complex instruction set compute. reduced instruction set compute FETCH&EXECUTE. Instruction Register -

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1 3600 XT 8086 AT PENTIUM 586 complex instruction set compute FETCH reduced instruction set compute BYTE 4 FETCH RISC CISC CISC RISC EU BIU 2 IP 3 2 FETCH FETCH&EXECUTE 16 IP 161 IP 162 Instruction Register 163 Instruction Register 164 PIPELINE : PIPELINE 174 JMP 1741 FETCH

2 Bus Interface Unit BIU 211 Execution Unit EU 221 Instruction Register THREEBUS Address Bus 241 A0A Data Bus 242 D0D Control Bus Random Access Memory RAM 251 Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU

3 3 31 32 321 AX Accumulator 3211 3212 322 BX Base 3221 323 CX Count 3231 LOOP 324 DX Data 3241 3242 9 AX 16 325 DI Destination Index 3251 DS:DI 326 SI Source Index 3261 ES:SI 327 SP Stack

3 AX Accumulator BX Base CX Count 3231 LOOP 324 DX Data AX DI Destination Index 3251 DS:DI 326 SI Source Index 3261 ES:SI 327 SP Stack Pointer 328 BP Base Pointer 329 DS Data Segment 3291 RAM 3210 ES Extra Segment DI 3211 CS Code Segment SS Stack Segment IP Instruction Pointer CS:IP 32132

4 Flag Register 33 Overflow O 331 SIGNED 3311 UNDERFLOW OVERFLOW = Direction D 332 = Interrupt I 333 Interrupt 3331 INT = Trap T 334 DEBUG 3341 Single Step 3342 Sign S = INTEGER 3353 Zero Z = Aux Carry A 337 DL CL BL AL CF 3371 Parity P = Carry C 339 UNSIGNED 3391 CARRY BORROW = INT CALL 2 AH SP AL CS:IP AL AH IRET 64kBytes PUSH RET Stack SP 2 SP PUSH AX : AX PUSH POP POP AX : AX POP

5 [ 20 ] = { [ RM 16 ] x [0000=16]} + [ Direct Addressing MOV AX [a101h] : Immediate Addressing MOV AX a301h : Register Addressing MOV AX BX : Indirect Addressing SI DI BX :DS BP :SS MOV AX [BX] : MOV AX [BX+SI+30] : Array Addressing MOV AX vector[bx] : : ]

OUT IN 16 DX 256 PORT PORT 255 8 IO 61 62 63 64 6 INT Programmable Interrupt Controller PIC 65 651 652 INT PIC 653 6531 IO 8 PIC 654 PIC 655 IRQ 656 PIC 6561 Interrupt Mask Register IMR 657 IO 6571 8

6 OUT IN 16 DX 256 PORT PORT IO INT Programmable Interrupt Controller PIC INT PIC IO 8 PIC 654 PIC 655 IRQ 656 PIC 6561 Interrupt Mask Register IMR 657 IO Interrupt Request Register IRR Priority Resolver In Service Register ISR Control Logic 6511 Nested Mode ICW4 ICW2 ICW1 Initialization Command Word PIC 8 ICW4 ICW3 ICW2 ICW1 : 4 IVT ICW 8 : MOV AL ICW2 OUT 20h AL ICW ICW3 IRQ IRQ 4 Operation Command Word OCW 3 ICW OCW

7 Timer & Speaker 7 Timer OUT0 OUT1 OUT2 Counters PORT h OUT0 PORT h OUT1 PORT h OUT2 PORT Hz Control Word h PORT OUT 2 Speaker 714 Mode 3 Counter Speaker 3 Timer Speaker Timer OUT2 61h 8 PORT : 0 = 1 : 1 = 1 Timer 43h 182 AX 42h AL 42h AH IN AL 61h 8255 OR AL OUT 61h AL IN AL 61h 8255 AND AL OUT 61h AL

8 8 8 Real Mode ISR ISR Interrupt Subroutine Request INT INTA DATA 85 IF = = CLI STI 1 86 IRET NMI Maskable Interrupt Non Devide Error Single Step into 8101 OVERFLOW 8102 OF=1 811 INTO OVERFLOW Interrupt External Interrupt Internal 8131 INT INT INTO Interrupt Software 8141 INT 815 BIOS 8151 ROM

9 PENTIUM IVT 1Kbyte INT xxh INTEL 4 IP : Interrupt Ve ctor Table 8 CS Real Mode Protected Mode IVT : CS:IP 2 REBOOT INT 19h INT 19h ffff:0000 ES SS DS HALT REBOOT

10 CS:IP INT xxh INTA IP CS CS:IP IVT CS:IP INT TF IF CS IP : INT : ISR : INT IRET :

11 8k Descriptors DT Protected Mode PM Multy Tasking PM 93 Task Tasks 931 PM Selector TI RPLDPL Selector ^13=8k Descriptors 8000 Selector LDT = 1GDT = 0DT TI Request Code Privilege Level RPLCPL DT 9431 Descriptor DT RPL 9434 ES SS DS RPL 9435 CS CPL 9436 Descriptor Table DT DT 952 : 9521 MOV AX [BX] : DT DS Kbyte DT Descriptor LDT GDT DT Global DT GDT Local DT LDT GDT Register GDTR 98 GDT 981 L DT Descriptor LDTD 99 LDT GDT Descriptor 991 LDT Register LDTR 910 LDT LDTD 9101 Basic Segment Address BSA 911 DT 9111 PM 912 Descriptor DT DS Selector 9121 BSA Descriptor 9122 BSA BX Offset

12 Descriptor DT 9131 Base Address MByte 20 RM MByte 24 PM GByte 32 PM Segment Limit 9133 Offset Limit KByte 16 RM KByte 16 PM MByte 20 PM MByte Granularity G GByte 1GByte G = h fffffh : G = XXXh fffffxxxh : DB 9135 PM RM = = RISC CISC B : Byte MOV B8 OP Code h h Bytes MOV AX 9090h : 0= DB Bytes MOV EAX h : 1= DB AVL O 9137 INTEL

13 DATA STACK Descriptor 7 P 6 5 DPL DS Selector 4 S Access Rights E EDC RW A A = = S Descriptor = Descriptor = Descriptor Privilege Level DPL RPL P Descriptor = Descriptor = E Descriptor = RW W = = EDC ED = = Descriptor = RW R = = EDC C = = Flat Model Virtual Model 915 Virtual Memory Protected Mode 9153 Descriptor 9154 CS DATA CODE 13

14 GDT 916 GDTR Selector GDT GDT LDT 917 GDTR LDTR Selector GDT LDTD GDT LDT LDT DT GS FS ES DS SS CS Segment Selector CPL RPL PM PM IDT PM GDT IDT IDT GDT GDT GDTR IDT IDTR 1 Protected Enabled PE GDT EIP CS Segment Selector SS DS

15 PM 9211 IDT Interrupt Descriptor Table IVT IDTR IDT Register IDT LDT GDT 9214 IDTR IDT 9215 LIDT IRETD Descriptor ECS EIP EFLAGS : IRET CS IP FLAGS RET IP CS 922 Swap File 9221 HD 9222 RAM 9223 Swap Virtual Memory 923 Paging page 9233 PC Page 4K8K RAM : MultyTasking Swap RAM HD HD

16 16 10 Real Mode Protected Mode RM 1012 PM RM MByte Kbyte LINK LOAD model Small CS DS PM GByte DT

FILEasm ASCII FILEobj LINKER FILEexe HEADER LOADER 111 1111 112 1121 1122 1123 113 1131 1132 11 HEADER 114 1141 ASM 1142 UnAssembly DisAssembly 115 Reverse Engineering 1151 LST 116 : 1161

17 FILEasm ASCII FILEobj LINKER FILEexe HEADER LOADER HEADER ASM 1142 UnAssembly DisAssembly 115 Reverse Engineering 1151 LST 116 : IP Offset EB8:0107 BB0104 MOV BX 0401 CS:IP : 121 EB8: BB MOV BX DD = 32bit DW = 16bit DB = 8bit

18 model small model small ; 64 #MAKE_EXE# ;****Stack Segment***************************************************************** stack dw 100h ; ;****Data Segment****************************************************************** data ; Five equ 5d ; Message db 'Hello' '$' ; 10 13$ ;***** Code Segment **************************************************************** code ; START: ; pusha ;save all registers pushf ;save all flags 14 Mov ;init DS on the data segment Mov ds ax Mov ax 0a000h ;init ES on beginning of the screen Mov es ax popf ;resume all flags popa ;resume all registers ;end program returns the control to the operating system Endprogram: mov ax 4c00h int 21h ; ;************************************End of the Main Program************************ end ; assume cs:cod_seg ds:dat_seg ss:st_seg ; ;****Data Segment****************************************************************** dat_seg segment ; dat_seg ends ; ;****Stack Segment***************************************************************** st_seg segment ; DW 10 dup? ;? 2 10 st_seg ends ; ;***** Code Segment **************************************************************** cod_seg segment ; START: ; pusha ;save all registers pushf ;save all flags 15 Mov ax dat_seg ;init DS on the data segment Mov ds ax Mov ax 0a000h ;init ES on beginning of the screen Mov es ax popf ;resume all flags popa ;resume all registers ;end program returns the control to the operating system Endprogram: mov ax 4c00h int 21h ; ;************************************End of the Main Program************************ cod_seg ends ; end cs:start ds:dat_seg ss:st_seg ; 18

19 :X

20 20

21 Character Name Char Code Decimal Binary Hex Null NUL Start of Heading SOH Ctrl A Start of Text STX Ctrl B End of Text ETX Ctrl C End of Transmit EOT Ctrl D Enquiry ENQ Ctrl E Acknowledge ACK Ctrl F Bell BEL Ctrl G Back Space BS Ctrl H Horizontal Tab TAB Ctrl I Line Feed LF Ctrl J A Vertical Tab VT Ctrl K B Form Feed FF Ctrl L C Carriage Return CR Ctrl M D Shift Out SO Ctrl N E Shift In SI Ctrl O F Data Line Escape DLE Ctrl P Device Control 1 DC1 Ctrl Q Device Control 2 DC2 Ctrl R Device Control 3 DC3 Ctrl S Device Control 4 DC4 Ctrl T Negative Acknowledge NAK Ctrl U Synchronous Idle SYN Ctrl V End of Transmit Block ETB Ctrl W Cancel CAN Ctrl X End of Medium EM Ctrl Y Substitute SUB Ctrl Z A Escape ESC Ctrl [ B File Separator FS Ctrl \ C Group Separator GS Ctrl ] D Record Separator RS Ctrl ^ E Unit Separator US Ctrl _ F Space Exclamation Point! Shift Double Quote Shift PoundNumber Sign # Shift Dollar Sign $ Shift Percent Sign % Shift Ampersand & Shift Single Quote ASCII 17 Left Parenthesis Shift Right Parenthesis Shift Asterisk * Shift A Plus Sign + Shift = B Comma C Hyphen Minus Sign D Period E Forward Slash F Zero Digit One Digit Two Digit Three Digit Four Digit Five Digit Six Digit Seven Digit Eight Digit Nine Digit Colon : Shift ; A Semicolon ; ; B LessThan Sign < Shift C Equals Sign = = D GreaterThan Sign > Shift E Question Mark? Shift F At Shift Capital A A Shift A Capital B B Shift B Capital C C Shift C Capital D D Shift D Capital E E Shift E Capital F F Shift F Capital G G Shift G Capital H H Shift H Capital I I Shift I Capital J J Shift J A Capital K K Shift K B Capital L L Shift L C Capital M M Shift M D Capital N N Shift N E Capital O O Shift O F Capital P P Shift P

22 Capital Q Q Shift Q Capital R R Shift R Capital S S Shift S Capital T T Shift T Capital U U Shift U Capital V V Shift V Capital W W Shift W Capital X X Shift X Capital Y Y Shift Y Capital Z Z Shift Z A Left Bracket [ [ B Backward Slash \ \ C Right Bracket ] ] D Caret ^ Shift E Underscore _ Shift F Back Quote ` ` Lowercase A a A Lowercase B b B Lowercase C c C Lowercase D d D Lowercase E e E Lowercase F f F Lowercase G g G Lowercase I I I Lowercase J j J A Lowercase K k K B Lowercase L l L C Lowercase M m M D Lowercase N n N E Lowercase O o O F Lowercase P p P Lowercase Q q Q Lowercase R r R Lowercase S s S Lowercase T t T Lowercase U u U Lowercase V v V Lowercase W w W Lowercase X x X Lowercase Y y Y Lowercase Z z Z A Left Brace { Shift [ B Vertical Bar Shift \ C Right Brace } Shift ] D Tilde ~ Shift ` E Delta F Lowercase H h H

23 bit setting MSB bit LSB normal foreground 0 X X X X X X X blinkingbold 1 X X X X X X X background X b b b X X X X foreground X X X X X f f f Bold X X X X B X X X MOV AX 03h INT 10h 2 * 25* 80= 4KByte B800:0000h TEXT A000:0000h Byte 80 8 Byte MOV DL column MOV DH row MOV AH 2h INT 10h MOV DX offset String MOV AH 9h INT 21h DL DH 8* place 8 color MOV DI place MOV byte ptr[di] color MOV byte Dptr[DI] color 23

24 MOV AX 03h INT 10h MOV AH 0Ch INT 10h MOV AH 0Dh INT 10h MOV BH 0h MOV AH 2h INT 10h MOV AH 4Ch INT 21h MOV AH 1h INT 21h MOV AH 8h INT 21h MOV AH 2h INT 21h MOV AH 9h INT 21h MOV AH 0ah INT 21h $ 13d=0Dh DX DX ENTER AL DL ENTER ASCCI 10d=0Ah TEXT DX CX AL DX CX AL DH DL BH= Byte Byte

25 INT 33h MOV AX 07h MOV CX 0h MOV DX screenwidth INT 33h MOV AX 07h MOV CX 0h MOV DX screenheight INT 33h 0 1 = DX CX BX MOV AH 0eh MOV BH 0 INT 10h MOV DX Xbytes INT 27h DX??? AL Xbytes X IN AL 64h IN AL 60h OUT 20h 20h PIC ISR End Of Interrupt = EOI PIC 20h AL = 1 LSB PIC

26 2 2 LOOP 128 IP IP CS 1 22 LOOP LOOP loopstart : 2212 loopstart 2213 CX LOOP 2215 OF AF CF Jump JMP JMP jumppoint : 2222 jumppoint CALL RET CALL routine : routine RET Compare CMP CMP AX BX : 2242 AX=AX BX 2243 ZF 2244 Clear Direction CLD DF Set Direction STD DF IN IN AX 63h : 2273 OUT OUT 61h AX : 2283 Load Effective Address LEA DS:DX : DX 2292 MOV DX offset Var 2210 Var DX C lear I CLI 2211 IF= Set I STI 2212 IF=

27 CX REP DEBUG 231 DEBUG MSDOS : 2321 R 2322 D 2323 E HEX 2324 T trace 2325 G 2326 A 2327 U 2328? DEBUG 233 DEBUG DEBUG RUN Window START

IA32 Intel 32-bit Architecture

1 2 IA32 Intel 32-bit Architecture Intel 32-bit Architecture (IA32) 32-bit machine CISC: 32-bit internal and external data bus 32-bit external address bus 8086 general registers extended to 32 bit width