Presented UCSB - Solid State Technology Review Santa Barbara, California November 19, 2002

Transcription

1 Rod C. Alferness Bell Labs Research Optical Networking Research Division Senior Vice President Presented UCSB - Solid State Technology Review Santa Barbara, California November 19, 2002

2 Lightwave Communication Celebrates 25 Years of Service 44.7 Mb/s x 2.4 km Multimode Fiber & LED AT&T // Illinois Bell, Chicago May May 11, 11, 1977 SKK Source: Adapted from: Landers, today@lucent ( May 9, 2002.

3 Progress In Optical Systems- Research Enabled Capacity-Distance (Gb/s km) Optical Amplifiers 1.5 µm SF Laser 1.3 µm SM Fiber 0.8 µm MM Fiber First Generation Doubles Every Year Second Generation Third Generation Fourth Generation Year Lucent Technologies Proprietary 7C ppt-Kogelnik-7/97

4 WDM Driving Down the Cost of Transmission and the Network Original Application Driver for WDM Technology Initially Justified Solely for Capacity Upgrade Over Embedded Fiber Base Announced Systems with 40, 80..Wavelengths Value Proposition Single Amplifier for All Wavelength Channels Utilize Embedded Fiber Base Data In XMTR XMTR XMTR λ 1 λ 2 λ N O M U X OA OA OA OA WDM Point-to-Point O D M U X λ 1 λ 2 λ N RCVR RCVR RCVR Data Out

5 State of the Telecomm Market North American Telco Capital Expenditure (US$B) (EIXCs, ILECs, IXCs, CLECs) The Bubble SKK Source: Ryan, CIBC, January 16, 2002.

6 The Good News- Research/Technology WDM has had a Profound Impact on Transforming the Backbone Network both with Lower-Cost, Highly Scalable Transmission and Also in Networking The Key Elements of Optical Layer Networking- Ultra-Long Haul Systems, Optical XC and Optical ADM are Products Tremendous Advances in Optical Technology- Components and Transmission Fiber The Value that Optics Brings to the Network, Not Hype is Valued The Start-Up Frenzy has Provided Many in the Field with a Wide Range of Experiences and Skills which will be Valuable in the Rebuild Despite the Current Setback, Optics has Taken its Place as a Major, Mainstream Technology in the World Economy

7 ..and Even for the Market! Continued Capacity Demand Growth Global Situation is Better than North America Metro and Access Remain Opportunities- Cost, Granularity of Bandwidth are Key Issues Inventories Have Been Significantly Reduced On Some Routes Bandwidth Margins are Quite Small Globally a Growing Push for Broadband Access Wetted Appetites for Broadband Services

8 and Network Demand Continues to Grow- So Where Do We Go From Here? With a View of End-User Needs, Continue to Refine Our View of the Network Evolution Understand the Critical Network Element Functions Required for That Network Evolution Vision Examine the Functional Component Requirements to Realize Those Network Elements in the Most Cost-Effective, Scalable Way Leverage the Advantages and Attributes of Optics- Those We Currently Know as Well as Those Research Can Reasonably Make Happen Constantly Ask the Question? What is the Value Proposition That Optics Brings to This Network Solution?

9 Optical Technology- Key Enabler When Applied to Real Network Issues Power (dbm) Power (dbm) Dynamic Gain Equalizing Filters 0 Before equalization Wavelength (nm) -15 After equalization Wavelength (nm) Higher TDM rates (40Gbps) System Cost ($K/Gb/s) Cost per bit Broader Amplification Bands Amplifier Bandwidth Wavelengths Transmission Fiber 1550 signal(s) Raman Amplification 1450/ 1550 nm WDM 1453 nm Pump Er Amplifier Transmission Fiber MEMS - All Optical Switches and OADMs First First Generation Generation 12 nm 16 Wideband Wideband 35 nm 80 Ultra-Wideband Ultra-Wideband 80 nm 200

10 Key Market Driver - Lower Cost, Scalable Networks That Improve Life Quality Historically, cost cost of of transport has has fallen 35% 35% per per year year SKK Source: Gawrys, NFOEC 2001.

11 Near Term Challenge- Drive Down Component Costs New Optical Technology has Reduced Cost/ Bit But Not Enough for Broadband Data Optical Components are Still Too Expensive Craft Intensive Assembly of Subsystems Makes Cost-Reduction and Ramp-Up (when needed) Difficult Lack of Cost-Effective Wavelength Agile Sources has Resulted in Excessive Inventories at all Stages of Component and Systems Manufacture Automated Assembly, More Robust Components, Smarter Packaging and Increased Integration Will Be Essential for Needed Cost Targets

12 Strive for the Right Balance of Optics and Electronics Optics has Demonstrated Advantages in Transmission and, Recently, in Massive High Capacity Switching, but Electronics Remains More Mature, More Integrable, More Functional, More Compact.. Cost-Effective Terminal Electronics (Coding) to Increase Reach and Enhance Capacity is Essential New Techniques to Achieve Cost-Effective Finer Granularity With Optics Integrated Opto-Electronic Circuits to Get the Best of Both Fields Remains an Important Target

13 Lightwave Capacity Trends 1000 '01 Total Capacity Number of channels Optics '96 '95 '89 '80 '83 '86 '87 '98 '93 '91 '95 '01 '98 '02 100Tb/s 10Tb/s 1Tb/s 0.1 Electronics 10Gb/s Data rate per channel (Gb/s) 100Gb/s

14 Photonic Transport Photonic Networks WDM/Point-to-Point Transport High Capacity Transmission Fixed WDM/Multipoint Network Fixed Sharing Between Multiple Nodes Passive Access of Wavelength Channels Photonic XC and WADM Reconfigured WDM/Multipoint Network Automated Connection Provisioning Flexible Adjustment of Bandwidth Network Self-Healing/Restoration Fiber Amplifier Wavelength Multiplexer/ Demultiplexer Wavelength Add/Drop Wavelength Cross-Connect

15 Wavelength Adaptation/Assignment in Optical Networks Wavelength Translation at Network Entry (Adaption) λ arb OTU λ 1 (fixed) λ 1 ε λ syst Fix λ Source Wavelength Translation/Assignment (Network Controlled) λ arb OTU+ λ i λ i ε λ syst Wavelength Selectable/Tunable Source Network Control & Management (NC&M)

16 Wavelength-Selectable Laser Modulates up to 20 Channels gain section tuning mirror amplifier modulator (transfer tapers) (dilation taper) (dilation tapers) Tunable filter, all InP device Performance demonstrated, 20 λ x 50GHz 0dBm fibered power EA-DBR is primary path to wavelength selectable functionality Wavelength [nm] Tuning Curves 24C 20C operating point SMSR [db] more channels with 16, 28, 32C temp. tuning Tuning Current [ma] 35 30

17 Wavelength Express/Local Routing at a Branch: WDM Optical Cross-Connect Network Control Drop/Add Essential Network Element-Analogous to Digital Cross-Connect Hub Node on a Ring Mesh Networks

18 Optical Switching Advancements Scalable Optical Cross-Connect with MEMS I/O Fibers Reflector MEMS 2-axis Tilt Mirrors Imaging Lenses True optical switch fabric Scalable to >1000 x 1000 ports Strictly non-blocking Wavelength, data-rate, and protocol independent <10ms mirror switching speed

19 The Optical Data Network Device Server Service Provider Servlet Device Server User Feature Applet Session Coordinator Device Server Optical Network Navigator Lucent Proprietary Use According to Company Instructions

20 Optics and Software- Better Together!! Intelligent Control in Line Systems is Needed to Continue Reducing Cost/Bit (Smart Amplifiers, DGE, Transient Control, Raman Control, Automated Control Plane Critical to Extract the Full Value Proposition of Optical Networks IP and Optical- We Need to Understand the Convergence!

21 WDM Applications Evolution Long Distance High Speed Switch/Router Metro/Business Access Optical/Wireless LAN (Interconnect, Routing) Cable TV Residential Access (WDM PON)

22 WDM Fiber Ring Networking SONET A/D Optical A/D IP Router Optical A/D ATM switch Optical A/D Optical X- connect Optical A/D SONET A/D Optical A/D IP Router Optical A/D ATM switch WDM Metro Ring: Potential Features Ultra-High Capacity Provided by DWDM Per Wavelength Protection Provide Access (Hubbed) or Inter-Office (Mesh-like) Connectivity Wavelength Channels Provide Format Independence Provide Direct Connection to High-Speed IP Router Interfaces

23 Integrated Fully Reconfigurable Wavelength Add/Drop Line Through Add Thermooptic phase shifters Waveguide gratings with interleave chirp 10 cm Drop Transmissivity (db) Wavelength (nm) Compact Low insertion loss

24 4 λ 2x2 OXC with Dilated Switches 1 in 2 OXC 1 out 2 Total on-chip loss < 16 db Inter-channel crosstalk < -20 db Dimensions 8x12 mm 2 X X X X M. Smit

25 Does Fast Optical Switching Have a Role?

26 Logical Architecture of Multi-Shelf Switches Line Card Scheduler Line Card Framer Laser Laser Local Buffers Scheduling Local Buffers (VOQ) Laser Laser Framer Line Card Crossbar Line Card Framer Laser Laser Local Buffers Scheduling Local Buffers (VOQ) Laser Laser Framer Switch Fabric System 19 x 36, >2KW power, expensive high-speed backplane Data are framed into 64-byte envelopes and transmitted to fabric Small envelopes can lead to low latency for small packets Fabric stores data in Virtual Output Queues and switches through the cross-bar Fragmentation effect due to variable size packets IP packets are not always integral multiples of 64-byte envelopes Speed up required Power consumption is high Double laser receivers/transmitters Buffers on the fabric Electronic crossbar What if we could design an optical packet fa

27 High-Speed Packet Optical Switch Fabric Totally passive core Laser switching time < 50 ns 32 Input Line Cards Tunable Transmitter Tunable Transmitter Tunable Transmitter AWG Scheduler Burst-Mode Receiver Burst-Mode Receiver Burst-Mode Receiver Based on commodity components 32 Output Line Cards Number of ocurrences Switch time (ns) Phase recover within a few ns

28 Broadband Access - Is Fiber-to-the Home Necessary? Can We Afford it?

29 Vision Distribution Architecture RP λ 1 Operations Complex Control ONU ONU λ 2 λ 3 λ N Passive Distr. Intfc. Interconn. Ntwk. Intfc. Host Terminal Complex Services Complex λ Router & Splitter ONU Small Business

30 Photograph of SiOB Optical Transceiver Chip 1.3um MONITOR PIN 1.3um SPLITER 1.3um RECEIVER PIN 1.3um XB-LASER 1.3 um 1.3 / 1.5 um 1.5 um INTEGRATED V-GROOVE for Passive FIBER ALIGNMENT 1.3um / 1.5um MACH-ZENDER WDM 1.5um REVERSING ELEMENT Gates et al., ECTC (1998)

31 What Will Be the Next Big Thing? I Don t Know, But I Do Know There Will Be One!!!

32 SOI Based Photonic Crystal Waveguides Sample surface Thermally grown silica Silica Silicon substrate Silicon J. Arentoft and M. Kristensen

33 Nanophotonics Resonantly Enhanced Nonlinearity 4 mm dia. Disk Chalcogenide Resonator Cavity Cavity round trips = 30 Nonlinearity = x1000! Planar Waveguide Small cavity Large bandwidth Resonantly Enhanced Interferometer

34 Waveguide in Ultra Compact Technology Compact Technology prototype (COBRA, 1999) 2 mm Very Compact Technology prototype (COBRA, 2000) 1.5 mm Compact Technology 1 µm Ultra Compact Technology Very Compact Technology 1000 LSI 100 MSI 10 SSI Integration Scale Predicted date -to-market M. Smit

35 Summary The Rapid Evolution and Deployment of Optical Networking Systems Has Been Driven by Innovation in Fiber, Optical Components and Transmission Systems Techniques Scalable Optical Networks Employing Optical Switching and Routing Require Highly Functional and Dense Optical Components and Circuits that Must be Cost-Effective Efforts to Cost, Size and Power Reduce Optical Subsystems is Ongoing. Integration Technologies-both Hybrid and Monolithic Will Be Key Increasing the Domain of Application of Fiber Optics to Increase Component Volumes is Essential to Continue to Drive Down Cost