The Sustainability Gap? 13/03/2019. Sophia Flucker Operational Intelligence

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1 The Sustainability Gap? 13/03/2019 Weikai Gong BREEAM Sophia Flucker Operational Intelligence

materials Water Raw Materials COMPONENT Energy Emissions e.g. CO 2, NO x,so x, PM2.

2 Introduction After efficiency, what else? Energy source Material impacts Extraction / refining / manufacturing server materials Water Raw Materials COMPONENT Energy Emissions e.g. CO 2, NO x,so x, PM2.5 Environmental phenomena Lifecycle approach (excludes social impacts) Impact on Areas of Protection (AoPs) which we want to preserve

3 Energy Source

4 electricitymap.org Energy Source

5 Materials impact

6 Materials What goes into a server? copper gold silicon aluminium niobium coltan tantalum

7 Environmental Impact Habitat loss Acidification Carcinogen release Iron_hydroxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg roxide_precipitate_in_stream.jpg

8 Source: CIBSE TM56-b Material Scarcity

9 Social Impact Extraction Manufacture Disposal Léonard Pongo/The WorldPost AFP/ AFP/ Getty Images Amit Dave/Reuters

Water Water Scarcity 2.5% fresh 1% ac. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/02/17/world/americas/mexico-city-sinking.

10 Water Water Scarcity 2.5% fresh 1% ac. 70% surface coverage Estimated 1.8 billion will live in water stressed areas by eshwater-crisis/

11 Water Usage US Data Centre Consumption litres/kwh 7.8l 1.8l Scarcity is a local issue Source generation will vary between regions Trade-off of impacts power generation on-site consumption

Life Cycle Assessments is roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than water consumption.

12 Requires treatment Water Usage & Disposal Water Usage Effectiveness WUE = Annual site water usage IT equipment energy 50% Discharged to drain 50% Evaporation The environmental impact of discharged water using Life Cycle Assessments is roughly 2 orders of magnitude higher than water consumption. Reference: Dr Beth Whitehead et al, Energy and Water Environmental Trade-Offs of Data Center CoolingTechnologies, ASHRAE Las Vegas, 2017

13 Lifecycle approach

14 Most damaging impacts Energy source (gas and coal generation) Material impacts Disposal of sulphidic tailings (byproduct of producing integrated circuits) Arsenic and cadmium released to water from mining & refining gold and copper Manufacturing of IT, M+E equipment and infrastructure (tin, copper, diesel, gas) Manufacturing of structural aluminium / steel (disposal of spoil from mining of lignite)

15 Embodied Impact of IT & Facilities Damage Category IT Eq Facilities Building (Pt/kW IT/year) Climate Change 6.54E E E-03 Ecosystem quality 1.20E E E-04 Human health 5.06E E E-03 Resources 7.42E E E-03 Total 2.02E E E-03 Ratio IT / Facilities Ratio (IT + Facilities) / Building 2.0 (1.3 to 5.3) 691 (400 to 1200) Shah & Whitehead

16 Data centre LCA analysis Scenario 1 - BASELINE Operational 4 x > Embodied UK, free cooling, 3yr server refresh, fully populated with servers that use 50% peak power to idle and 30% utilised Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Operational Swedish energy, reduced energy consumption (consolidation, virtualisation) increased servers UK energy, reduced energy consumption, increased servers Operational 1/2 = of Embodied Embodied

17 Summary of Impacts Equipment Impact LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (Pt/kW IT /year) Energy Use Energy Mix Facilities M&E IT Scalability Zero Refrigeration UPS battery Copper, Steel Aluminium Refresh rates Printed Circuit Boards Utilisation Virtualisation Open source, comp, stack Renewables Off grid Grid Site CO2 CAPEX OPEX Brand

18 Solutions

19 Energy Source Choose location base on grid carbon intensity Build own capacity Invest in renewables drive additionality

20 Water 1. Choose location Check local water stress Power generation water intensity 2. Choose appropriate cooling strategy 3. Measure and reduce water discharged (effect of disposal)

Material Embodied Impact 1. Reduce ICT hardware requirements virtualisation provisioning of resilience right-sizing increase utilisation efficient software 2.

21 Material Embodied Impact 1. Reduce ICT hardware requirements virtualisation provisioning of resilience right-sizing increase utilisation efficient software 2. Review refresh rates 3. Upgradability, design for disassembly 4. Refurbished servers (if appropriate) 5. Recycled materials in servers 6. Dispose responsibly ASK YOUR MANUFACTURER

22 Material Supply Chain Fairphone / Sourcemap ASK YOUR MANUFACTURER

23 De-materialisation 1. Zero refrigeration 2. Avoid overdesign 3. Open Compute Project

24 The Business Case

25 The Business Case Positive Action Market Awareness Green premium Brown discount Market Demand* Normalise practice *some consumers

26 References EN Information technology - Data centre facilities and infrastructures. Recommended practices for environmental sustainability EC Green Public Procurement guidelines CEDaCI

27 Search: BREEAM data centres survey Your Views Matter

Is PUE the best we can do? Vasiliki Georgiadou, Green IT Amsterdam DCW London, UK 2019/03/12. H2020-EE-2017-RIA-IA Grant Agreement no

Is PUE the best we can do? Vasiliki Georgiadou, Green IT Amsterdam DCW London, UK 2019/03/12 H2020-EE-2017-RIA-IA Grant Agreement no 768739 Every Company is an IT Company 12/03/2019 DCW 2019 London, UK