Develop an assembly language program to compute ncr using recursive procedure. Assume that n and r are non-negative integers. Write the missing lines of code and execute the following program write the comments and results. (Hint: Refer study program 15, 17) Mnemonics Comments.MODEL SMALL.STACK 100H.DATA N DW 0000H R DW 0000H NCR DW 0000H.CODE MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX MOV SI,N MOV DI,R CALL ENCR MOV NCR,BP MOV AH,4CH ENCR PROC CMP DI, JE EXIT PUSH SI PUSH DI CALL ENCR POP DI POP SI MOV AX,BX MOV BX,AX MOV AX,CX MOV CX,AX MOV DX,0000H MOV AX,BX MOV BP,AX RET EXIT: MOV BX,0001H MOV CX,0001H MOV BP,0001H ENCR ENDP END Results 31

9 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 5. DISPLAY SYSTEM TIME & DATE Work Space 32

10 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 5. DISPLAY SYSTEM TIME & DATE AIM: Design and develop an assembly language program to read the current time and Date from the system and display it in the standard format on the screen. Write the missing lines of code and execute the following program write the comments and results. (Hint: Refer study program 17, 22, 24, 26, 27) Mnemonics Comments.MODEL SMALL.STACK 100H.DATA MEST DB 10,13,'THE SYSTEM TIME IS:$',10,13 MESD DB 10,13,'THE SYSTEM DATE IS:$',10,13.CODE MOV MOV DS,AX MOV DX,OFFSET MOV AH,09H MOV AH,2CH MOV AL,CH MOV AH,00 CALL DISPTMDT MOV DL,':' MOV AH,02H MOV AL, MOV AH,00 CALL DISPTMDT MOV DL, MOV AH,02H MOV AL,DH MOV AH,00 CALL DISPTMDT MOV DX,OFFSET, MOV AH,09H MOV AH,2AH MOV AL,DL MOV AH,00 CALL DISPTMDT MOV DL,'/' MOV AH,02H MOV AL, MOV AH,00 CALL DISPTMDT MOV DL, MOV AH,02H MOV AX,CX CALL DISPTMDT MOV AH,4CH DISPTMDT PROC PUSH CX PUSH DX 33

11 MOV DX,00 MOV BX,10 DIV BX MOV CL,DL MOV DX,00 DIV BX MOV CH,DL OR CX,3030H MOV DL,CH MOV AH, MOV DL,CL MOV AH, POP DX POP CX RET DISPTMDT ENDP END Results 34

12 INTRODUCTION TO ARM MICROCONTROLLER ARM core dataflow model The ARM processor, like all RISC processors, uses a load-store architecture. This means it has two instruction types for transferring data in and out of the processor: Load instructions copy data from memory to registers in the core, Store instructions copy data from registers to memory. There are no data processing instructions that directly manipulate data in memory. Thus, data processing is carried out solely in registers. Data items are placed in the register file a storage bank made up of 32- bit registers. ARM core is a 32-bit processor, most registers as holding signed or unsigned 32-bit values. The sign extend hardware converts signed 8-bit and 16-bit numbers to 32- bit values as they are read from memory and placed in a register. ARM instructions typically have Two source registers, Rn and Rm A single result or destination register, Rd. Source operands are read from the register file using the internal buses A and B, respectively. The ALU (arithmetic logic unit) or MAC (multiply-accumulate unit) takes the register values Rn and Rm from the A and B buses and computes a result. Data processing instructions write the result in Rd directly to the register file. Load and store instructions use the ALU to generate an address to be held in the address register and broadcast on the Address bus. 35

Key components of the processor: The registers, The current program status register (CPSR), The pipeline. Register General-purpose registers hold either data or an address.

13 Key components of the processor: The registers, The current program status register (CPSR), The pipeline. Register General-purpose registers hold either data or an address. Identified with the letter r prefixed to the register number. E.g. r4. Figure shows the active registers available in user mode a protected mode normally used when executing applications. The processor can operate in seven different modes. There are up to 18 active registers: 16 data registers 2 processor status registers. The data registers are visible to the programmer as r0 to r15. The shaded registers identify the assigned special-purpose registers: Register r13 is traditionally used as the stack pointer (sp) and stores the head of the stack in the current processor mode. Register r14 is called the link register (lr) and is where the core puts the return address whenever it calls a subroutine. Register r15 is the program counter (pc) and contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched by the processor Current Program Status Register cpsr to monitor and control internal operations. The cpsr is a dedicated 32-bit register and resides in the register file. Note: the shaded parts are reserved for future expansion. The cpsr is divided into four fields, each 8 bits wide: flags, status, extension, and control. The extension and status fields are reserved for future use. The control field contains the processor mode, state, and interrupt mask bits. The flags field contains the condition flags. 36

14 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 6. ARM ASSEMBLY PROGRAM Work Space 37

15 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 6. ARM ASSEMBLY PROGRAM AIM: To write and simulate ARM assembly language programs for data transfer, arithmetic and logical operations (Demonstrate with the help of a suitable program). Execute the following program write the comments. Mnemonics AREA DATA_TARNSFER_ALU, CODE, READONLY DATA_TRANSFER MOV R0,#400 MOV R1,R0 LDR R2,=0XAB LDR R2,= MOV R3,R2 ADDITOIN LDR R0,=0XA234E640 LDR R1,=0XA ADD R2,R0,R1 ADDS R3,R0,R1 SUBRACTION LDR R0,=0XA234E640 LDR R1,=0XA SUB R2,R0,R1 SUBS R3,R0,R1 MULTIPLICATION LDR R4,=0XA234E640 LDR R5,=0XA MUL R6,R4,R5 MULS R7,R4,R5 DIVISION LDR R0,=0X4 LDR R1,=0X2 MOV R3,#0 LOOP CMP R0,R1 BLT DONE ADD R3,R3,#1 SUB R0,R0,R1 B LOOP DONE MOV R4, R3 MOV R5, R0 LOGICAND LDR R0,=0XA234E640 LDR R1,=0XA AND R0,R1 LOGICOR LDR R0,=0XA234E640 LDR R1,=0XA ORR R0,R1 LOGICEOR LDR R0,=0XA234E640 LDR R1,=0XA EOR R0,R1 BX LR END Results Comments ; AREA refers to the segment of ;code (e.g. ;DATA_TARNSFER_ALU) ; READONLY state that it cannot ;be modified at run time. ; there is no DIV instruction in ARM ; Dividend ; Divisor ; for quotient ; is the divisor less that the dividend? ; add one to quotient ; to find reminder ; result quotient ; result reminder 38

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17 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 7. ARM C PROGRAM Work Space 40

18 EXPERIMENT NO.:- 7. ARM C PROGRAM AIM: To write and simulate C Programs for ARM microprocessor using KEIL (Demonstrate with the help of a suitable program). Execute the following program write the comments. Code #include <LPC214X.H> int main (void) { int i=0xa, j=0x4, k=0x2; unsigned int m=0x6,n=0x3,p=0x1; i= j + k; m = n -5; j = i* k; m = n / p; m = n % p; i = j & k; i = j k; i = j ^ k; i = ~k; } Results Comments // 32-bit signed integers // 32-bit unsigned numbers // add 32-bit integers // subtract 32-bit numbers // multiply 32-bit integers // quotient of 32-bit divide // remainder of 32-bit divide // Bitwise AND 32-bit numbers // Bitwise OR 32-bit numbers // Bitwise XOR 32-bit numbers // Bitwise NOT 32-bit numbers 41

db "Please enter up to 256 characters (press Enter Key to finish): ",0dh,0ah,'$'

db Please enter up to 256 characters (press Enter Key to finish): ,0dh,0ah,'$' PA4 Sample Solution.model large.stack 100h.data msg1 db "This programs scans a string of up to 256 bytes and counts the repetitions of the number 4206 and sums them.",0dh,0ah,'$' msg2 db "Please enter