Estimated Time for Unit: 10.5 h ours Unit i CompUter BasiCs Lesson hrs. Lesson hrs. Lesson hrs. Lesson hrs.

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1 Estimated Time for Uit: 10.5 h ours Uit I 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 1 10/15/08 gdf Computer Basics Lesso hrs. Computers ad Computer Literacy Lesso hrs. The Iteret ad the World Wide Web Lesso hrs. The Iteret ad Research Lesso hrs. How a Computer Processes Data Lesso hrs. Iput, Output, ad Storage Lesso hrs. Operatig Systems ad Software Lesso 7 Networks 1.5 hrs. 1 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 1 10/16/08 2:55:08 PM

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3 Estimated Time: 1.5 h ours Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 3 10/15/08 gdf OBJECTIVES Upo completio of this lesso, you should be able to: Discuss the history of computers. Defie the term computer ad describe a computer system. Defie the differet computer classificatio categories. Describe the two types of computer software. Describe commuicatios ad etworks. Idetify how we use computers ad techology i our daily lives. Itroducig Computers The computer is oe of the most importat ivetios of the past cetury. The widespread use of computers affects us idividually ad as a society. You ca see computers i use almost everywhere! For istace, cosider the followig: Educatioal istitutios use computers to ehace istructio i all disciplies ad to provide olie istructio. Video game systems trasport you to a imagiary world. Usig ATMs, you ca withdraw moey from your bak accout from almost ay locatio i the world. O televisio ad at the movies, you ca see istat replays i sports or amazig special effects that take you to outer space. Mobile computig, text messagig, , ad olie audio/video coferecig allow you to commuicate with people at almost ay locatio. As idicated by these examples, computers ad computer techology are pervasive throughout our society from busiesses ad fiacial orgaizatios, to home VOCABULARY cliets computer data desktop computer electroic commuicatio embedded computer extraet hardware ico iformatio Iteret itraet mobile devices etwork odes persoal computers servers software supercomputer users 3 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 3 10/16/08 2:55:09 PM

4 4 Uit I Computer Basics electroics ad appliaces, ad to persoal applicatios such as clothig embedded with ipod cotrols. The importace of the computer is ot surprisig. May people cosider the computer to be the sigle most importat ivetio of the 20th cetury! This techology affects all aspects of our daily lives. Computers are o loger bulky machies that sit o our desktops. Computers come i every shape ad size ad are foud everywhere. As more powerful ad special-purpose computers become available, society will fid more ways to use this techology to ehace our lives. See Figure 1 1. Figure 1 1 A group of studets playig a olie video game A Brief History of the Computer Computers have bee aroud for more tha 60 years. The first computers were developed i the late 1940s ad early 1950s. They were massive, special-purpose machies with ames like UNIVAC ad ENIAC ad were desiged iitially for use by the military ad govermet. These early computers had less processig power tha today s iphoe, occupied small buildigs or etire city blocks, ad cost millios of dollars. Computers i the mid-1950s through early 1970s were somewhat smaller ad more powerful, but still were limited i what they could do. They remaied expesive, so oly major compaies ad govermet orgaizatios could afford these systems. See Figure Lesso CXXXX Page 4 10/15/08 gdf 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 4 10/16/08 2:55:17 PM

5 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 5 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 5 10/15/08 gdf Figure 1 2 Early computers I 1971, Dr. Ted Hoff developed the microprocessor. Visioaries like Steve Jobs ad Steve Woziak saw a future for the microprocessor ad its applicatio to persoal computers. Jobs ad Woziak built the first Apple computer i Shortly thereafter, they released a secod versio, the Apple II. It became a immediate success, especially i schools. I 1980, Bill Gates worked with IBM to develop the disk operatig system (DOS) for the IBM PC. This computer, itroduced i 1981, quickly became the PC of choice for busiesses. See Figure 1 3. Figure 1 3 The Apple II ad IBM PC Computers ad Computer Systems Throughout a ormal workday, millios of people iteract globally usig computers ad other digital devices, ofte without eve kowig it. Doctors, lawyers, warehouse workers, store clerks, homemakers, teachers, musicias, ad studets, to ame a few examples, costatly deped o computers to perform part of their daily duties. So, what exactly is a computer? What does it really do? A computer is a electroic device that receives data (iput), processes data, stores data, ad produces a result (output). Vocabulary computer Extra for Experts I 1937, Dr. Joh Ataasoff ad Clifford Berry desiged ad built the first electroic digital computer 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 5 10/16/08 2:55:33 PM

6 6 Uit I Computer Basics Vocabulary hardware software data iformatio users A computer system icludes hardware, software, data, ad people. The actual machie wires, trasistors, ad circuits is called hardware. Peripheral devices such as priters ad moitors also are hardware. Software cosists of istructios or programs for cotrollig the computer. Data is text, umbers, soud, images, or video. The computer receives data through a iput device, processes the data, stores the data o a storage device, ad produces output or iformatio. The users, the people who use computers, also are part of the system. See Figure Lesso CXXXX Page 6 10/15/08 gdf Figure 1 4 Usig a mobile computer to process data ito iformatio Compare the descriptio of a computer system with examples of ways a store clerk might use a computer at a hardware retal store. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 6 10/16/08 2:55:38 PM

7 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 7 Receives data: The store clerk eters the customer s ame ad scas the bar code of a reted tool ito the computer through iput devices, such as the keyboard or digital scaer. Processes data: The computer uses stored istructios to process the data ito iformatio. Stores data: The data ad iformatio are stored i temporary memory ad the o a permaet storage device, such as a hard disk drive. Outputs iformatio: A output device, such as a moitor or a priter, displays the iformatio. This series of steps ofte is referred to as the iformatio processig cycle. See Figure Lesso CXXXX Page 7 10/15/08 gdf iputs data Joh smith 2358 smithville Rd. smithville, ohio Tool 1 Tool 2 processes data Figure 1 5 Iformatio processig cycle stores data ad iformatio outputs iformatio Joh smith 2358 smithville rd. smithville, ohio Tool 1 Tool 2 This brief overview of a computer ad the listig of some of the tasks you ca accomplish with a computer might appear to imply that the computer is a very complicated device. A computer, however, performs oly two operatios: Arithmetic computatios such as additio, subtractio, multiplicatio, ad divisio, ad comparisos such as greater tha, less tha, or equal to Logical operatios usig logical operators, such as AND, OR, ad NOT You will lear more about these operatios, how a computer works, ad how data is trasformed ito iformatio i Lesso 4. Extra for Experts A computer wo a World Chess Champioship game playig agaist a huma. How Computers Work Today s computers are available i a variety of shapes ad sizes. Computers are ot itelliget ad do oly what we ask them to do. The beefits of a computer are possible because a computer has the advatage of speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, ad commuicatios. Speed: Some computers ca perform billios of calculatios per secod. Reliability: The electroic compoets are depedable. Accuracy: If data is etered correctly, computers geerate error-free results. Storage: Computers ca store ad retrieve volumes of data ad iformatio. Commuicatios: Computers commuicate ad share resources with other computers. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 7 10/16/08 2:55:41 PM

8 8 Uit I Computer Basics Alog with most advatages, however, come disadvatages. Some of the more commo disadvatages are evirometal impact ad pollutio, violatio of privacy, idetity theft, health risks, ad outsourcig of jobs to foreig coutries. Classifyig Computers Computers today come i all shapes ad sizes, with specific types beig especially suited for specific tasks. Computers are cosidered special purpose or geeral purpose. Special-purpose computers are used mostly to cotrol somethig else. Tiy chips are embedded i devices, such as a dishwasher, bathroom scale, or airport radar system, ad these chips cotrol the particular devices. Geeral-purpose computers are divided ito categories, based o their physical size, fuctio, cost, ad performace. Vocabulary persoal computers (PCs) desktop computer mobile devices supercomputer embedded computer Extra for Experts Supercomputers ofte are used to coduct ad test medical experimets. Desktop ad otebook computers are today s most widely used persoal computers (PCs). A desktop computer is desiged so that all compoets fit o or uder a desk. Two popular types of persoal computers are the PC (based o the origial IBM persoal computer desig) ad the Apple Macitosh. Notebook computers (also called laptop computers) are small persoal computers that cotai the moitor with a built-i keyboard. They are desiged to be carried from oe locatio to aother. Mobile devices geerally ca fit ito the palm of your had. Examples of mobile devices are hadheld devices such as PDAs, calculators, smart phoes, electroic orgaizers, hadheld games, ad other similar tools. May mobile devices ca coect wirelessly to the Iteret. The server (sometimes called a miicomputer) is used by small to medium-size compaies ad geerally supports hudreds of users. A compay would choose to use miicomputers rather tha persoal computers if they have may users ad large amouts of data. The moder maiframe computer is a large, expesive computer, capable of supportig hudreds or eve thousads of users. This type of computer is big compared to persoal computers. Large compaies use these to perform processig tasks for hudreds or thousads of users. A supercomputer is the fastest type of computer. Govermet agecies ad large corporatios use these computers for specialized applicatios to process eormous amouts of data. The cost of a supercomputer ca be as much as several millio dollars. Embedded computers perform specific tasks ad ca be foud i a rage of devices such as a digital watch, a MP3 player, or as a system cotroller for a uclear power plat. Today s small persoal ad hadheld computers are more powerful tha the maiframes ad supercomputers of yesteryear. Figure 1 6 shows examples of differet types of computers. 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 8 10/15/08 gdf 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 8 10/16/08 2:55:41 PM

9 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy Lesso CXXXX Page 9 10/15/08 gdf Figure Desktop computer 2. Mobile device 3. Cotais embedded computer 4. Maiframe 5. Supercomputer Computer Software Two basic types of software (also called programs) are applicatio software ad system software. Applicatio software is a set of programs that performs specific tasks for users, such as word processig, spreadsheets, ad databases. System software is a set of programs that cotrols the operatios of the computer ad its devices. Most microcomputers use either the Widows or the Mac operatig system software. Most software has a graphical user iterface (GUI, proouced gooey ). If you are usig a PC, almost everythig you do withi the GUI eviromet requires workig with widows ad icos. A ico is a small image that represets a file, commad, or aother computer fuctio. You execute the associated commad by clickig or double-clickig the ico. For a itroductio to Widows Vista, Stepby-Step 1.1 illustrates how to start Widows, display the desktop, ope ad close a applicatio (Notepad), ad the shut dow the system. I later lessos, you lear how to save ad prit your documets. The Step-by-Step exercises i this book use Widows Vista. The meus ad screes for earlier versios of Widows are similar. Please make appropriate adjustmets if you are usig a differet Widows versio or workig o a etwork. To start Widows is as simple as turig o your computer. Vocabulary ico 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 9 10/16/08 2:56:09 PM

10 10 Uit I Computer Basics Figure 1 7 Widows Start meu Step-by-Step Tur o the computer. If your computer is o a etwork, you might be prompted to eter your userame ad a password. Your istructor will provide you with this iformatio. 2. Click the Start butto o the taskbar. The Start meu opes. The Widows Vista Start meu is show i Figure 1 7. Your Start meu ad the Start meu i earlier versios of Widows will look similar. all Programs start butto Lock butto Lock meu arrow 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 10 06/25/08 MA 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 10 10/16/08 2:56:13 PM

11 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy Poit to All Programs, click Accessories, ad the poit to Notepad. See Figure 1 8. Figure 1 8 Startig Notepad accessories otepad 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 11 06/25/08 MA 4. Click Notepad. The Notepad widow opes. 5. Type a setece or two about your favorite movie. See Figure 1 9. Close butto Maximize butto Miimize butto Figure 1 9 Workig i Notepad 6. Click the Close butto. 7. A dialog box is displayed, askig if you wat to save the chages. See Figure Lesso Cxxxx idd 11 10/16/08 2:56:16 PM

12 12 Uit I Computer Basics Figure 1 10 Notepad dialog box Figure 1 11 Shuttig dow the computer 8. Click the Do t Save butto. The Notepad widow closes, ad you are retured to the Widows desktop. 9. Click the Start butto o the taskbar, poit to the Lock meu arrow to the right of the Lock butto, ad the poit to Shut Dow. Poitig to the arrow to the right of the Lock butto also displays other optios. The Switch User optio is for chagig users without loggig off or closig the computer; Log Off closes ay ope programs ad logs off; Lock temporarily locks the computer ad prevets others from viewig your work or accessig the system; Sleep saves programs ad ope documets to memory ad the puts the computer ito a low-power state; ad Hiberate saves ope documets to your hard disk ad the puts the computer ito a low-power state. See Figure Lesso CXXXX Page 12 05/01/08 MD Lock butto arrow meu descriptio of shut dow commad 10. Click Shut Dow. Widows Vista turs off the computer. If you are usig a school computer ad the logoff procedure is differet, follow your school s logoff procedure. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 12 10/16/08 2:56:21 PM

13 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 13 Commuicatios ad Networks Electroic commuicatio is the techology that eables computers to commuicate with each other ad other devices. It is the trasmissio of text, umbers, voice, ad video from oe computer or device to aother. Electroic commuicatio has chaged the way the world does busiess ad the way we live our lives. Whe computers were developed i the 1950s, they did ot commuicate with each other. This all chaged i ARPANET was established ad served as a testig groud for ew etworkig techologies. ARPANET was a large wide-area etwork created by the Uited States Defese Advaced Research Project Agecy (ARPA). O Labor Day i 1969, the first message was set via telephoe lies from a computer at UCLA to aother computer at Staford Research Istitute. This was the begiig of the Iteret ad electroic commuicatio as we kow it today. Electroic commuicatio requires the followig four compoets: Vocabulary electroic commuicatio etwork odes cliets servers 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 13 10/15/08 gdf Seder: The computer sedig the message Receiver: The computer receivig the message Chael: The media that carries or trasports the message; this could be telephoe wire, coaxial cable, radio sigal, microwave sigal, or fiber-optic cable Protocol: The rules that gover the trasfer of data This techology has made it possible to commuicate aroud the globe usig tools such as the Iteret, electroic mail ( ), faxes, e-commerce, ad electroic bakig. See Figure seder protocol Commuicatios Chael Figure 1 12 Trasmittig a message from seder to receiver Networks receiver A etwork is a group of two or more computer systems liked together via commuicatios devices. This coectio eables the computers to share resources such as priters, data, iformatio, ad programs. A etwork ca cosist of two computers or millios of computers ad other devices ad ca coect all categories of computers, icludig mobile devices, persoal computers, mid-rage servers, maiframes, ad eve supercomputers. Computers o a etwork are called odes or cliets. Servers are computers that allocate resources o a etwork. Networks are covered i detail i Lesso 7. See Figure 1 13 for a etworkig represetatio. Extra for Experts Use Google to search for biomedical clothig ad lear how dry-electrode techology is used to moitor body sigals, such as heart rate. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 13 10/16/08 2:56:22 PM

14 14 Uit I Computer Basics Vocabulary itraet extraet Iteret Figure 1 13 A etwork coectig users through various commuicatios devices Itraets ad Extraets May compaies have implemeted itraets withi their orgaizatios. A itraet is a etwork for the exclusive use of workers withi a orgaizatio ad cotais compay iformatio. Compay mauals, hadbooks, ad ewsletters are just a few of the types of documets distributed via a itraet. Olie forms also are a popular itraet feature. The major advatages of usig a itraet are reliability ad security which are possible because the orgaizatio cotrols access. Extraets are systems that allow outside orgaizatios to access a compay s iteral iformatio system. Access is cotrolled tightly ad is usually reserved for suppliers ad customers. The Iteret The Iteret, the world s largest etwork, evolved from ARPANET. Followig the first historic message betwee two computers i 1969, ARPANET quickly grew ito a global etwork cosistig of hudreds of military ad uiversity sites. I 1990, ARPANET was disbaded ad the Iteret was bor. Today, billios of users surf the Iteret ad the World Wide Web, oe of the more popular segmets of the Iteret. Other Iteret services are , chat rooms, istat messagig, mailig lists, bloggig, RSS, coferecig, ad ewsgroups. The Iteret ad World Wide Web are covered i detail i Lesso 2. Figure 1 14 shows a illustratio of the Iteret. 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 14 10/15/08 gdf 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 14 10/16/08 2:56:26 PM

15 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 15 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 15 10/15/08 gdf Figure 1 14 A graphical represetatio of the Iteret Techology for Everyday Life Techology affects our lives every day ad has dramatically chaged the way we live. Without computers ad computerized devices, the world as we kow it today would come to a sudde halt. They have become ecessary tools i almost every type of activity ad i almost every type of busiess. Thik of the may ways computers affect you every day. For example: I school, istructio is ehaced ad iformatio is accessible from aywhere i the world. Obtaiig a high school or college degree via distace learig is possible. Electroic security systems protect our homes ad workplaces. I game rooms, simulatios trasport you to a imagiary world. I govermet research operatios, computer systems guide satellites through space. At home, our appliaces are computerized. O televisio, we ca watch a istat replay of a tackle i a football game. I most everyday activities i which you participate, you beefit from the variety of applicatios ad ways i which computers ad techology are used. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 15 10/16/08 2:56:28 PM

16 16 Uit I Computer Basics Computers i Our Future It is a fair assumptio that computers of the future will be more powerful ad less expesive. It also is a fair assumptio that almost every type of job will somehow ivolve a computer. With log-distace coectivity, more people will work fulltime or part-time from home. See Figure Figure 1 15 Workig from home Oe of the major areas of chage i the evolutio of computers is coectivity, or the ability to coect with other computers. Wireless ad mobile devices will become the orm. Computer literacy, which is the kowledge ad uderstadig of computers ad their uses, will become eve more importat. 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 16 10/15/08 gdf SUMMARY I this lesso, you leared: Computers have bee aroud for more tha 60 years. A computer is a electroic device that receives data, processes data, produces iformatio, ad stores the data ad iformatio. A computer derives its power from its speed, reliability, accuracy, storage, ad commuicatios capability. Computer classificatios iclude persoal computers (desktop ad otebook), mobile devices, servers, maiframes, supercomputers, ad embedded computers. The two basic types of software are applicatio software ad system software. Electroic commuicatio eables computers to commuicate with each other ad other devices. A etwork is a group of two or more coected computers, a itraet is a closed etwork withi a orgaizatio, ad a extraet is a closed etwork for a orgaizatio ad its customers ad suppliers. The Iteret is the world s largest etwork. Computers ad techology affect almost every facet of our daily lives. Computers i our future are likely to be more powerful ad less expesive. Computer literacy is the ability to use a computer ad its software to accomplish practical tasks. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 16 10/16/08 2:56:36 PM

17 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 17 Vocabulary Review Defie the followig terms: cliets computer data desktop computer electroic commuicatio embedded computer extraet hardware ico iformatio Iteret itraet mobile devices etwork odes persoal computers servers software supercomputer users Review Questios 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 17 10/15/08 gdf MULTIPLE CHOICE Select the best respose for the followig statemets. 1. A() is a small image that represets a file, commad, or aother computer fuctio. A. server C. frow B. ico D. field 2. A() cosists of hardware, software, data, ad users. A. cliet C. mobile device B. ode D. computer system 3. A() geerally ca fit ito the palm of your had. A. maiframe computer C. supercomputer B. mid-rage server D. mobile device 4. The world s largest etwork is. A. a extraet C. the Iteret B. a itraet D. the World Wide Web 5. A() is a group of two or more liked computers. A. cliet C. etwork B. server D. ico TRUE / FALSE Circle T if the statemet is true or F if the statemet is false. T F 1. Iformatio is processed data. T F 2. Small busiesses ad compaies rarely use computers. T F 3. Data is stored i temporary memory ad o a permaet storage device. T F 4. A otebook computer ca fit i the palm of your had. T F 5. The majority of computers are very ureliable. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 17 10/16/08 2:56:37 PM

18 18 Uit I Computer Basics Fill I the blak 1. A() is the fastest type of computer. 2. Computer equipmet that ca be see or touched is called. 3. The computer o the etwork that maages the etwork resources is called a(). 4. is data that has bee orgaized ad processed. 5. A() is a computer o a etwork that is ot actig as a server. Projects 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 18 10/15/08 gdf CROSS-CURRICULAR MATHEMATICS Use the Iteret ad other resources to search for iformatio o a famous woma mathematicia. Use the keywords wome mathematicia with oe or two search egies, such as com, or Prepare a two-page report o what you discover. CROSS-CURRICULAR SCIENCE Use the Iteret ad other resources to fid iformatio about wireless techology ad computers of the future. Prepare a two-page report describig what you foud. Use to locate resources for this report. CROSS-CURRICULAR SOCIAL STUDIES Visit the Web site ad click the Social Studies lik. Play at least three of the social studies games. Prepare a oe-page report describig the games you played, why you selected those games, ad the list three ew facts you leared from this exercise. WEB PROJECT You are a member of a special group explorig the history of computers. Your istructor has asked you to ivestigate the history of computig ad report your fidigs to the class. You are to research ad report o sigificat cotributors/cotributios to the evolutio of computig, usig the Iteret ad other resources. The Web site located at is a good startig poit. TEAMWORK PROJECT Assume that your classroom has a existig etwork with six computers ad a old, out-of-date priter. Your classroom has just received five ew computers ad a ew priter. Oe of the computers is a server. Your teacher has asked that you ad three of your fellow studets create a work pla ad blueprit to implemet the ew computers ito the existig etwork. She would like aswers to the followig questios: What iformatio ad resources ca be shared? Will ay other special hardware be required? Prepare a report o your fidigs. Iclude ay other iformatio about etworks you thik will be helpful. Start by usig or ad search for computer etworks. CROSS-CURRICULAR LANGUAGE ARTS The computer has iflueced the ways i which we commuicate. Use the Iteret ad other resources to fid iformatio o differet methods of commuicatio. Prepare a two-page report o your fidigs. 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 18 10/16/08 2:56:38 PM

19 Lesso 1 Computers ad Computer Literacy 19 Critical Thikig The computer has iflueced the ways i which we commuicate. Use the Iteret ad other resources to locate iformatio o how the computer has affected our methods of commuicatio. What other commuicatio chages do you thik could occur i the future? Explai how mobile devices could become more popular ad how you thik these devices might ifluece our society. Write a two-page report o your fidigs. Explorig Google 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 19 10/15/08 gdf Gmail is a free Web mail service provided through Google. To create a accout, complete the followig steps: 1. Ope your browser ad type help/ope.html i the Address bar. 2. Whe the Welcome to Gmail scree is displayed, read the iformatio provided o the page. 3. Click the Create a accout lik. 4. Type your first ad last ame ad desired logi ame. Click the check availability butto to verify that the ame is available. 5. Whe selectig a password, Google assists with a Password stregth level poor, fair, or strog. Your goal is to create a strog password, which must be a miimum of eight characters. Be sure to write dow your password or sed the password to yourself i a message. 6. If you are usig a school computer or a computer other tha your ow, do ot select the Remember me o this computer or the Eable Web History check boxes. 7. Select a Security Questio that you are sure to remember. the aswer to yourself. 8. If you have aother address, you ca eter it ito the Secodary text box. However, this is ot ecessary or required. 9. For Word Verificatio, type the characters displayed o the form. 10. Read the Terms of Service, ad the click the I Accept. Create my accout. butto. 11. A Itroductio to Gmail page is displayed. Read the iformatio o the page ad the click the I m ready show me my accout. lik. 12. Click the Compose Mail lik ad sed a message to your istructor or aother classmate. Prit a copy of your message ad submit it to your istructor. For additioal iformatio, see 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 19 10/16/08 2:56:39 PM

20 1 Lesso Cxxxx idd 20 10/16/08 2:56:39 PM 1 Lesso CXXXX Page 20 10/15/08 gdf