A post-secular turn in attitudes towards religion? Anti-religiosity and anti-muslim sentiment in Western Europe

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1 Il Mulino - Rivisteweb Egbert Ribberink, Peter Achterberg, Dick Houtman A post-secular turn in attitudes towards religion? Anti-religiosity and anti-muslim sentiment in Western Europe (doi: /88810) Rassegna Italiana di Sociologia (ISSN ) Fascicolo 4, ottobre-dicembre 2017 Copyright c by Società editrice il Mulino, Bologna. Tutti i diritti sono riservati. Per altre informazioni si veda Licenza d uso L articolo è messo a disposizione dell utente in licenza per uso esclusivamente privato e personale, senza scopo di lucro e senza fini direttamente o indirettamente commerciali. Salvo quanto espressamente previsto dalla licenza d uso Rivisteweb, è fatto divieto di riprodurre, trasmettere, distribuire o altrimenti utilizzare l articolo, per qualsiasi scopo o fine. Tutti i diritti sono riservati.

2 RIVISTA ITALIANA DI SOCIOLOGIA Anno LVIII - N. 4 - OTTOBRE/DICEMBRE /2017 RELIGIOUS CHANGE AND THE SHAPING OF SOLIDARITY AND SOCIAL PARTICIPATION IN A TROUBLED EUROPE EGBERT RIBBERINK, PETER ACHTERBERG and DICK HOUTMAN A post-secular turn in attitudes towards religion Anti-religiosity and anti-muslim sentiment in Western Europe Supplementary materials

3 Full model explaining Anti-Religiosity and Anti-Muslim sentiment (OLS multilevel analysis, Maximum Likelihood, N=25,222 in 20 countries) Dependent variable: ANTI-RELIGIOSITY ANTI_ISLAM_SENTIMENT Model: Model A1 Model A2 Model A3 Model B1 Model B2 Model B3 Constant Country-level Secularity Muslim presence 0.02 Integration index (MIPEX) Gender = male 0.06*** *** *** (0.06) -0.20* (0.07) 0.08 (0.06) (0.06) 0.06*** (0.06) -0.19* (0.07) 0.08 (0.06) (0.06) 0.06*** Gender = female (ref.) Age -0.09*** Education 0.04*** (0.00) -0.09*** 0.03*** (0.00) -0.09*** 0.03*** (0.00) 0.06*** -0.23*** 0.06*** -0.23*** Income > 5000 (ref.) Income ~ Income Income < Income non-reported 0.01 Protestant denomination -0.10*** Non-religious 0.36*** Orthodox beliefs -0.42*** -0.01~ *** 0.36*** (0.02) -0.41*** -0.01~ *** 0.36*** (0.02) -0.41*** Country-level Secularity X Non-religious (0.02) *** 0.04*** 0.05* (0.02) *** 0.04*** (0.06) -0.19* (0.07) 0.08 (0.06) (0.06) 0.06*** 0.06*** -0.23*** *** 0.04*** 0.06** (0.02) * -2loglikelihood Variance individual level Variance country level (0.02) 2

4 Variance non-religious USE ALL. COMPUTE filter_$=(country=40 country=56 country=208 country=276 country=246 country=250 country=300 country=352 country=372 country=380 country=442 country=470 country=528 country=578 country=620 country=724 country=752 country=756 country=826 country=900 country=909). VARIABLE LABELS filter_$ 'country=40 country=56 country=208 '+ 'country=276 country=246 country=250 country=300 country=352 country=372 '+ 'country=380 country=442 country=470 country=528 country=578 country= (FILTER)'. VALUE LABELS filter_$ 0 'Not Selected' 1 'Selected'. FORMATS filter_$ (f1.0). FILTER BY filter_$. ***Muslim population Pew data*** If (country eq 40) Muslim_country= If (country eq 56) Muslim_country= If (country eq 208) Muslim_country= If (country eq 246) Muslim_country= If (country eq 250) Muslim_country= If (country eq 276) Muslim_country= If (country eq 300) Muslim_country= If (country eq 352) Muslim_country= If (country eq 372) Muslim_country= If (country eq 380) Muslim_country=

5 If (country eq 442) Muslim_country= If (country eq 470) Muslim_country= If (country eq 528) Muslim_country= If (country eq 578) Muslim_country= If (country eq 620) Muslim_country= If (country eq 724) Muslim_country= If (country eq 752) Muslim_country= If (country eq 756) Muslim_country= If (country eq 826) Muslim_country= If (country eq 909) Muslim_country= exe. ***mipex data*** If (country eq 40) MIPEX_pol= 42. If (country eq 56) MIPEX_pol= 67. If (country eq 208) MIPEX_pol= 53. If (country eq 246) MIPEX_pol= 69. If (country eq 250) MIPEX_pol= 51. If (country eq 276) MIPEX_pol= 57. If (country eq 300) MIPEX_pol= 49. If (country eq 352) MIPEX_pol= 45. If (country eq 372) MIPEX_pol= 49. If (country eq 380) MIPEX_pol= 60. If (country eq 442) MIPEX_pol= 59. If (country eq 470) MIPEX_pol= 37. 4

6 If (country eq 528) MIPEX_pol= 68. If (country eq 578) MIPEX_pol= 66. If (country eq 620) MIPEX_pol= 79. If (country eq 724) MIPEX_pol= 63. If (country eq 752) MIPEX_pol= 78. If (country eq 756) MIPEX_pol= 43. If (country eq 826) MIPEX_pol= 57. If (country eq 909) MIPEX_pol= 57. exe. ***religious variables*** If (v105 eq 2) denom_relp=0. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 0) denom_relp=0. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 1) denom_relp=1. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 2) denom_relp=2. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 3) denom_relp=3. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 8) denom_relp=8. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 4) denom_relp=4. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 5) denom_relp=5. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 6) denom_relp=6. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 7) denom_relp=7. If (v105 eq 1 and v106 eq 9) denom_relp=9. EXE. RECODE denom_relp (0=1) (1=2) (2,3=3) (8=4) (4,5,6,7,9=5) INTO Denom_Religiosity. 5

7 VARIABLE LABELS Denom_Religiosity 'Types of affiliation'. recode Denom_Religiosity (3=1) (1,2,4,5=0) into Prot_Religiosity. exe. RECODE v109 (1,2,3,4,5,6,7=COPY) INTO secular2. VARIABLE LABELS secular2 'No attendance'. AGGREGATE /OUTFILE=* MODE=ADDVARIABLES /BREAK=country /Secular_Country=MEAN(secular2). ***anti-muslim scale*** RECODE v102 (1=3) (2=1) (3=2) INTO v102new. VARIABLE LABELS v102new 'immigrant no jobs'. Recode v268 (1=10) (2=9) (3=8) (4=7) (5=6) (6=5) (7=4) (8=3) (9=2) (10=1) into v268new. VARIABLE LABELS v268new 'immigrants take jobs away'. Recode v269 (1=10) (2=9) (3=8) (4=7) (5=6) (6=5) (7=4) (8=3) (9=2) (10=1) into v269new. 6

8 VARIABLE LABELS v269new 'immigrants undermine cultural ife'. Recode v270 (1=10) (2=9) (3=8) (4=7) (5=6) (6=5) (7=4) (8=3) (9=2) (10=1) into v270new. VARIABLE LABELS v270new 'immigrants increase crime'. Recode v271 (1=10) (2=9) (3=8) (4=7) (5=6) (6=5) (7=4) (8=3) (9=2) (10=1) into v271new. VARIABLE LABELS v271new 'immigrants strain welfare'. Recode v272 (1=10) (2=9) (3=8) (4=7) (5=6) (6=5) (7=4) (8=3) (9=2) (10=1) into v272new. VARIABLE LABELS v272new 'immigrants become threat'. Recode v274 (1=5) (2=4) (3=3) (4=2) (5=1) into v274new. VARIABLE LABELS v274new 'immigrants make me feel stranger'. Recode v275 (1=5) (2=4) (3=3) (4=2) (5=1) into v275new. VARIABLE LABELS v275new 'immigrants too many'. RECODE v53 (1=1) (-1,0=0) INTO v53new. VARIABLE LABELS v53new 'no muslim neighbour'. 7

9 FACTOR /VARIABLES v102new v268new v269new v270new v271new v272new v274new v275new v53new /MISSING LISTWISE /ANALYSIS v102new v268new v269new v270new v271new v272new v274new v275new v53new /PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION /PLOT EIGEN /CRITERIA MINEIGEN(1) ITERATE(25) /EXTRACTION PC /ROTATION NOROTATE /METHOD=CORRELATION. RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=v102new v268new v269new v270new v271new v272new v274new v275new v53new /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA. /SUMMARY=TOTAL. DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES== v102new v268new v269new v270new v271new v272new v274new v275new v53new /save /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX. COMPUTE Anti_Islam_scale=mean.8(Zv102new, Zv268new, Zv269new, Zv270new, Zv271new, Zv272new, Zv274new, Zv275new, Zv53new). AGGREGATE 8

10 /OUTFILE=* MODE=ADDVARIABLES /BREAK=country /Anti_Islam_country=MEAN(Anti_Islam_scale). ***anti-religiosity*** RECODE v114 (0=SYSMIS) (1=1) (-1=SYSMIS) (2=2) (3=3) into f034new2. VARIABLE LABELS f034new2 'Convinced atheists1'. RECODE v205 (1,2,3,4=copy) into e069new. VARIABLE LABELS e069new 'Confidence in chuch low'. FACTOR /VARIABLES f034new2 e069new /MISSING PAIRWISE /ANALYSIS f034new2 e069new /PLOT EIGEN /CRITERIA MINEIGEN(1) ITERATE(25) /EXTRACTION PC /ROTATION NOROTATE /METHOD=CORRELATION. RELIABILITY /VARIABLES= f034new2 e069new 9

11 /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA /SUMMARY=TOTAL. COMPUTE Anti_Religiosity=Mean(f034new2, e069new). ***Religious orthodoxy*** RECODE v119 (0=copy) (1=2) (-1=1) (-1=0) INTO v119new2. VARIABLE LABELS v119new2 'belief in God'. RECODE v120 (0=copy) (1=2) (-1=1) INTO v120new. VARIABLE LABELS v120new 'belief in life after'. RECODE v121 (0=copy) (1=2) (-1=1) INTO v121new. VARIABLE LABELS v121new 'belief in hell'. RECODE v122 (0=copy) (1=2) (-1=1) INTO v122new. VARIABLE LABELS v122new 'belief in heaven'. RECODE v123 (0=copy) (1=2) (-1=1) INTO v123new. VARIABLE LABELS v123new 'belief in sin'. 10

12 FACTOR /VARIABLES v119new2 v120new v121new v122new v123new /MISSING LISTWISE /ANALYSIS v119new2 v120new v121new v122new v123new /PRINT INITIAL EXTRACTION /PLOT EIGEN /CRITERIA MINEIGEN(1) ITERATE(25) /EXTRACTION PC /ROTATION NOROTATE /METHOD=CORRELATION. RELIABILITY /VARIABLES=v119new2 v120new v121new v122new v123new /SCALE('ALL VARIABLES') ALL /MODEL=ALPHA. /SUMMARY=TOTAL. Compute Orthodox_beliefs2=mean.4(v119new2, v120new, v121new, v122new, v123new). variable labels Orthodox_beliefs2 'Orthodox beliefs'. execute. ***Income***1=tot155, 2=tot2500, 3=tot5000, 4=5000+, 0=missing*** if (studyno eq 4800) income=5. If (v353mm eq 1 and studyno eq 4800) Income=1. 11

13 If (v353mm eq 2 and studyno eq 4800) Income=1. If (v353mm eq 3 and studyno eq 4800) Income=1. If (v353mm eq 4 and studyno eq 4800) Income=1. If (v353mm eq 5 and studyno eq 4800) Income=1. If (v353mm eq 6 and studyno eq 4800) Income=2. If (v353mm eq 7 and studyno eq 4800) Income=2. If (v353mm eq 8 and studyno eq 4800) Income=2. If (v353mm eq 9 and studyno eq 4800) Income=3. If (v353mm eq 10 and studyno eq 4800) Income=4. If (v353mm eq 11 and studyno eq 4800) Income=4. If (v353mm eq 12 and studyno eq 4800) Income=4. If (v353mm eq -1 and studyno eq 4800) Income=5. If (v353mm eq -2 and studyno eq 4800) Income=5. If (v353mm eq -3 and studyno eq 4800) Income=5. If (v353mm eq -4 and studyno eq 4800) Income=5. If (v353mm eq -5 and studyno eq 4800) Income=5. Value labels Income 1 '<1500' 2 ' ' 3 ' ' 4'5000<'5 'not reported'. DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES==Income /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX. recode Income (1=1) (3,2,4,5=0) into Income_1500. exe. recode Income (2=1) (1,3,4,5=0) into Income_2500. exe. 12

14 recode Income (3=1) (1,2,4,5=0) into Income_5000. exe. recode Income (4=1) (1,2,3,5=0) into Income_5000more. exe. recode Income (5=1) (1,3,2,4=0) into Income_non_report. exe. ***use high income as reference*** DESCRIPTIVES VARIABLES= Anti_Islam_scale Anti_Religiosity Secular_Country Muslim_country Income_1500 Income_5000more secular2 Prot_Religiosity age v302 v336 Income_2500 Income_5000 Income_non_report Orthodox_beliefs2 MIPEX_pol /save /STATISTICS=MEAN STDDEV MIN MAX. ***Multilevel anti-religiosity*** MIXED ZAnti_Religiosity by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZMuslim_country ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). 13

15 MIXED ZAnti_Religiosity by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZMuslim_country ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= Zage Zv336 Zv302 ZSecular_Country ZMuslim_country ZMIPEX_pol ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). MIXED ZAnti_Religiosity by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZMuslim_country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= Zage Zv336 Zv302 ZSecular_Country ZMuslim_country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 ZMIPEX_pol Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT Zsecular2 SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). MIXED ZAnti_Religiosity by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 ZMIPEX_pol Zsecular2 ZMuslim_country ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity 14

16 /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= Zage Zv336 Zv302 ZSecular_Country ZOrthodox_beliefs2 Zsecular2 ZMIPEX_pol ZMuslim_country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2*ZSecular_Country ZProt_Religiosity SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT Zsecular2 SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). ***multi level anti-muslim sentiment*** MIXED ZAnti_Islam_scale by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZProt_Religiosity ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). MIXED ZAnti_Islam_scale by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity ZMuslim_country ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) 15

17 /FIXED= Zage Zv336 Zv302 ZSecular_Country ZMuslim_country ZMIPEX_pol ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 ZProt_Religiosity Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). MIXED ZAnti_Islam_scale by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZMuslim_country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= Zage Zv336 Zv302 ZSecular_Country ZMIPEX_pol ZMuslim_country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 ZProt_Religiosity Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT Zsecular2 SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). MIXED ZAnti_Islam_scale by Zv302 WITH Zage Zv336 ZSecular_Country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZProt_Religiosity ZMuslim_country ZMIPEX_pol /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(100) MXSTEP(10) SCORING(1) SINGULAR( ) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE( , ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= Zage Zv336 Zv302 ZSecular_Country ZMIPEX_pol Zsecular2 ZOrthodox_beliefs2 ZMuslim_country ZIncome_non_report ZIncome_1500 ZIncome_2500 ZIncome_5000 ZProt_Religiosity Zsecular2*ZSecular_Country SSTYPE(3) /METHOD=REML 16

18 /PRINT=SOLUTION /RANDOM=INTERCEPT Zsecular2 SUBJECT(country) COVTYPE(VC). 17

[DataSet3] C:\Documents and Settings\uyj0001\Desktop\HLMExample10.sav. Model Dimension b. Number of Parameters. Covariance Structure.

$[DataSet3] C:\Documents and Settings\uyj0001\Desktop\HLMExample10.sav. Model Dimension b. Number of Parameters. Covariance Structure.$ MIXED mathach /CRITERIA=CIN(95) MXITER(00) MXSTEP(5) SCORING() SINGULAR(0.00000000000) HCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) LCONVERGE(0, ABSOLUTE) PCONVERGE(0.00000, ABSOLUTE) /FIXED= SSTYPE() /RANDOM=INTERCEPT SUBJECT()