Switch Datapath in the Stanford Phictious Optical Router (SPOR)
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1 Switch Datapath in the Stanford Phictious Optical Router (SPOR) H. Volkan Demir, Micah Yairi, Vijit Sabnis Arpan Shah, Azita Emami, Hossein Kakavand, Kyoungsik Yu, Paulina Kuo, Uma Srinivasan Optics and Routing Seminar (ORS) June 12, 2001 Stanford University, Stanford, CA
2 Outline What are we going to be working on? 8 What is the bigger picture (SPOR)? 8 How does optics fit into SPOR? 8 What are the optics related limitations? 8 What are the flexible points in the design? Proposed routing schemes Conclusions
3 SPOR: Specifications IP router: 8 is a box with a certain number of input and output ports that can map (route) any input to any output 8 sits in a digital, on/off keyed, optical network 8 performs packet switching (bits come in packets with destination addresses) with an aggregate data bit rate of 100Tb/s with a reasonable latency between the input and output ports O Dt O 100Tb/s RX RX E E-O-E TX E RX 100Tb/s TX TX
4 When does optics come to play? Tasks: at the required minimum level 8 receive packet (with minimal IP packet processing) 8 detect destination address 8 schedule and configure connection for packet 8 transmit packet Physical components: 8 ingress line cards (RX+E): ILC 8 egress line cards (E+TX): ELC 8 arbiter (E): A 8 interconnect (E vs. O): XC Optics: 8 We would like to use optics for interconnect (TX on ILC + OXC + RX on ELC) Number of components (hence number of connections) increases with increasing aggregate bit rate space problem distance problem (100s of feet) 8 When does it make sense to use optics as switching medium? (Electrically controlled optical routing) If so, what do we win?
5 SPOR: Further specifications Delay is OK 8 Make packets wait (buffer packets) until scheduling is done, and switch datapath is configured 8 How much routing delay is reasonable? ms? Buffering ~ ns Arbitration ~ ns-ms 100 Tb/s aggregate bit rate: 8 Linecards: 625 of them each with one fiber at 160Gb/s, or each with 4 fibers at 40 Gb/s 8 Fibers: TDM In a time slot of 6.25 ps, put 16 time-multiplexed channel, each at 10Gb/s In a time slot of 25 ps, put 4 time-multiplexed channel, each at 10Gb/s WDM put 16 different wavelengths, each at 10Gb/s put 4 different wavelengths, each at 10Gb/s 8 Presently 625 linecards each with one fiber at 160Gb/s, each fiber with 16 l each at 10Gb/s 8 In future possibly 625 linecards each with one fiber at 160Gb/s, each fiber with 16 l each at 40Gb/s
6 Optics related limitations -I TX on ILC + OXC + RX on ELC 8 cost fabrication, packaging, integration How much does it cost with electronics (assuming XC is done)? power budget What is reasonable total electrical power consumption? 8 space 8 Will attempt to quantify these parameters
7 Optics related limitations-ii TX on ILC 8 Feasible bit rate is limited: externally modulated laser diode: presently at 10Gb/s, likely at 40Gb/s by 2005, perhaps 160Gb/s in far future directly modulated (gain switched) laser diode: slower mode locked laser diode: difficult 8 From each ILC, use 16 wavelengths each at 10Gb/s 8 Number of available wavelengths is limited: tunable laser: ~ 100 (with 50GHz spacing) separate laser diodes: not easy 8 If more required, use multiple (serial or parallel) stages
8 Optics related limitations-iii OXC: 8 Number of (passive or active) optical channels may be limited by loss crosstalk 8 Configuration time of (active) optical channels is finite MEMS: µs-ms Electroholography: ~ ns Tunable laser: ns-ms Other means? Compare against electronics: ns 8 If faster configuration required, use multi switching layers or units
9 Optics related flexible points-i TX on ILC + OXC + RX on ELC optical power management dispersion management 8 comparatively easier to design both ends of the link are internally operated link is short distance (100s of feet)
10 Optics related flexible points-ii Routing speed 8 Bursty routing Slower XC reconfiguration time can be compensated for by faster bit rate than minimally required higher aggregate bit rate (e.g., through multi wavelength channel) than minimal larger chunks of data to be routed at a time (longer packets, more than one packet) To handle 160Gb/s out of a linecard, we need to route 20 B every 1ns, 20 kb every 1us, or 20 MB every 1ms 8 Parallel routing (load balancing) through multiple routing layers (Prof McKeown) Decompose routing into many routing layers, each of which is reconfigured separately by different arbiters requires bit rate to be at least twice as fast reduces required routing speed by 1/N (N = number of routing layers) 8 Multiple planes (or units) in one routing layer Decompose one routing layer into multiple planes, one of which is actively used for routing at a time while the others are being reconfigured reduces routing speed to package rate a pair of MEMS planes several (tunable) laser diodes (each with different wavelength range) 8 Combinations
11 Optics related flexible points-iii Routing scheme 8 We can choose where the decision (which node is the packet to be routed to) is introduced to the link spatially reconfigurable link: XC is reconfigured wavelength sensitive link: TX is reconfigured time sensitive link: RX is reconfigured 8 Make use of decomposition in the domains of Space (in 2D, or several 2D planes in 3D) Optical wavelength (carrier frequency) Time Or use multiple dimensions? 8 Make use of uniting in Wavelength Time Space
12 Proposed routing schemes One extreme: 8 Electrical switching fabric with optical interconnect sets a baseline The other extreme: 8 Electrically controlled optical switching fabric There is a cross-over from electrical to optical routing as bit rate demand increases 8 Cross-over point moves as both electrical and optical technologies improve 8 Martin Zirngibl from Lucent Technologies: Presently the cross-over point is 1 Tb/s If optical interconnect is required, electrical switching fabric has cost disadvantage (3 pairs of RX-TX needed) Hybrid scheme? 8 Can we combine optical and electrical switching fabrics to use advantages of each? A central optical fabric (switched at a slow rate) that connects the surrounding electrical switching fabrics (Prof Horowitz)
13 Proposed optical routing scheme Wavelength routing 8 TX on ILC tunable laser diode or array of laser diodes sample grated DBR-LD array of monolithically integrated DFB-LD array of VCSELs... coupler or wavelength multiplexer external modulator to code data 8 OXC wavelength sensitive array waveguide grating (AWG) electroholographic switches (by Trellis Photonics)... 8 RX on ELC may need wavelength sensitive RX wavelength demultiplexer + RX for each wavelength resonator photodiodes photodiodes + fiber grating + circulator...
14 Trellis Photonics Electroholographic Switch Matrix Bragg mirror (sensitive to a specific wavelength) is holographically written Bragg mirror is turned-on with voltage 8 hundreds of volts 8 in ns Electroholographic Switch Matrix
15 Proposed optical routing scheme (cont ed( cont ed) Space routing 8 Micro electrical mechanical routing Prof Solgard 8 TX(VCSEL) and RX directly-attached (e.g., through flip-chip bonding) Large number of interconnects?
16 Conclusions Need to improve our understanding 8 Optical Internet-Next Generation by SNRC 8 Next Generation Internet-Supernet by DARPA None of the optical routing schemes seems easy 8 Need to work out backbone of each design to get an idea on which one of them are realistic approaches 8 Need to compare against electrical switch
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